Johnson's Theory Research Articles

Biography Theory and Method: The Case of Samuel Johnson

In the Life of Savage , Samuel Johnson exemplifies his enlightenment biographical method, which stresses the biographer's effort to overcome the differences between himself and his subject. Contrary to romantic doctrine, Johnson's theory values the biographer's empathy for, rather than identification with, the biographee.

The (Non-)Existence of Gapping in Chinese and Its Implications for the Theory of Gapping.

It has been claimed in the literature that gapping is prohibited in Chinese. Johnson's (1994) theory of gapping receives important support from Chinese. However, Li (1988) and Paul (1996a, b, 1999) observe some prima facie evidence for gapping in Chinese. I argue that the examples illustrated by Li and Paul are not canonical gapping sentences that are created by V-to-T movement; instead, I propose that they are empty verb sentences. Furthermore, I argue that Chinese has some gapping sentences that result from ATB movement from V to v (LPD). This paper identifies two types of gapping in natural languages: gapping derived by V-to-T movement and gapping derived to V-to-v movement. Consequently, gapping should not be an 'all or nothing' phenomenon. The data from Chinese affirm Johnson's (1994) theory of gapping that gapping occurs in those languages only with verb movement.

THE PROCESS OF RESTRUCTURING AND THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY IN WOMEN

Obesity is a prevalent health behavior that is difficult to treat because of its complexity, constraints on provider time, and negligible insurer reimbursement. In this comparative case study the authors describe two obese women's weight loss and lifestyle change efforts while enrolled in a nine-month, multidisciplinary weight loss program. The researchers conducted three semistructured interviews during six months. Eight major themes were identified: (1) support networks, (2) internalization/externalization, (3) routines, (4) relapse, (5) change in perspective, (6) reward/punishment, (7) emotional issues, and (8) life balance. These themes parallel Johnson's threestage theory of cognitive restructuring. (See Johnson, 1990, ''Restructuring: An Emerging Theory on the Process of Losing Weight.'' Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 1289?1296.) Researchers reveal that complex health problems are replete with social and psychological factors that may undermine treatment success. Understanding a client's experience while attempting behavior change is crucial for the development of interventions that address difficult and costly health behaviors.

Design of Virtual Reality Systems for Education: A Cognitive Approach

One of the main problems with virtual reality as a learning tool is that there are hardly any theories or models upon which to found and justify the application development. This paper presents a model that defends the metaphorical design of educational virtual reality systems. The goal is to build virtual worlds capable of embodying the knowledge to be taught: the metaphorical structuring of abstract concepts looks for bodily forms of expression in order to make knowledge accessible to students. The description of a case study aimed at learning scientific categorization serves to explain and implement the process of metaphorical projection. Our proposals are based on Lakoff and Johnson's theory of cognition, which defends the conception of the embodied mind, according to which most of our knowledge relies on basic metaphors derived from our bodily experience.

The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor Revisited

It is argued that Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) contemporary theory of metaphor conflates the structure of the target-concept before the metaphoric process has taken place with the structure of the target-concept after the process. A revision of the theory is suggested. A consequence of this revision is that conventional conceptual metaphors are propositional in nature-namely, as propositions expressing identity. The revision hereby reinforces the connection between conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor.

The Older Adult and FEAR OF CRIME

1. Set within the context of Johnson's behavioral theory and Creditor's theory of excess disability, a review of current research shows that fear of crime can affect older adults' quality of life, ability to function independently, ability to socialize, and health and health-seeking behaviors. 2. Older adults particularly at risk for fear of crime and its negative sequelae tend to live in urban, high-crime areas, to live alone and not in senior housing, to be of a low socioeconomic status, and to be women. 3. As a part of the routine comprehensive assessment of the older adult, nurses must include an assessment for fear of crime. Whenever excess disability is present, the nurse should suspect fear of crime as a possible cause.

Infant Sensitivity to Adult Eye Direction

Adult eye direction was manipulated while adults interacted with 3-6 month-olds over closed-circuit television (Experiment 1) or in person (Experiment 2). Infants received 4 1-min interaction periods. For experimental groups, adult eye contact was maintained during Periods 1 and 3, and averted during Periods 2 and 4 (by viewing infants on a television monitor to maintain contingency). Control infants received eye contact during all periods. Experimental infants' smiling declined whenever adults looked away; their visual attention simply decreased across periods. Control infants showed little change in gaze or smiling across periods. The implications of these results for Baron-Cohen's model of infant theory of mind and Morton and Johnson's 2-process theory of infant face perception are discussed.

Crossing and dipping: Some terms for approaching the interface between natural understanding and logical formulation

Gendlin proposes experimental concepts as bridges between phenomenology and logical formulation. His method moves back and forth, aiming to increase both natural understanding and logical formulation. On the subjective side, the concepts require direct reference to felt or implicit meaning. There is no equivalence between this and the logical side. Rather, in logical explanation, the implicit is carried forward, a relation shown by many functions. The subjective is no inner parallel. It performs specific functions in language. Once these are located, they also lead to developments on the formulated side. To show some of this, Gendlin modifies Lakoff and Johnson's theory of metaphor, and expands it into a theory of all language use. He denies that a metaphor consists of a pattern or image, shared by two situations. There is only one situation - the metaphoric one. The original situation is actually a family of many uses (in the Wittgensteinian sense). As in all speech, a word makes sense only as its use-family crosses with an actual situation in the actual spot in a sentence. Subjectively, a metaphor means this crossing. From it, long chains of new similarities and differences can be generated. Ways to study the functions and features of this crossing are proposed.

The Aesthetic Experience of the Client in Psychotherapy

A reconceptualization of psychotherapy as art, namely, as an aesthetic experience, is explored. The author argues that previous notions of psychotherapy as art-those that focus on practitioner artistry and react against psychotherapy as science-have stifled productive discourse of the art in psychotherapy. The author's approach, instead, examines how both here-and-now processes and therapeutic change are experienced by the client aesthetically, as he or she would experience a work of art. Aesthetic experience is defined as both appreciating intrinsic qualities of therapeutic relating and creating a self with aesthetic value. Varying notions of aesthetic experience are discussed, and, using Johnson's theory of embodiment metaphors and Polkinghorne's narrative self, similarities between aesthetic experience and psychotherapy are uncovered. Implications for research, and the relation between psychotherapy as art and science, are explored.

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:The Republican Virago: The Life and Times of Catharine Macaulay Graham, Historian. By Bridget Hill.Reappraising Benjamin Franklin. A Bicentennial Perspective. Edited by J. A. Leo Lemay.Pre‐and Post‐Modern Discourses. Vol. 1: Enlightenment Crossings; Anthropological, XV + 259 pp. $45. Vol. 2: Enlightenment Borders; Medical, Scientific, XV + 359 pp. $50. Vol. 3: Perilous Enlightenment; Sexual, Historical, XV + 336 pp. $50. By G. S. RousseauBritons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837. By Linda Colley.Without Regard to Good Manners: A Biography of Gilbert Stuart 1743–1786. By William Zachs.Emigrants in Chains: A Social History of Forced Emigration to the Americas 1607–1776. By Peter Wilson Coldham.European Encounters with the New Worlds. By Anthony Pagden.The Vital Century: England's Economy 1714–1815. By John Rule.Fashion's Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660–1800. By Beverly Lemire.Paul I of Russia 1754–1801. By Roderick E. McGrew.The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century: Decline, Enlightenment and Revolution Edited by Margaret C. Jacob.A Distinctive Industrialization: Cotton in Barcelona, 1728–1832. By J. K. J. Thomson.‘The Labyrinth of Flames’: Work and Social Conflict in Early Industrial Merthyr. By Chris Evans.Colonial America. A History, 1607–1760. By Richard Middleton.The Minutes of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society. Edited by H. Lewis Ulman.Professors, Patronage and Politics: The aberdeen Universities in the Eighteenth Century. By Roger L. Emerson.The Dundas Despotism. By Michael Fry.The Blazing World and Other Writings. By Margaret Cavendish.The New Atalantis. By Delarivier Manley.Mary and Maria. By Mary Wollstonecraft Matilda. By Mary Shelley.The History of lady Sophia Sternheim. By Sophie von La Roche.The ‘Other’ Eighteenth Century: English Women of Letters 1660–1800. Edited by Robert W. Uphaus and Gretchen M. Foster.Living by the Pen: Women Writers in the Eighteenth Century. By Cheryl Turner.Solitude and the Sublime: romanticism and the Aesthetics of Individuation. By frances.Terms of response. language and Audience in seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐Century Theory. By Robert L. Montgomery.Institutionalizing English Literature: The Culture and Politics of Literary Study, 1750‐19–. By Franklin E. Court.The Songs of Robert Burns. Edited By Donald A. Low.Illusion and the Drama: Critical Theory of the Enlightenment and Romantic Era. By Fredrick Burwick.The Image of the Actor: Verbal and Visual Representation in the Age of Garrick and Kemble. By Shearer West.Goldsmith as Journalist. By Richard C. Taylor.Theater Enough: American Culture and the Metaphor of the World Stage, 1607–1789. By Jeffrey H. Richards.This Invisible Riot of Mind: Samuel Johnson's Psychological theory. By Gloria Sybill Gross.

The rhetoric of Smith, Boswell and Johnson: Creating the modern icon

When James Boswell first meets Samuel Johnson in London in 1763, Johnson has already written the Rambler (1750-52), the Dictionary (1755), and Rasselas (1759), and dominates the publishing marketplace. They become close friends, and, until Johnson's death in 1784, Boswell often records in his journals Johnson's conversations, documenting his Wisdom and Wit and describing Johnson's encounters with his contemporaries. After Johnson's death, Boswell augments his own collection of Johnsonian memorabilia by soliciting anecdotes and letters from many of Johnson's friends, accumulating a mass of material which he pieces together and publishes in 1791 as The Life of Johnson, perhaps the most powerful and controversial biography ever written. In this influential biography of Johnson's life, Boswell presents Johnson as the great sage and philosopher, the composing genie who could dash off brilliant, eloquent essays and verse, seemingly without planning, revising or even rereading them. With this picture Boswell tries to create Johnson as the ideal writer of the age, whose writing method and style perfectly exemplify the paradigm of composition that prevailed in eighteenth-century Scottish rhetorical theory, particularly that of Adam Smith. Influenced by Smith's lectures, which he had attended while a student at Glasgow University, Boswell constructs Johnson as writer within this paradigm and thus fosters both a narrow view of invention and a mythological image of Johnson as inspired speedwriting genius. In the process, he misrepresents Johnson's theory of writing, tying Johnson too closely to what W.S. Howell calls Smith's new rhetoric (541), which focuses on style and views invention as an autonomous activity based on introspection and imagination rather than as interactive, systematic inquiry, Aristotle's conception of invention. A careful reading of the Life of Johnson reveals major contradictions in the picture Boswell sketches of Johnson as writer and indicates that Boswell's mythical image of Johnson's spontaneous writing ability tends to rest upon thin and questionable anecdotal evidence, upon the clever way Boswell arranges and phrases his material, upon the narrow conception of invention he inherited from Adam Smith, and upon his need to canonize Johnson into literary sainthood and even to make him the secular Godhead of the age, the Father of modern writing. At the same time, it is difficult to avoid concluding that most contemporary critics remain mesmerized by Boswell's myth and impelled by his same motives.

Johnson and Lessing

Journal Article Johnson and Lessing Get access Johnson's and Lessing's Dramatic Critical Theories and Practice with, a Consideration of Lessing's Affinities with Johnson by Emma HarariISBN 3 261 04358 X Peter Lang 1992 £ 25 G F Parker G F Parker Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Cambridge Quarterly, Volume XXII, Issue 4, 1993, Pages 400–405, https://doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/XXII.4.400 Published: 01 April 1993

This invisible riot of the mind: Samuel Johnson's psychological theory

This invisible riot of the mind: Samuel Johnson's psychological theory

Dynamical effects in electron tunneling

The problem of dynamical screening for electrons tunneling in the metal-insulator-metal system, based on a generalization of the Johnson's nonlocal theory of exchange-correlation potential, is reviewed. The self-energy is evaluated within the GW approximation for electrons coupled to the long-wavelength charge-density oscillations. Potentials are evaluated analytically, and their local limit is examined. The problem is also solved numerically and the results compared with the analytical (nonselconsistent) results. The method is also extended to the case with an external potential on metal electrodes.

"The Enthusiastick Fit" : The Function and Fate of the Poet in Johnson's "Rasselas"

En este articulo se interpreta la teoria poetica expuesta por Samuel Johnson en Russelus en su relacion con dos contextos diferentes. Por una parte, la ideas sobre poesia de Samuel Johnson tal como se exponen en otras obras suyas, asi como su lugar en el panorama critico de la epoca. Por otra parte, se estudia la funcion literaria que dicha teoria desempena en Resorbo. Resulta de ello una reevaluacion de la actitud de Johnson ante el neoclasicismo, y una mejor comprension de las relaciones entre su poetica y su filosofia vital.

Samuel Johnson's Attitude to the Arts.

Part 1 Wholly deaf and insensible to music: ignorant of the science of music Johnson's reading and incidental writing on music. Part 2 Blind to painting: total ignorance in that department good offices for artists Johnson and poor Mauritius Lowe Johnson, James Barry and English history painting portraits of Samuel Johnson Johnson caricatured and illustrated. Part 3 Unskilled in architecture: Johnson and the building of Blackfriars Bridge Johnson and John Gwynn William Chambers in Johnson's circle. Part 4 Landscape - a universal blank: belied by false compare - Johnson's theory of natural description. Conclusion: the enemy of taste - Johnson's Socratic irony. Appendix: subject pictures of Johnson.

Synchrony-dependent autocorrelation in eighth-nerve-fiber response to rippled noise.

Autocorrelograms and interval and delay histograms of the eighth-nerve-fiber response in cats to cosine noise were recorded. A good detectability level for the delay oscillations in the autocorrelograms was always found, when the fiber had a high value of the synchronization index at characteristic frequency (CF). In order to study their relationship, autocorrelograms for cosine noise stimulation were computed by the substitution of synchronization indices in the Poisson distribution formulas for higher-order intervals. The approach was made possible through a further exploration of Johnson's synchronization theory [D. H. Johnson, "The response of single auditory-nerve fibers in the cat to single tones: synchrony and average discharge rate," Ph. D. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA (1974)]. It was shown that computed autocorrelograms somewhat resembled experimental ones. The differences between them concerned the envelopes of the "onset" and "delay" oscillations, viz., in their constrictions and amplitudes. These constrictions were shown to be significant only in recordings at delays greater than or equal to 4/CF, corresponding to the dominant region for human repetition pitch.

Polysemy and cognition

Polysemy - the existence of multiple but related meanings for a single form - has always been problematic for purely structural accounts of meaning. When it is viewed from a cognitive perspective, however, it emerges as a natural, indeed necessary consequence of the human ability to think flexibility. If we synthesize three approaches: John Anderson's theory of cognitive architecture, Sperber and Wilson's concept of relevance, and Lakoff and Johnson's theory of image schemas, it is possible to account for many of the properties of polysemy. Essentially, polysemy is an effect of relevance: of the human ability to select the interpretation which maximizes useful information while minimizing processing cost. An account in these terms helps to address a number of unresolved problems. Polysemy has been problematic because it seemed to fall on the border between category identity and category distinctness. This gradient can be treated in terms of relevance: two items belong to distinct categories only to the extent that shared information is relevant and contrasting information is irrelevant. Polysemy also displays clear asymmetries both in its distribution and in its interaction with anaphoric phenomena. These can be explained by asymmetries of activation spread through image schematic structure; where activation spread is facilitated, processing costs are lowered, increasing relevance, and hence facilitating both polysemy and the recovery of anaphoric reference.

Symptom distress: Future perspectives for practice, education, and research

In this issue we have attempted to clarify the meaning of symptom distress and review the state of knowledge regarding generalized symptom distress and the distress response to the occurrence of specific symptoms. Although the concept is basic to nursing, psychology, and medicine, its meaning is confused in the literature. In particular, authors fail to differentiate the occurrence of a symptom from symptom distress. The use of a consistent conceptual framework would add clarity to future research efforts in symptom occurrence and symptom distress. At present, the framework that seems most practical is Leventhal and Johnson's Self-Regulation Theory.7 Further, work on the relationship of this theory to specific nursing theories, such as Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing, would further clarify the appropriate role of the nurse and give direction for the use of symptom occurrence and symptom distress in developing nursing diagnoses. Among the numerous questions that still need to be answered are the following: (1) How is quality of life improved or reduced over time by changes in symptom distress? (2) What nursing interventions are useful to reduce symptom distress rather than symptom occurrence? (3) Is symptom distress paired to the occurrence of single symptoms or is it a generalized response to the occurrence of multiple symptoms? (4) What nonpharmacologic nursing interventions are effective in reducing insomnia in cancer patients? (5) Are anxiety, depression, worry, and fear symptoms or are they expressions of distress associated with symptoms and psychologic concerns? and (6) How should information about symptom occurrence and symptom distress be used in the formulation of nursing diagnoses? Symptom occurrence and distress have been discussed since medieval times, yet, inadequate attention has been given to why and how they are important to individual patients and specific health care providers. Nurses have assumed that knowledge of symptoms and symptom distress was essential to practice but have failed to focus on how to use this knowledge and how to reduce symptom distress. Both the occurrence of symptoms and the related distress can be found in published lists of appropriate nursing diagnoses.14,15 Both concepts are important to the practice of nursing. Symptom distress, however, is a complex concept that requires further, in-depth understanding.

Plastic deformations of wheel-rail surfaces

Experimental investigations into the interactions between surface pressure, tangential tractions and plastic deformations during rolling gave the following results. 1. (1) The most intensive plastic deformations are caused by lateral frictional forces, followed by longitudinal frictional forces. The material flow is smallest with pure rolling. 2. (2) In agreement with Johnson's theory for a steel with a carbon content of 0.6% (similar to those used for wheels and rails) the shakedown limit was found at a maximum hertzian surface pressure of about 1600 N mm −2.