Joint Control Research Articles

Joint controllers in large research consortia: a funnel model to distinguish controllers in the sense of the GDPR from other partners in the consortium

Large European research consortia in the health sciences face challenges regarding the governance of personal data collected, generated and/or shared during their collective research. A controller in the sense of the GDPR is the entity which decides about purposes and means of the data processing. Case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and Guidelines of the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) indicate that all partners in the consortium would be joint controllers. This paper summarises the case law, the Guidelines and literature on joint controllership, gives a brief account of a webinar organised on the issue by Lygature and the MLC Foundation. Participants at the webinar agreed in large majority that it would be extreme if all partners in the consortium would become joint controllers. There was less agreement how to disentangle partners who are controllers of a study from those who are not. In order to disentangle responsibilities, we propose a funnel model with consecutive steps acting as sieves in the funnel. It differentiates between two types of partners: all partners who are involved in shaping the project as a whole versus those specific partners who are more closely involved in a sub-study following from the DoA i or the use of the data Platform. If the role of the partner would be comparable to that of an outside advisor, that partner would not be a data controller even though the partner is part of the consortium. We propose further nuances for the disentanglement which takes place in various steps. Uncertainty about formal controllership under the GDPR can stifle collaboration in consortia due to concerns over (shared) responsibility and liability. Data subjects’ ability to exercise their right can also be affected by this. The funnel model proposes a way out of this conundrum.

Research on regional ozone prevention and control strategies in eastern China based on pollutant transport network and FNR

O3 pollution in China has worsened sharply in recent years, and O3 formation sensitivity (OFS) in many regions have gradually changed, with eastern China as the most typical region. This study constructed the transport networks of O3 and NO2 in different seasons from 2017 to 2020. The transport trends and the clustering formation patterns were summarized by analyzing the topological characteristics of the transport networks, and the patterns of OFS changes were diagnosed by analyzing the satellite remote sensing data. Based on that, the main clusters that each province or city belongs to in different pollutant transport networks were summarized and proposals for the inter-regional joint prevention and control were put forward. As the results showed, O3 transport activity was most active in spring and summer and least active in winter, while NO2 transport activity was most active in autumn and winter and least active in summer. OFS in summer mainly consisted of transitional regimes and NOx-limited regimes, while that in other seasons was mainly VOC-limited regimes. Notably, there was a significant upward trend in the proportion of transitional regimes and NOx-limited regimes in spring, autumn, and winter. For regions showing NOx-limited regime, areas with higher out-weighted degrees in the NO2 transport network should focus on controlling local NOx emissions, such as central regions in summer. For regions showing VOC-limited regime, areas with higher out-weighted degrees in the O3 transport network should focus on controlling local VOCs emissions, such as central and south-central regions in summer. For regions that belong to the same cluster and present the same OFS in each specific season, regional cooperative emission reduction strategies should be established to block important transmission paths and weaken regional pollution consistency.

Сварка деталей из полимерных композиционных материалов на основе термопластов. Часть 4. Методы испытаний и контроля качества сварки деталей из термопластов

This article is a continuation of a series of articles on welding parts made of polymer composite materials based on thermoplastics. In the fourth article in the series, the most common methods of quality control and test of welded joints of products made of polymer composite materials based on thermoplastic binders are considered. Typical defects of welded joints of plastics have been determined. The technologies of destructive and non-destructive inspection of welded joints of plastic products are considered.

Learning a Tracking Controller for Rolling μbots.

Micron-scale robots (μbots) have recently shown great promise for emerging medical applications. Accurate control of μbots, while critical to their successful deployment, is challenging. In this work, we consider the problem of tracking a reference trajectory using a μbot in the presence of disturbances and uncertainty. The disturbances primarily come from Brownian motion and other environmental phenomena, while the uncertainty originates from errors in the model parameters. We model the μbot as an uncertain unicycle that is controlled by a global magnetic field. To compensate for disturbances and uncertainties, we develop a nonlinear mismatch controller. We define the model mismatch error as the difference between our model's predicted velocity and the actual velocity of the μbot. We employ a Gaussian Process to learn the model mismatch error as a function of the applied control input. Then we use a least-squares minimization to select a control action that minimizes the difference between the actual velocity of the μbot and a reference velocity. We demonstrate the online performance of our joint learning and control algorithm in simulation, where our approach accurately learns the model mismatch and improves tracking performance. We also validate our approach in an experiment and show that certain error metrics are reduced by up to 40%.

Adaptive Semantic-Enhanced Transformer for Image Captioning.

In the research on image captioning, rich semantic information is very important for generating critical caption words as guiding information. However, semantic information from offline object detectors involves many semantic objects that do not appear in the caption, thereby bringing noise into the decoding process. To produce more accurate semantic guiding information and further optimize the decoding process, we propose an end-to-end adaptive semantic-enhanced transformer (AS-Transformer) model for image captioning. For semantic enhancement information extraction, we propose a constrained weaklysupervised learning (CWSL) module, which reconstructs the semantic object's probability distribution detected by the multiple instances learning (MIL) through a joint loss function. These strengthened semantic objects from the reconstructed probability distribution can better depict the semantic meaning of images. Also, for semantic enhancement decoding, we propose an adaptive gated mechanism (AGM) module to adjust the attention between visual and semantic information adaptively for the more accurate generation of caption words. Through the joint control of the CWSL module and AGM module, our proposed model constructs a complete adaptive enhancement mechanism from encoding to decoding and obtains visual context that is more suitable for captions. Experiments on the public Microsoft Common Objects in COntext (MSCOCO) and Flickr30K datasets illustrate that our proposed AS-Transformer can adaptively obtain effective semantic information and adjust the attention weights between semantic and visual information automatically, which achieves more accurate captions compared with semantic enhancement methods and outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Discovery and inspiration of large- and medium-sized glutenite-rich oil and gas fields in the eastern South China Sea: An example from Paleogene Enping Formation in Huizhou 26 subsag, Pearl River Mouth Basin

Based on the practice of oil and gas exploration in the Huizhou Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the geochemical indexes of source rocks were measured, the reservoir development morphology was restored, the rocks and minerals were characterized microscopically, the measured trap sealing indexes were compared, the biomarker compounds of crude oil were extracted, the genesis of condensate gas was identified, and the reservoir-forming conditions were examined. On this basis, the Paleogene Enping Formation in the Huizhou 26 subsag was systematically analyzed for the potential of oil and gas resources, the development characteristics of large-scale high-quality conglomerate reservoirs, the trapping effectiveness of faults, the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation model, and the formation conditions and exploration targets of large- and medium-sized glutenite-rich oil and gas fields. The research results were obtained in four aspects. First, the Paleogene Wenchang Formation in the Huizhou 26 subsag develops extensive and thick high-quality source rocks of semi-deep to deep lacustrine subfacies, which have typical hydrocarbon expulsion characteristics of “great oil generation in the early stage and huge gas expulsion in the late stage”, providing a sufficient material basis for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Enping Formation. Second, under the joint control of the steep slope zone and transition zone of the fault within the sag, the large-scale near-source glutenite reservoirs are highly heterogeneous, with the development scale dominated hierarchically by three factors (favorable facies zone, particle component, and microfracture). The (subaqueous) distributary channels near the fault system, with equal grains, a low mud content (<5%), and a high content of feldspar composition, are conducive to the development of sweet spot reservoirs. Third, the strike-slip pressurization trap covered by stable lake flooding mudstone is a necessary condition for oil and gas preservation, and the NE and nearly EW faults obliquely to the principal stress have the best control on traps. Fourth, the spatiotemporal configuration of high-quality source rocks, fault transport/sealing, and glutenite reservoirs controls the degree of hydrocarbon enrichment. From top to bottom, three hydrocarbon accumulation units, i.e. low-fill zone, transition zone, and high-fill zone, are recognized. The main area of the channel in the nearly pressurized source-connecting fault zone is favorable for large-scale hydrocarbon enrichment. The research results suggest a new direction for the exploration of large-scale glutenite-rich reservoirs in the Enping Formation of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and present a major breakthrough in oil and gas exploration.

Genetic Algorithm with Lyapunov Stability for Control of Prosthetic Knee Joint

Genetic Algorithm with Lyapunov Stability for Control of Prosthetic Knee Joint

A New Calculation Method for Instantaneous Efficiency and Torque Fluctuation of Spur Gears

As a critical component of the joint gearbox, spur gear pairs play a crucial role in energy conversion, limiting the performance of a collaborative robot. Accurately assessing their instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation is essential for developing high-precision robot joint control models. This study proposes a computational model to predict the instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation of spur gears under typical operating conditions. The model incorporates a torque balance model, a load distribution model, and a friction model to reflect the relationship between gear meshing position and efficiency. The instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation of gear pairs were compared with the Coulomb friction model with an average friction coefficient and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication model with a time-varying friction coefficient. The effect of gear contact ratio on efficiency is analysed, while the instantaneous efficiency and torque fluctuation of gears are studied under varying operating conditions. The results indicate a maximum efficiency difference of 1.86 % between the two friction coefficient models. Under specific operating conditions, the instantaneous efficiency variation of the gear pair can reach 3.34 %, and the torque fluctuation can reach 5.19 Nm. Finally, this study demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method through comparative analysis.

Competition or cooperation? Research on the spatial game relationship of regional carbon emission efficiency

The gradient differences of economic development and industrial structure differences in Jing-Jin-Ji Region are significant. The ability of Jing-Jin-Ji Region to pay for environmental protection is imbalanced. The above two situations make it difficult to achieve coordinated pollution reduction and carbon reduction governance. Accurately measuring carbon emission efficiency and thoroughly analyzing the cooperation and competition relationship of regional carbon emission reduction based on fully considering stakeholders are of great significance for the joint construction, prevention and control of regional ecological environment. The research is also of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development and ensuring effective protection of the regional ecological environment. This study combines game theory and DEA theory to measure the carbon emission efficiency of the Jing-Jin-Ji Region, and then uses spatial game theory to analyze the average degree of being attacked, anti-attack ability, strongest attacker, and optimal partner for the carbon emission efficiency of different DMUs. The study concluded that: 1) Xicheng District and Hedong District have higher carbon emission efficiency, while Mentougou District, Fengtai District, Changping District, Fangshan District, Shijingshan District, Pinggu District and Yanqing County have the lowest carbon emission efficiency. 2) From an analysis of the degree of being attacked, it can be observed that economically developed areas experience a higher average degree of being attacked compared to economically underdeveloped areas. In regions with lower economic development, the influence of the local government on reducing carbon emissions is not significant, whether acting independently or in collaboration. Regions with contrasting industrial structures could be ideal partners, and areas with higher carbon emission efficiency could collaborate with regions with lower carbon emission efficiency to achieve greater reduction potential.

Complex Real-Time Monitoring and Decision-Making Assistance System Based on Hybrid Forecasting Module and Social Network Analysis

Timely short-term spatial air quality forecasting is essential for monitoring and prevention in urban agglomerations, providing a new perspective on joint air pollution prevention. However, a single model on air pollution forecasting or spatial correlation analysis is insufficient to meet the strong demand. Thus, this paper proposed a complex real-time monitoring and decision-making assistance system, using a hybrid forecasting module and social network analysis. Firstly, before an accurate forecasting module was constructed, text sentiment analysis and a strategy based on multiple feature selection methods and result fusion were introduced to data preprocessing. Subsequently, CNN-D-LSTM was proposed to improve the feature capture ability to make forecasting more accurate. Then, social network analysis was utilized to explore the spatial transporting characteristics, which could provide solutions to joint prevention and control in urban agglomerations. For experiment simulation, two comparative experiments were constructed for individual models and city cluster forecasting, in which the mean absolute error decreases to 7.8692 and the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.9816. For overall spatial cluster forecasting, related experiments demonstrated that with appropriate cluster division, the Pearson correlation coefficient could be improved to nearly 0.99.

The effect of the faults to the tectono-stratigraphy evolution in the Panyu low uplift

Introduction: The Panyu low uplift is located in the middle of the Central Uplift Belt of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, which has experienced multiple episodes of tectonic movements since the Cenozoic, and the faults are extensively developed there. The fault activities had a significant influence on the migration and accumulation of oil and gas, as well as the sedimentation.Methods: In order to recognize the effect of the faults on the tectono-straigraphy evolution in the Panyu low uplift, based on the high-resolution seismic and latest drilling well data, the study has comprehensively analyzed the geometry and kinematics of these faults, as well as the sedimentary filling evolution of the residual depressions.Results: The results show that two major fault systems has developed in the Panyu low uplift: the deep and shallow fault systems. The former was dominated by a series of NEE and NW-trending high-angle listric/plane faults, along with several low-angle detachment normal faults, which were under the joint control of the NW-SE and NS-trending extensional stress during the Eocene. The latter was dominated by NW-NWW trending strike-slip normal faults with tension-shear properties under the NEE trending dextral strike-slip stress field in the late Miocene. The uplift had undergone five tectonic evolution stages: the initial rifting stage (Tg-T83), the intensive rifting stage (T83-T80), the rifting and depression transitional stage (T80-T70), the thermal subsidence depression stage (T70-T35), and the tectonic reactivation stage (T35-T10).Discussion: Based on the 3D seismic phase interpretation and drilling sample analyses, the study also indicates that during the initial rifting stage, the Panyu low uplift manifested as multistage depositional center. The sedimentary strata were distributed in the downthrown wall of the depression-controlling faults, exhibiting multiple subsidence and sedimentary centers, and the depressions was supplied by multi-provenance systems. During the intense rifting period, the depression widened, the lacustrine basins were connected with each other, and the sedimentary center migrated. During the rifting and depression transitional stage, the faults controlling on deposition weakened. The thick Enping formation from the northwest provenance direction is unconformably overlaid on the Panyu low uplift. Meanwhile, the depressions was characterized by the sedimentary deposits of lacustrine basin. Various types of sedimentary facies were developed, including the delta, semi-deep lacustrine, shallow lacustrine, and shore-shallow lacustrine deposits, and the mudstone of the semi-deep lacustrine facies could serve as a high-quality source rock for the hydrocarbon production.

Welding processes in the restoration of industrial and energy facilities

The research relevance is determined by the constant development and changes in the production environment and technological requirements to ensure increased safety, durability, and efficiency of industrial and energy facilities. The study aims to analyse methods and strategies for improving the efficiency of welding and joint quality control, to achieve greater stability and reliability of energy facilities. The methods used include observation, comparative and descriptive, monitoring, abstraction, and others. The study analysed various welding technologies and their impact on the quality of welded joints. Various methods of calculating welded structures concerning materials and technical requirements were considered. In addition, various methods of quality control of welded joints, including visual inspection and non-destructive testing, were investigated. The study determined that the correct choice of technology, calculations and quality control can improve the strength, reliability, safety, and economic feasibility of welded structures. The studied welding technologies and quality control methods used are more effective for use in specific conditions and there is no general solution. In addition, the proper application of these methods demonstrated that they can significantly reduce the recovery time and increase the overall productivity of the process of restoring industrial and energy facilities. Therefore, the optimal use of welding technologies and quality control methods can significantly improve the efficiency and durability of industrial and energy facilities. The practical significance of the study is to contribute to improving the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the rehabilitation of industrial and energy facilities by improving the quality control procedures for welded joints

Impact of Variable Parameters of Expansion Joints and Bearing Supports on the Vehicle-Induced Vibration of Curved Girder Bridges

To study how varying the parameters of expansion joints and bearing supports (E-B parameters) affects the dynamic response of a coupled vehicle–bridge system for curved girder bridges, a dynamic response analysis method for the coupled vehicle–joint (bearing)–bridge system, which takes into account centrifugal forces, was proposed and verified. Subsequently, taking a continuous curved box girder bridge as the prototype, the influence of the E-B parameters on the vehicle-induced dynamic response of the curved girder bridge was explored. The results showed that the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) of the middle beam of the expansion joint (DAF-EJ) and the main girder of the curved bridge (DAF-MG) were both significantly influenced by the E-B parameters. When there were height differences between the middle beam and side beam in the EJ, the DAF-EJ obviously varied, and the DAF-MG increased. When the EJ was damaged, the impact effect of the vehicle on the bearing support increased. The DAF-EJ and DAF-MG both increased with the decrease of the vertical support stiffness of the bearing support. The DAF-EJ was greatly affected by the single-support void at the near-slit end of the lane. The DAF-MGs at the beam end, the 1/4 point and 1/2 point of the first span, and the 1/2 point of the second span, were significantly affected by the single-support void near the measuring point. Compared with the single-support void, the DAF-EJ and DAF-MG more significantly increased under the double-support void. Variation in the height difference of the EJ had a more significant effect on the DAF-EJ and DAF-MG at the beam end, while a vertical stiffness reduction in the bearing support had a more significant effect on the DAF-MG.

Application of Fuzzy Logic for Robotic Arm Joint Control of an Explosive Ordnance Disposal Unit

Precise luffing of payload in mobile cranes is a crucial part of material handling and safety in industrial operations. Explosive ordnance disposal uses a bomb disposal robot to safely disable explosive devices at a safe distance. This robot is a mobile jib crane type with a gripper as an end effector instead of the typical suspension cable with a hook. The common challenge of this crane type is the arm/jib movement sensitivity with respect to tip-over stability of the crane body. This is directly influenced by the payload and constrained by the degree of freedom. This paper presents a control strategy of the joint for luffing such that the back wheels remain in contact with the surface ground and avoid bucking at any given instance of weight change in the payload. Fuzzy logic was applied to control the motor torque and luffing angle of the arm in response to the load and gripper opening size to maintain the tip-over stability margin at the highest value possible. The response curves at different configurations of the two input signals were also analyzed based on the rules set to determine its precision with respect to the expected response curve.

Artificial swim by undulating rigid flagellum with joint controllers

In this paper, we investigate the locomotion of artificial (robotic) swimmers by an undulating rigid flagellum, whose joints are controlled by actuators. The locomotion of a swimmer with an undulating rigid flagellum inside a two-dimensional channel sandwiched by two non-slip walls is numerically analyzed using the immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method. Multi-relaxation-time scheme is applied to calculate the flow field under a high Reynolds number (Re). Our numerical results show that the optimal Re exists to maximize the locomotion distance, whereas the direction of locomotion can be reversed in the lower and higher Re limits.

Design and Reality-Based Modeling Optimization of a Flexible Passive Joint Paddle for Swimming Robots.

Rowing motion with paired propellers is an essential actuation mechanism for swimming robots. Previous work in this field has typically employed flexible propellers to generate a net thrust or torque by using changes in the compliance values of flexible structures under the influence of a fluid. The low stiffness values of the flexible structures restrict the upper limit of the oscillation frequency and amplitude, resulting in slow swimming speeds. Furthermore, complex coupling between the fluid and the propeller reduce the accuracy of flexible propeller simulations. A design of a flexible passive joint paddle was proposed in this study, and a dynamics model and simulation of the paddle were experimentally verified. In order to optimize the straight swimming speed, a data-driven model was proposed to improve the simulation accuracy. The effects of the joint number and controller parameters on the robot's straight swimming speed were comprehensively investigated. The multi-joint paddle exhibited significantly improved thrust over the single-joint paddle in a symmetric driving mode. The data-driven model reduced the total error of the simulated data of the propulsive force in the range of control parameters to 0.51%. Swimming speed increased by 3.3 times compared to baseline. These findings demonstrate the utility of the proposed dynamics and data-driven models in the multi-objective design of swimming robots.

Optimization of frequency dynamic characteristics in microgrids: An improved MPC-VSG control

For the power imbalance caused by the load switching in microgrids (MGs), which in turn causes the frequency crossing limit problem. In this paper, we propose an improved model predictive control (MPC) based on the existing MPC-VSG control, combining adaptive inertia damping control and adaptive weight coefficient control for joint control, and adjusting the inertia damping coefficient of VSG in real-time by adaptive inertia damping control. In MPC control, the measured parameters at the current moment are used to predict the state quantities at the future moment, and then the target function is designed with the angular frequency deviation and the VSG power output as performance indicators, and the weight coefficients in the target function are updated in real-time by detecting the frequency deviation. After solving the objective function to obtain the required power compensation, the power reference value of the VSG is updated to optimize the dynamic response of the frequency. Experiment and comparison analysis with two existing methods show that the proposed method can further optimize the frequency response and smooth the output power of other power supply components in the microgrid when they are disturbed.

A New Analytical Method for Link Slab Analysis

Link slabs have been widely used to reduce the number of expansion joints. However, traditional reinforced concrete link slabs are prone to cracking issues, making it crucial to accurately calculate their internal forces. Currently, the most advanced link slab analysis methods treat the link slab and adjacent span as a rotational spring to simulate their restriction on the girder end rotation. However, this method does not comprehensively consider the link slab's influence, leading to conservative results. To address this issue, this study further considers the influence of girder end deformations on adjacent span, resulting in more accurate calculations of the link slab's internal forces. Additionally, the concept of the girder end rotation reduction coefficient is put forward for the first time, which provides a clearer and more quantified understanding of the link slab's influence. The proposed method is verified by a model test and a site test, which shows a significant improvement in accuracy compared to existing analytical methods. On this basis, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of various parameters on the girder end rotation reduction coefficient, which indicates that span length, girder spacing, and support configuration have the greatest influence.

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of VOCs Initial Mixing Ratio in Beijing During Summer

To clarify the characteristics and source apportionment of the VOCs initial mixing ratio in Beijing in summer, continuous monitoring of VOCs was conducted in the Beijing urban area from May to August 2022, and the initial mixing ratio was calculated using the photochemical ratio method. The results showed that:① during the study period, initial φ(TVOCs) in the Beijing urban area were (30.0 ±11.5)×10-9, in which the proportion of VOCs and alkanes containing oxygen reached 34.2% and 33.2%, respectively. The species with high volume fractions were low carbon substances such as acetone, ethane, acetaldehyde, and propane. ② The initial TVOCs mixing ratio in Beijing showed a slightly unimodal trend, reaching the peak at 11:00 and slightly decreasing in the afternoon. ③ Isoprene, acetaldehyde, n-butanal, and ethylene were the major contributors to the generation of O3, whereas toluene, isoprene, m-paraxylene, and ethylbenzene were the major contributors to the generation of secondary organic aerosols. ④ Based on the initial mixing ratio of PMF analysis, it was found that aging background and secondary sources (30%) contributed the most to VOCs in Beijing, and motor vehicle sources (25%) were the main primary human sources. In addition, solvent and fuel volatile sources contributed 16%, combustion sources contributed 11%, industrial process sources contributed 9%, and natural sources contributed 9%. ⑤ The anthropogenic sources of Beijing were mainly from the eastern and southern regions, whereas the natural sources were from the western and northwestern regions. This research showed that vehicle emissions should be further reduced, and regional joint prevention and control to reduce VOCs in the whole region is an effective means to control VOCs in Beijing.

Reconnaissance of the Effects of the MW5.7 (ML6.4) Jajarkot Nepal Earthquake of 3 November 2023, Post-Earthquake Responses, and Associated Lessons to Be Learned

On 3 November 2023, a moment magnitude (MW) 5.7 (Local Magnitude, ML6.4) earthquake struck the western region of Nepal, one of the most powerful seismic events since 1505 in the region. Even though the earthquake was of moderate magnitude, it caused significant damage to several masonry buildings and caused slope failures in some regions. The field reconnaissance carried out on 6–9 November by the study team, following the earthquake, conducted the first-hand preliminary damage assessment in the three most affected districts—Jajarkot; West Rukum; and Salyan. This study covers the observed typical structural failures and geotechnical case studies from the field study. To have a robust background understanding, this paper examines the seismotectonic setting and regional seismic activity in the region. The observations of earthquake damage suggest that most of the affected buildings were made of stone or brick masonry without seismic consideration, while most of the reinforced concrete (RC) buildings remained intact. Case histories of damaged buildings, the patterns, and the failure mechanisms are discussed briefly in this paper. Significant damage to Khalanga Durbar, a historical monument in Jajarkot, was also observed. Medium- to large-scale landslides and rockfalls were recorded along the highway. The motorable bridge in the Bheri River suffered from broken bolts, rotational movement at the expansion joint, and damage to the stoppers. The damage observations suggest that, despite the existence of building codes, their non-implementation could have contributed to the heavy impact in the region. This study highlights that the local population faces a potential threat of subsequent disasters arising from earthquakes and earthquake-induced landslides. This underscores the necessity for proactive measures in preparedness for future disasters.