Joint Cost Research Articles

A Bi-level programming for union battery swapping stations location-routing problem under joint distribution and cost allocation

A Bi-level programming for union battery swapping stations location-routing problem under joint distribution and cost allocation

Path planning for multi-copter UAVs using tutorial training and self learning inspired teaching-learning-based optimization

Route preparation for drones is a complex method to achieve an optimal path and meet constraints following specific tasks. This paper addresses the problem of a planning method for a multi-copter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to examine ground surfaces. A multi-objective route planning algorithm, named the tutorial training and self learning inspired teaching learning-based optimization (TS-TLBO), is then introduced to create a feasible and flyable path while avoiding obstacles. Here, we first select a joint cost function that includes different constraints to improve operational safety, at the same time, to meet task requirements. The path-tracking scheme is then applied in the quadcopter to verify the proposed approach. Experiment results show the workability of our proposed path planning process.

Distributed Multiple Resolvable Group Targets Tracking Based on Hypergraph Matching

This paper proposes a solution of distributed multiple resolvable group targets tracking (DMRGTT) by exploring the labeled multi-Bernoulli (LMB) filter and distributed fusion rules including generalized covariance intersection (GCI) and weighted arithmetic average (WAA). Due to the proximity of targets’ positions within the same group and the label mismatching problem for the fusion between LMB densities, only utilizing the similarity or distance between targets from different sensors cannot return a satisfactory solution of label matching (LM) results. To cope with this problem, the hypergraph matching (HM) theory is adopted to assist in finding the matched labels. Specifically, the hyperedge-to-hyperedge (H2H) matching matrix is first constructed and a vertex-to-vertex (V2V) matrix is returned. Then, the V2V matrix is further combined with the traditional distance matrix to construct a joint cost matrix. Next, substitute the joint cost matrix into the Hungarian algorithm and the LM results are obtained. Lastly, pairwise GCI-LMB and WAA-LMB fusion processes are performed based on the obtained LM results. Experiment results reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed fusion approaches.

A method of underwater sound source range estimation without prior knowledge based on single sensor in shallow water

Introduction: The lack of prior knowledge of the marine environment increases the difficulty of passive ranging of underwater sound sources by using a single hydrophone. The dispersion curve of the normal mode contains extensive marine environmental information, which can be extracted without prior knowledge, but the characteristics of dispersion curves of different modes vary, and the mode order cannot be determined from the received data.Methods: Herein, a method based on a single hydrophone that can jointly identify the mode order and estimate the propagation range in unknown marine environment is proposed. The method uses Bayesian theory as the main methodology and is applicable to broadband pulse sound sources in shallow seas with long-range propagation. The dispersion curves extracted from the data and those calculated by the dispersion formula are the input signal and the replica of the methods, respectively. Accurate identification of the normal mode order and estimation of the propagation range can be achieved by establishing the joint cost function.Results: In the case of unknown a priori knowledge of the marine environment, the method enables rapid inversion, is tolerant to environmental parameter mismatch, and is low cost and practical.Discussion: The simulation and measured data analysis results demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the method. The measured data contains linear frequency modulation impulse source signal and explosion sound source signals, and the mean relative error of range estimation is less than 5%.

Joint Costs: Evaluation Problems and Solutions

Joint production is a particular type of production process that has as its output a plurality of goods that cannot separate. The production of one good also implies the production of the other goods output from the process. The joint production type poses two major valuation problems: the determination of the cost of the products obtained from joint production and the valuation of the inventories of these goods. The difficulties arise primarily because it is impossible to objectively allocate the common costs of the production process to the various products obtained from joint production. It will address these issues by analysing the hypothesis of joint costs that may occur following a block sale of tangible fixed assets at a lump sum price. When this hypothesis occurs, the problem arises of identifying the value of the individual assets constituting the block of fixed assets sold. It will also address this issue in the following pages.

Real-Time Virtual Machine Scheduling in Industry IoT Network: A Reinforcement Learning Method

The widespread adoption of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-based applications has driven the emergence and development of cloud-related computing paradigms with the ability to seamlessly leverage cloud resources. Heterogeneous resources, mobility factors in IoT, and dynamic behavior make it challenging for the corresponding virtual machine (VM) scheduling problem to address the processing effectiveness of application requests in these kinds of cloud environments. Based on reinforcement learning theory, this article proposes an online VM scheduling scheme (OSEC) for joint energy consumption and cost optimization that divides the scheduling process into two parts: VM allocation and VM migration. First, all the VMs and the physical machines (PMs) are regarded as a set of states and actions in the cloud environment, and the Q-learning feedback is used to achieve the iterative computation of Q-values to obtain the optimal parallel allocation sequence for multiple VMs. Then, VMs are migrated among the active PMs according to a grouping policy and the best-fit principle to achieve dynamic consolidation of the resources in the data center. Finally, experimental results show that compared with state-of-the-art algorithms under different conditions, the proposed method reduces energy consumption by approximately 18.25%, VM execution costs by approximately 21.34%, and service level agreement (SLA) violations by approximately 90.51%.

Multi-material topology optimization considering joint stiffness and cost

Multi-material topology optimization considering joint stiffness and cost

Inventory model with stochastic demand, and no backorders: separate vs. joint cost minimisations

Inventory model with stochastic demand, and no backorders: separate vs. joint cost minimisations

Allocation of Joint Costs and Price Setting for Electricity and Heat Generated in Cogeneration

In the case of cogeneration, the allocation of operation costs has a particularity specific to the joint production of heat and electricity from the same primary energy source. The cost allocation is also influenced by the demand conditions faced by the joint products, and prices must be sufficient for both products to remain profitable and competitive with other power generation alternatives in the respective markets. Therefore, the choice of cost allocation methodology is influenced by market conditions. The paper presents an algorithm for determining the prices of energy and heat produced in cogeneration according to demand and market conditions. The economic market method was extended with an algorithm based on duality theory for verifying allocation methods and establishing forecasting strategies. An example is provided for a cogeneration plant (1.287 MWe; 5.386 MWth) based on ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) technology and biomass fuel. The fuel cost has a major influence on the total costs of the cogeneration plant, between 68% and 77% in the analyzed scenarios. The fuel cost variation is considered in the application of the cost allocation methods for setting the prices of heat and electricity.

Calculation of the Cost of Production of Candied Carica at the Exotic Umkm in Dieng, Wonosobo, Central Java

The purpose of holding this community service is to facilitate understanding and solving a little problem experienced by MSMEs in general and Exotic Dieng MSMEs in particular. The concern of this community service is the calculation of the Cost of Goods Manufactured for products that are quite popular with domestic and foreign tourists. The method used in accompanying the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured is the Full Costing method with the addition of the Joint cost allocation method, this is done because these MSMEs still combine production costs, cannot separate various types of costs, and have not understood the importance of allocation to joint costs incurred so that the cost of goods mentioned is only a range without a certainty. The results obtained about the cost of goods of candied Carica cup packaging and glass bottle packaging are Rp. 1,333.28 and Rp. 7,204.51, respectively. With the use of the full costing method in determining the cost of goods manufactured and the joint cost allocation method, it is clear the number of production costs obtained. Although the results obtained are smaller than the range stated by the owner of this MSME, we are of the view that there should still be a review of the calculations that have been obtained at least once a year, this is a form of vigilance or beware of inflation, especially in raw material.

Calculation of the Cost of Production of Candied Carica at the Exotic Umkm in Dieng, Wonosobo, Central Java

The purpose of holding this community service is to facilitate understanding and solving a little problem experienced by MSMEs in general and Exotic Dieng MSMEs in particular. The concern of this community service is the calculation of the Cost of Goods Manufactured for products that are quite popular with domestic and foreign tourists. The method used in accompanying the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured is the Full Costing method with the addition of the Joint cost allocation method, this is done because these MSMEs still combine production costs, cannot separate various types of costs, and have not understood the importance of allocation to joint costs incurred so that the cost of goods mentioned is only a range without a certainty. The results obtained about the cost of goods of candied Carica cup packaging and glass bottle packaging are Rp. 1,333.28 and Rp. 7,204.51, respectively. With the use of the full costing method in determining the cost of goods manufactured and the joint cost allocation method, it is clear the number of production costs obtained. Although the results obtained are smaller than the range stated by the owner of this MSME, we are of the view that there should still be a review of the calculations that have been obtained at least once a year, this is a form of vigilance or beware of inflation, especially in raw material.

UAV-Driven Sustainable and Quality-Aware Data Collection in Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy-aware data collection is of paramount importance for robotic and wireless sensor networks. Although static sink-aided cluster-based protocols provide energy-efficient solutions, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided approaches can be considered as better alternatives to reduce energy consumption while data acquisition compared with static sinks. Most of the existing UAV-driven solutions have not considered a limit on the battery capacity of the UAV, which needs to be considered in a practical manner. This article investigates energy-aware data collection in robot network clusters. In each cluster, a cluster head (CH) robot allocates one collaborative task to each cluster member (CM) robot and collects data from CMs whereas a UAV collects data from CH robots by visiting a subset of them due to its battery limitation. To complement the state-of-the-art, UAV decision for visiting the subset of CHs is constrained to multiple factors including residual battery capacity, as well as locations and data qualities of all CH robots. Nonvisited CH robots use CH robots as relay nodes for data forwarding. Following upon this, by considering the problem under data hopping constraints, this article also presents a sensitivity analysis with respect to data hopping constraints. Simulations show that the proposed policy achieves zero total joint cost whereas the state-of-the-art approaches result in significantly high total joint costs. Furthermore, the proposed policy reduces the total joint cost by up to 50% with respect to the conventional approaches.

Effect of circular economy for waste nullification under a sustainable supply chain management

In a production–consumption system, sustainable supply chain management is responsible for controlling excessive waste. In this study, two parallel production and consumption supply chains are proposed for waste nullification. The circular economic concept of 3R (reduce, restore, and recycle) is incorporated in this study. After deterioration, the primary product in the first chain becomes the raw material for the secondary chain production system (second production facility). During the shipment of waste to the recycling industry, loss of waste occurs owing to damage or leakage from the waste containers. The leakage cost (maintenance cost) of the waste container is included in the restoration of waste. The novelty of this study is validated by the optimal values of the price discount and container leakage cost, which emphasize the two factors of a circular economy: reducing and restoring waste in successive steps. The joint cost function (mixed-integer nonlinear programming) of the two-supply chain is optimized using a classical approach. A single-setup-multiple-delivery policy for the shipment of the primary, waste, and secondary products reduces the joint costs. A comparison of the single-setup-multiple-delivery and single-setup-single-delivery policies is presented for cost optimization. A significant numerical result is derived for the validation of this concept: as the leakage cost increases from $5 per container to $10 per container, the supply chain’s overall cost immediately decreases by approximately 90%. However, the problem becomes infeasible beyond this range, which also validates the extreme sensitivity of the restoration of waste for recycling, which optimizes the entire cost of the supply chain. Another significant factor in the primary chain that helps to reduce the generation of waste is the price discount policy. The sensitivity analysis graph indicates that it is also an extremely sensitive parameter for optimizing the entire supply chain.

Analysis Of Joint Cost Calculation In Determining Cost Of Production Cv. Alfar Bakery

<p><em>The purpose of writing this thesis is to determine the calculation and knows the amount of profit/loss earned by the company. In this study using the relative selling value method, the authors conclude that: in calculating the allocation of joint costs at CV. Alfar Bakery generates a total cost of Rp 44.132.130. That it can be estimated that the total joint cost generated are 10% to the CV. Alfar Bakery revenue results. So that this company can determine the selling price of its products precisely and accurately, in the sense that it is neither too low nor too high.</em></p>

Towards a Model-Based Approach for the Optimization of the Mechanical and Economical Properties of Laser-Based Plastic-Metal Joints

The application of laser-structured metal surfaces to combine plastics and metals is a promising option to enable low-cost lightweight and resource-efficient multi-material joints. The mechanical properties (especially strength), as well as production time and costs, depend on the microstructure of the metal surface (e.g. the number, distance and shape of cavities). Thus, in order to design optimal joints, the properties from the mechanical, as well as production and cost domain, must be considered simultaneously during product development. Therefore, in this paper, a model-based optimization approach is presented with the goal of identifying an optimum between the strength of the joint and laser manufacturing costs. Parameterized models for the strength estimation, as well as calculation of laser manufacturing time and costs, are developed. The models are linked in an optimization workflow and the optimum positioning and shape of the cavities on the joining zone is determined using a genetic optimization algorithm. The results show that, compared to a benchmark, the manufacturing costs can be reduced by 82 % for the same strength using the proposed model-based optimization approach.

The Evolution Game Analysis of Platform Ecological Collaborative Governance Considering Collaborative Cultural Context

Designing a successful and efficient collaborative governance mechanism to promote the value co-creation of complementors has become critical to platform owners. Therefore, using an evolutionary game theory approach, we first constructed a conceptual model of collaborative governance, analyzing the conditions of collaborative governance of multiple subjects. This was based on the belief that the design of a collaborative governance mechanism needs to nurture collaborative culture and internalize it into the practice of platform governance. Secondly, this paper built a tripartite evolutionary game model of platform enterprises, complementary enterprises, and users, systematically illustrating the strategy evolution process of the three parties under incentive and penalty mechanisms, and simulated the influence of parameters, such as cost, culture, and cooperative willingness, on the evolutionary results. The results showed that: (1) A culture of trust and encouragement of innovation was more conducive to collaborative innovation; (2) Platform enterprises are more sensitive to joint cost investment, work culture environment, and benefit distribution; (3) Complementary enterprises and users have a solid ambition to respond to the impulses of digital technology. In particular, when the initial desire to collaborate is low, the evolutionary process of platform enterprises presents an asymmetric ‘U’ shape. To enable stakeholders of the platform to formally, prudently, and deeply participate in the ecological governance process, platform enterprises should fully use network resources and digital technology to build a platform for high-intensity interaction and communication between complementary enterprises and users, and improve their identification with the innovation culture.

The multimodal nature of communicative efficiency in social interaction

How does communicative efficiency shape language use? We approach this question by studying it at the level of the dyad, and in terms of multimodal utterances. We investigate whether and how people minimize their joint speech and gesture efforts in face-to-face interactions, using linguistic and kinematic analyses. We zoom in on other-initiated repair—a conversational microcosm where people coordinate their utterances to solve problems with perceiving or understanding. We find that efforts in the spoken and gestural modalities are wielded in parallel across repair turns of different types, and that people repair conversational problems in the most cost-efficient way possible, minimizing the joint multimodal effort for the dyad as a whole. These results are in line with the principle of least collaborative effort in speech and with the reduction of joint costs in non-linguistic joint actions. The results extend our understanding of those coefficiency principles by revealing that they pertain to multimodal utterance design.

Study on neutral axis location of common bolts of flush end-plate connections

The external load eccentricity and the end-plate thickness were employed as the research parameters, and experimental studies on the tensile properties of the bolts with flush end-plate in the beam-column joints was conducted under the action of eccentric pulling force (group A) or pure bending moment (group B). Through the analysis of failure mode, the force distribution of bolts and the offset ratio of the neutral axis, the variations of neutral axis location for common bolts with flush end-plate connections were investigated. Based on the load-displacement curves and the joints tensile performance, the finite element (FE) analysis was used for the two sets of tests. A good agreement exists between the numerical results and the experimental results. The neutral axis of bolts continuously moved continuously to the compression zone as the load increased. Increasing the bolts eccentric distance could significantly increase the bolt axial force increment and accelerate the offset of neutral axial to compression zone. Increasing the thickness of end-plate could reduce the bolt axial force increment and delay the offset of neutral axial to compression zone. The simplified elastic calculation method is more conservative in predicting the stress state of common bolted end-plate connections Under the action of eccentric pulling force or pure bending moment. The modified formulae for the bolt force for flush end-plate connections are presented, and the modified results agree well with the experimental results. Under the premise of ensuring the safety of the structure, the modified formulae provide a more accurate description of the stress state of the common bolted end-plate connections, while requiring less material and reducing the joint cost. It is expected that this study will serve as a reference for the structural design and construction of common bolted end-plate connections.

Design of a Ring-Type Bearingless Torque Sensor With Low Crosstalk Error

Cooperative robots usually use joint torque sensors to achieve compliant human–machine interaction. In practical applications, nontorque loads on robot joints will cause crosstalk in joint torque sensors. In most robot joints equipped with joint torque sensors, a cross roller bearing (CRB) is usually used to support the torque sensor, reducing crosstalk error. Nevertheless, CRBs will increase the cost and weight of joints, especially in robot joints with speed reducers other than harmonic drive. This study proposes a ring-type bearingless torque sensor (RBL-TS) structure design and data fusion method. It adopts a ring structure with equally spaced support and strain beams, effectively reducing crosstalk error and increasing flexural stiffness. Its structure is simple, and it is convenient to be integrated into modular robot joints with various speed reducers. The proposed data fusion method can fuse output data of two Wheatstone full-bridges to obtain the actual output of RBL-TS to reduce the crosstalk error further and avoid crosstalk anisotropy of the flexural moments. The FEM analysis and experiments verified that the proposed structure design and data fusion method can effectively reduce the crosstalk error of RBL-TS to 1.14%, which is one-fourth of the crosstalk error of other existing torque sensors without CRBs and close to that of the torque sensors with CRBs. The results showed that RBL-TS can be used in robot joints without CRBs.

Optimal Transmission Power and Controller Design for Networked Control Systems Under State-Dependent Markovian Channels

This article considers a codesign problem for industrial networked control systems to ensure both stability and efficiency properties of such systems. This problem is particularly challenging due to the fact that wireless communications in industrial environments are not only subject to shadow fading, but also stochastically correlated with their surrounding environments. This article first introduces a novel state-dependent Markov channel (SD-MC) model that explicitly captures the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">state-dependent features</i> of industrial wireless communication systems by defining the proposed model’s transition probabilities as a function of both environments’ states and transmission power. Under the SD-MC model, sufficient conditions on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Maximum Allowable Transmission Interval</i> are presented to ensure both <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">asymptotic stability in expectation</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">almost sure asymptotic stability</i> properties of a nonlinear control system with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">state-dependent fading channels</i> . Based on these stability conditions, the codesign problem is then formulated as a constrained polynomial optimization problem (CPOP), which can be efficiently solved using semidefinite programming methods for the case of a two-state SD-MC model. The solutions to such a CPOP represent optimal control and power strategies that optimize the average expected joint costs in an infinite time horizon while respecting the stability constraints. For a general SD-MC model, this article further shows that suboptimal solutions can be obtained from linear programming formulations of the considered CPOP. Simulation results are given to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed codesign scheme.