Johnson Island Research Articles

Penitentiaries, Punishment, and Military Prisons: Familiar Responses to an Extraordinary Crisis during the American Civil War by Angela M. Zombek

Reviewed by: Penitentiaries, Punishment, and Military Prisons: Familiar Responses to an Extraordinary Crisis during the American Civil War by Angela M. Zombek Sarah Purcell Penitentiaries, Punishment, and Military Prisons: Familiar Responses to an Extraordinary Crisis during the American Civil War. By Angela M. Zombek. ( Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2018. Pp. xxii, 287. $45.00, ISBN 978-1-60635-355-4.) Angela M. Zombek shows the value of fresh periodization and framing in this book on Civil War military prisons. Penitentiaries, Punishment, and Military Prisons: Familiar Responses to an Extraordinary Crisis during the American Civil War puts Civil War military prisons in the context of early republic and antebellum histories of incarceration in the United States, an early starting point that enables Zombek to provide some surprisingly insightful analysis. Zombek also shifts the frame of antebellum and Civil War prison scholarship away from some of the most famous and well-studied cases (other than the prison at Andersonville, Georgia, which is included) to focus on Camp Chase Prison (Ohio), Johnson's Island Prison (Ohio), Old Capitol Prison (Washington, D.C.), Castle Thunder Prison (Virginia), and Salisbury Prison (North Carolina) as well as the penitentiaries that preceded them in those states. Zombek avoids the northeastern United States to shift her analysis away from the well-known narratives of the dominant Pennsylvania and Auburn, New York, prison systems. Zombek uses these shifts to argue the somewhat startling premise that both Union and Confederate "wartime officials relied heavily on antebellum practices to manage thousands of captives. Antebellum assumptions about prison administration, the proper treatment of inmates, inmates' identity, and methods of punishment born in penitentiaries shaped the administration of both Union and Confederate military prisons" (p. x). Zombek finds that wartime prison officials relied on antebellum standards of humane treatment to pattern the punishments they fashioned for prisoners of war, wartime criminals, and civilians suspected of treasonous behavior. She stresses the commonality in goals—punishment—between antebellum penitentiaries and Civil War prisons, and she demonstrates well how continuities in penal theories and practices influenced everything from the Lieber Code to prison architecture. In carefully themed chapters, Zombek demonstrates how antebellum ideas about prisons shaped the experiences and identities of both prison officials and inmates. Chapter 1 charts how military, state, and federal officials (and some prison reformers) debated penal theories in the antebellum period, and chapter 2 examines how those debates influenced the building of penitentiaries in Ohio, Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Georgia before the war. In chapter 3 Zombek argues that both Union and Confederate officials assumed much power from the states in prison administration during the Civil War but continued to follow established antebellum patterns of administration and punishment. Chapter 4 employs creative use of prisoners' writings to argue that prisoners "manipulated [End Page 699] rules and shaped the internal dynamics of prisons," and in the process Zombek uncovers how military prisons shifted prisoners' own identities—often in ways comparable to prewar criminals (p. xix). Chapter 5 examines prisoners' correspondence and visitors to probe the prisons' wider social and political engagement. Even though outsiders were often concerned with prisoners' well-being, chapter 6 demonstrates that they retained a fear of escaped war prisoners, who were stigmatized as criminals. Despite stressing continuity, Zombek does chart some important areas of change. She argues in chapter 7 that the growth of the population of imprisoned women, who "faced an even harsher stigma than men," was one of the most significant changes of the wartime penal system (p. 158). Zombek could have analyzed race more closely but handles gender well. Chapter 8 details state and federal debates about prison reform after military prison closure, and the conclusion examines the failure of those reforms after the war, even as federal power was enhanced by prison control. Zombek's tightly written and argued account will be required reading for anyone interested in the penal system and should appeal to anyone open to seeing Civil War prisons in a new way. Sarah Purcell Grinnell College Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

Johnson's Island: A Prison for Confederate Officers by Roger Pickenpaugh

Johnson's Island: A Prison for Confederate Officers by Roger Pickenpaugh

Johnson's Island: a prison for Confederate officers

Johnson's Island: a prison for Confederate officers

One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry ed. by Kent Masterson Brown (review)

Reviewed by: One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry ed. by Kent Masterson Brown Daniel Welch One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry. Edited by Kent Masterson Brown. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011. 320 pp. Cloth $32.50, ISBN 978-0-8131-2989-1.) Fasten your seatbelts and prepare to follow this amazing young American through four years of bloody conflict during the War for Southern Independence. John M. Porter, just twenty-two years of age when the American Civil War began in 1861, wastes no time describing the monotony of camp life, long marches, or poor food; rather, he brings his reader quickly along with him through some of his most daring exploits during the war. Residing with his family in southeastern Butler County, Kentucky, Porter, like many others in that region, decided to place his allegiance with the Confederate States of America. By fall 1861, he was acting as a scout and guide for Brig. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, whose command was operating in the area. Upon concluding Buckner's assignments, the young Confederate knew the next unit he wanted to join, the highly regarded command of Col. John Hunt Morgan. Catching up to Colonel Morgan's command in the summer of 1862, Porter joined the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry and participated in numerous skirmishes, raids, scouts, and battles. Only a year later, however, Porter and several others were captured during a mission into Indiana and Ohio. By the end of July 1863, Colonel Morgan and many of his command were captured as far north as East Liverpool, Ohio. Porter, and other Confederate officers captured in recent battles, like Gettysburg, spent the rest of the war in the prisoner-of-war camp on Johnson's Island, on Lake Erie near Sandusky, Ohio. Kent Masterson Brown, author of the definitive work Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign, masterfully brings to light the story of John M. Porter and his experiences with Morgan's Raiders during the war. The author's editorial notes at the beginning of each chapter do not stand in the way of Porter's narrative coming to life; they bring the reader further into his world by identifying people, places, and other events taking place between the belligerent armies in the western theater. Additionally, the endnotes for each chapter demonstrate the depth of material and resources Brown used to research and verify the events in which John Porter participated. The editor also successfully organizes and presents additional material outside of the original manuscript. In the end, he is able to supply the reader with information that was lost generations ago and with which Porter assumed the reader would have been familiar. [End Page 146] A shortcoming to the volume, however, is the maps present therein. Most of these are sweeping in nature, covering large spans of time and are consequently small to fit the subsequent information. More maps, with shorter spans of time and more details as the area of operation, would only heighten the already incredible experience that this work relates. Nevertheless, Porter's words, with the help of Brown's annotations, editing, and maps, succeed in filling a large void of written material about those who rode with Colonel Morgan during the war. Previously, those looking to explore the lives of these men had only the memoirs of Brig. Gen. Basil Duke through which to experience the exploits of Colonel Morgan and his daring and famous raids. Kent Masterson Brown has helped fill the gap by bringing this unique memoir to the forefront of Civil War literature. Prepare with "Boots and Saddles," and ride into history with One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry. Daniel Welch Boardman, Ohio Copyright © 2013 The Kent State University Press

One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry (review)

Reviewed by: One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry Stephen E. Towne (bio) One of Morgan's Men: Memoirs of Lieutenant John M. Porter of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry. Edited by Kent Masterson Brown. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011. Pp. xix, 300. $32.50 cloth) Historians of John Hunt Morgan's Civil War cavalry command have known of John M. Porter's memoir for many years as an archival document, but Kent Masterson Brown's ably annotated edition makes the work accessible to a wider audience. Porter, born in Butler County, Kentucky, in 1839, penned his memoir shortly after the end of the war, when his memory of events, names, and places was relatively fresh and his ardor for the Confederate "Lost Cause" still burned brightly. The memoir survives as a typescript undertaken in later years by unknown hands. Porter enlisted in the Rebel armed forces in early November 1861, and saw action in Kentucky, Tennessee, and northern Mississippi. Captured at the capitulation of Fort Donelson in February 1862, he gained release from Union captors by claiming he was a civilian. Making his way through the South, he found and joined John Hunt Morgan's cavalry command. Porter participated in the notable cavalry raids in Kentucky and Tennessee of 1862 and 1863 as a junior officer of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (CSA). Ordered to make a secret foray in the spring of 1863 into northern Kentucky with his cousin, Captain Thomas Henry Hines, to scout routes for Morgan's main body to follow later, Union troops surprised his small command and scattered it. Porter escaped, but was captured a few days later. Federal military authorities soon sent Porter to the Johnson's Island military prison on Lake Erie near Sandusky, Ohio. Turning from an account of derring-do and battlefield gallantry, Porter's tale becomes a story of miserable prison life buoyed by the hope of escape. An attempt to tunnel out failed, as did the attempt by Confederate [End Page 467] agents operating out of Canada to release the thousands of Rebel officers on the island by capturing shipping on the lake and attacking the U.S. Navy vessel that guarded the island. Porter's memoir makes clear that the inmates "were expecting [the Canada-based agents] and were prepared to do all in our power to aid in our escape" (p. 186). He languished in the prison for nineteen months. At last, Federal officials sent Porter and three hundred other Rebel officers through the lines and released them to Confederate authorities in February 1865. Porter chronicled his attempts to rejoin his regiment and continue the fight amid the collapsing Confederate military effort during that spring. When the Rebel armies surrendered, Porter and other Kentuckians returned home to begin life anew. Porter and his cousin Hines practiced law together until the former's death in 1884. Historians of Morgan's operations have employed the Porter memoir to good effect, as it provides many useful details on the raids and battles Morgan's forces fought. However, historians must be careful to weigh Porter's words carefully, as his zeal tilts the scales heavily in favor of a whitewash of his own actions and those of others in behalf of the Lost Cause. On one side, Porter is quick to condemn "Yankee" perfidy, the disloyalty of African American slaves who provided information to their U.S. army liberators, prison officers at Johnson's Island who (he claimed) deliberately made prisoners suffer from hunger and cold, and "traitorous" Kentuckians who supported the Union. On the other side, the Confederates were generous, warm, and loving; their exploits were "brilliant," and he excuses his deception that gained him release after Fort Donelson, the common practice of wearing U.S. Army uniforms over their Confederate ones, and the expropriation (theft) of horses as a permissible practice in time of war. Brown's editorial efforts are, with a couple exceptions, well done. For example, sharper copyediting in the endnotes would have noted that Morgan's Great Raid into Indiana and Ohio was in July, not June, of 1863. Notwithstanding these minor flaws, this edition of...

Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union (review)

Reviewed by: Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union Michael P. Gray Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union. By Roger Pickenpaugh. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-8173-1652-5, 400 pp., cloth, $29.95. Ohio educator Roger Pickenpaugh, author of a study on the Buckeye state's Camp Chase in Columbus, has taken on the challenging task of writing a general history of northern prisons. The author sets out to look at various confines in their "entirety," examine "variations" in compounds, as well as "overall prison policy." The dust jacket also contains accolades from Jimmy Carter, who grew up near Andersonville in Plains, Georgia, and William Marvel, who had a history of that infamous prison published in 1994. In fact, Marvel claims, "it is an ambitious examination of almost all Union military prisons, [which] … addresses a specific historical category that has, to my knowledge, not been treated." To the contrary, however, Captives in Gray is only somewhat ambitious, since it neglects certain Union prisons while it limits coverage of others due to its relatively short length. The topic, moreover, has been "treated" with James Gillispie's Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners. Pickenpaugh is much less analytical than Gillispie or, for that matter, Charles Sanders in his 2005 While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War, both of which have provocative, yet highly questionable, theses. Pickenpaugh plans to add a companion to his book with an investigation of southern prisons, but one might wonder if it will, when complete, be a significant contribution to the field of Civil War prisons; if it follows the same pattern of Captives in Gray, it will be perhaps more comparable to Lonnie Speer's 1997 single-volume narrative history Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War than a study that breaks new ground. Captives in Gray indeed has some strengths. Pickenpaugh's early observations in setting the stage for prison policy from the commissary general to the secretary of war are detailed, as well as distinguishing early treatment among captives. If there is any new insight, it comes with the author's Camp Chase expertise when he examines the exchange system, which reduced prisoner numbers, but, as he convincingly writes, failed for a variety of reasons: "There is one other aspect of the [exchange] question that must be considered. That is the Union's frustrating experience with paroled prisoners" (67). From the War Department "designed to make parole less of an incentive, the orders declared that no furloughs would be granted to paroled prisoners" (67). Troops, thinking they would be perhaps on their way home on furlough, [End Page 197] were instead sent to the parole stations, like Camp Chase; unhappy with their situation, they became mutinous. Benton Barracks, Camp Parole, and Camp Douglas had similar problems, to the point where rioting occurred at the latter Chicago depot. This argument might be debatable, considering long-standing and recent scholarship about propaganda, politics, and military necessity playing into the system's failure, but it is interpretive and may be more persuasive if further developed. Pickenpaugh's other thematic chapters investigate the preparations for inmates in 1861, their arrival in 1862, the aforementioned exchange system and collapse from 1862 to 1863, and the resultant expansion of more compounds in 1864 until the war's end. The author also threads into the journey the stockades, prison and guard life, escapes, provisions, the Union's 1864 retaliation policy (which he believes existed), and finally health, hospital care, and release. Captives in Gray generally falls short in thought-provoking interpretation or persuasive argument, which may leave some professional historians disappointed. The author's research is commendable, and his prose will hold the attention of an academic and general audience, but the book lacks in-depth perspective on local personnel, information on host communities, and varying social conditions inside stockades, all of which played into inmate lifestyle. For example, like other prison camp macro-monograph writers before him, Pickenpaugh makes generalizations; he notes that Johnson Island diarists "reflect elements of life that...

"Every Man Turned Out in the Best He Had": Clothing and Buttons in the Historical and Archaeological Records of Johnson's Island Prisoner-of-War Depot, 1862-1865

"Every Man Turned Out in the Best He Had": Clothing and Buttons in the Historical and Archaeological Records of Johnson's Island Prisoner-of-War Depot, 1862-1865

A comparative field study of the social behavior and related ecology of reef fishes of the family Chaetodontidae1)2).

20 Species of Chaetodontidae were observed in the field for a total of about 150 hrs at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, and at Johnson Island. During observations the diver either stayed in one place for 30 min, swam transects or followed individual fish. Social groupings of the different species, their intra- and interspecific agonistic interactions and their feeding are described. The frequent occurrence of Chaetodontidae in pairs and the relatively low observed level of agonistic encounters are discussed.

Ohio's First Baseball Game: <i>Played by Confederates and Taught to Yankees</i>

The history of baseball is fraught with myths, a number of which are rooted in the game's relationship with the American Civil War. However, some events that occurred in Ohio may debunk at least one of those myths. Some have said that the Civil War was a major catalyst for the spread of baseball across America as Northern solders taught the game to their Southern counterparts. It has often been said that this occurred while the rebels were held as captives and their guards taught them the game. In Ohio, however, there is one instance in which this process seems to have been reversed-Southern prisoners teaching the game to Federal guard forces instead. These events will also offer a surprising insight: The first match game of baseball in Ohio-played by New York rules and between two clubs-was contested on Lake Erie by Southern gentlemen held captive at a Civil War prison on Johnson's Island.Johnson's Island, located in Lake Erie about three miles from Sandusky, Ohio, was the site of one of 32 Union prisons operated during the war, and the only one constructed specifically for captive Confederate officers. In operation between April 1862 and war's end, its usual population was around 2,500 officers; in aggregate, more than 9,000 (including seven general officers) were imprisoned there. Because the men held there were among the most highly educated of the South, the written record of their experiences is vast. It is from their firsthand accounts that we can be certain that baseball was an important activity at Johnson's Island Prisoner of War Depot.Some weeks before the 27th day of August 1864, the Confederate Base Ball Club issued a challenge to the Southern Base Ball Club for a match. Both clubs were made up of Confederate officer prisoners of war held on the island. Acceptance of the challenge, for what was called a championship game, caused anticipation and betting. The excitement of the proposed match spread to nearby Sandusky, as described by Lieutenant Michael McNamara of Louisiana, himself a prisoner on Johnson's Island:They also organized base-ball clubs-the Southern nine, composed of those below the rank of captain-of which Charlie Pierce was captain and catcher, and the Confederate nine, composed of the higher officers. Their championship game was considered one of the finest ever played, and was witnessed by upwards of 3,000 people, including the prisoners, officers, and citizens of Sandusky, Ohio, who eagerly embraced the opportunity to be present.Colonel Daniel Robinson Hundley of Alabama was also there and wrote about Johnson's Island baseball in his diary. His entire entry for Saturday, August 27:The great excitement to-day has been about the match game of base-ball between the Southron [sic] and the Confederate base-ball clubs-the former having for their colors white shirts, and the latter red shirts. The game was very spirited-nine innings-and won by the white shirts. During the progress of the game, nearly all the prisoners looked on with eager interest, and bets were made freely among those who had the necessary cash; and who were given to such practices; and very soon the crowd was pretty equally divided between the partisans of the white shirts and those of the red shirts, and a real rebel yell went up from one side or the other at every success of their chosen colors. The Yankees themselves outside the prison yard seemed to be not indifferent spectators to the game, but crowded the housetops, and looked on with as much interest almost as did the rebels themselves.The diary entry of Lieutenant William Peel of Mississippi-likewise confined at Johnson's Island-about this same match confirms Hundley's observations and adds some new facts:There has been, for several weeks, a challenge pending over one of the baseball clubs.The Confederate Club challenged the Southern Club. The game came off today and created more excitement than anything has done in the yard for a long time. …

Yuri Ilich Galperin

Yuri Ilich Galperin

Revision of theApogon erythrinusComplex (Teleostei: Apogonidae)

Abstract Two phenetic complexes are recognized among the small (usually less than 46 mm SL), semitranslucent, red species of the subgenus Apogon lacking stripes, bars, or black edges on scales on body sides, with six spines in first part of dorsal fin and one spine and 8–9 (almost always 9) rays in second part, two anal fin spines and 7–8 (almost always 8) rays, 12–15 pectoral fin rays, and a total of 16 or fewer gillrakers. The Apogon coccineus complex has one large full scale, and often one small scale, between the lateral line and the third spine of the first part of the dorsal fin and a free edge of skin near the anterior nasal opening. Members of the Apogon erythrinus complex have two large full scales, and often a small scale, between the lateral line and dorsal fin and no free edge of skin near the anterior nasal opening. Four species are recognized in the A. erythrinus complex: A. erythrinus, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and Johnson Island; Apogon marquesensis n. sp., endemic to the Marquesas I...

Voices from Cemetery Hill: The Civil War Diary, Reports and Letters of Colonel William Henry Asbury Speer (1861-1864) by Allen Paul Speer (review)

or fails, and this book does a good deal ofthe former and a bit ofthe latter . Selections from Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia, Earl Hamner's On Spencer's Mountain, and Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek are as powerful as they were in their original settings. But then again, they are engaging, at least in part, because we are familiar with those settings. Other selections are engaging because of their relative obscurity, coupled with the historical importance-ifnot the literary abilities —ofthe writers. It is intriguing to read the complaints ofthe King of France on his Shenandoah Valley holiday, to learn the ornithological expertise of Theodore Roosevelt, or to experience the way the war in Vietnam intruded on the mountain retreat of Washington journalist Charles Seib. Less engaging are selections from a handful ofwriters who, while rightly included (given the book's focus), have neither the intrinsic power to engage us as quickly as briefselections necessarily demand, nor the historical familiarity to make their works interesting despite a lack of literary merit. While all or many ofthese writers may be excellent in larger doses, the single thematic commonality-that they deal in some way with the region under study-is sometimes insufficient to maintain our sincere interest. But compensations abound. To begin, the descriptions of certain natural and human phenomena create continuities which interest us regardless ofwhether a particular writer fails to engage. Perceptions of the Natural Bridge, for example, develop a cumulative power, and the more the perspectives differ, the better. Too, certain political progressions , such as the creation of the Shenandoah National Forest, allow selections to become mutually enriching which might not have engaged us alone. And ifsome ofthe relatively obscure writers might just as well have remained obscure, the opposite is also true: we owe Branch and Philippon our thanks for rescuing from relative obscurity such superb pieces as Archibald Alexander's "The Sublime and the Beautiful," Havilah Babcock's "Hunting Bee Trees," and the selections from The Journal ofJohn Fontaine. In sum, despite the occasional lapse, this collection is a superb addition to the literature of the Appalachian region. And as a focused scholarly introduction to the nature writing of a region, it presents an excellent model and exercises it with exemplary rigor. -William Jolliff Speer, Allen Paul. Voices from Cemetery Hill: The Civil War Diary, Reports and Letters ofColonel William Henry Asbury Speer (1861-1864). Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 1997. 217 pages. Paperback $19.95. 70 Allen Speer ofLees-McRae College has compiled and edited a book here that is a monumental exercise in family history. Yet Dr. Speer's task is only partly done. When Speer's Aunt Nellie Dobbins died in 1980, a large family archive was left to him, and he has vigorously supplemented these family documents by drawing upon the Official Records ofthe War of the Rebellion, the Vance Papers, letters and diaries of family friends, broad reading in standard Civil War titles and North Carolina local history , research in the National Archives and local newspapers. Yet there are more stories to tell from this family stretching across the eight generations buried in the old Methodist cemetery on the Speer farm in central Yadkin County, North Carolina. Most of this volume involves the remarkably detailed diary, letters, and reports ofWilliam Henry Asbury Speer, which covers his Civil War experience between August 1861, when he enlisted in the Confederate service, and his death at Ream's Station, south ofPetersburg, on August 29, 1864. Together they follow Colonel Speer from the Battle of Hanover Court House (May 27, 1862), where he was captured; his incarcerations at Fort Columbus, in New York harbor, and Johnson's Island near Sandusky, Ohio; then his return to the Confederate army and action at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and the siege of Petersburg. Civil War scholars will find important insights into the battles ofHanover Court House and Chancellorsville not found elsewhere. James I. Robertson has called these memoirs what a "family wartime chronicle should be." Colonel Asbury Speer was an able officer and died a hero of the Confederate cause. Yet he opposed secession and attacked slavery...

Holding the Line: The Third Tennessee Infantry, 1861-1864 (review)

book reviews255 novel, The Killer Angeh (1975), and the film Gettysburg (1993), based on Shaara's work, faithfully reproduced the depiction of Stuart as the Confederate who contributed die most to Southern defeat. Between 1863 and 1993, Stuart has had his defenders. But now Mark Nesbitt attempts absolute exoneration in Saber and Scapegoat: J.E.B. Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy. Stuart was following Lee's orders or at least attempting to foUow them. He was not "skylarking" on a frivolous quest for greater fame. Stuart did assign sufficient cavalry to ride north with Lee and perform reconnaissance for the army. He did not leave Lee helpless to blunder into a battle Lee did not want. Stuart was not "late" for die battle at Gettysburg. The several charges leveled against Stuart, Nesbitt asserts, "are patently false." Within the limits he estabUshes for the controversy, Nesbitt proves his case. Stuart did none of those misdeeds his accusers have alleged he did. If die questions at issue concern wrongful or extraneous acts Stuart committed before he arrived on the field atGettysburg, then Nesbitt establishes Stuart's innocence once and for all time. But as ever, the questions any historian asks of the past in large measure determine the answers to those questions. So die crucial matter in Saber and Scapegoat is not Nesbitt's answers but his questions. He asks if Stuart did anything wrong and proves he did not. But what about other questions that Nesbitt did not ask much less attempt to answer? If Stuart did nothing wrong during the Gettysburg campaign, what did he do that was right? What contributions did Stuart make toward Confederate victory at Gettysburg? How did Stuart help Lee in Pennsylvania? What about that third day of the battle and Stuart's actions then? Nesbitt offers a summary of the action in which Stuart launched a mounted attack against David M. Gregg's division of Federal cavalry. But what about the fact of a drawn battle when Stuart supposedly outnumbered his enemies by a two-to-one margin? Nesbitt absolves Stuart from sins ofcommission. Questions continue regarding Stuart's omissions, however. Emory M. Thomas University ofGeorgia Holding the Line: The Third Tennessee Infantry, 1861-1864. By Flavel C. Barber. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994. Pp. viii, 281. $35.00.) Flavel ClinganBarber(1830-1864) was educated atGiles CoUegeinTennessee. By i860 he was teaching at Bryson, Tennessee, near Pulaski. In May 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate army and assisted in raising the 3d Tennessee Infantry. Serving first in southern Kentucky, he was sent in early 1862 to Fort Donelson, built by Confederates to hold the Tennessee River line. Barber was 256CIVIL WAR HISTORY stunned when his superiors unconditionaUy surrendered that fort and its army, and while many Confederates successfully escaped, Barber was captured and sent to Camp Chase near Columbus, Ohio. Soon he was transferred toJohnson's Island near Sandusky, where he remained until exchanged in late 1862. He traveled to the Vicksburg area, where he fought in the campaign to hold thatlast Confederate outpost on the Mississippi. Next he moved eastto participate in the campaign to stop Sherman's advance toward Atlanta. He was wounded on May 14, 1864, and died the next morning. During these adventures from 1861 to 1864, Barber maintained ajournai, and four volumes are now located in the Indiana University library. One volume, from the period oflate August through early December 1862, is missing, creating the only gap in his account. The meat ofthejournal Ues in Barber's accounts of the struggle to hold Donelson, the defeat of Sherman at Chickasaw Bayou near Vicksburg, and bis experience as a prisoner of war. We have thousands of battlefield descriptions, but it is Barber's prison experiences that are especially illuminating in contrast to all of the horror stories about Civil War prison Ufe. At Johnson's Island Barber complained mat Ufe was monotonous but described his day as one with breakfast soon after 7 a.m., roU call at 8 a.m., newspaper reading from 9 to 12 noon. After dinner at noon a "siesta" followed as prisoners "lay about in the shade." At 5...

Holding the line: the Third Tennessee Infantry, 1861-1864

FLAVEL C. BARBER's memoir of his service with the Third Tennessee provides a rare contemporary history of a Confederate regiment. Major Barber's after the surrender of Fort Donelson spurred him to take pen in hand. What began as a way to while away the tedious hours of imprisonment on Johnson's island in Lake Erie became a poignant, candid, yet unsentimental account of the life of a soldier at war. Of special value for Civil War scholars and buffs are Barber's vivid descriptions of battles, notably the siege of Fort Donelson and the Confederate victory at Chickasaw Bayou, in which he highlights the Third Tennessee's crucial role in defeating William T. Sherman. Robert H. Ferrell introduces Barber and details the formation of the regiment. A full regimental roster, a rarity among Confederate units, also is included.

An analysis of problems related to dredging in a coral atoll: Kavaratti, Lakshadweep, Indian Ocean

Detailed survey on various aspects has indicated the presence of calcareous sands in the lagoons of Lakshadweep (Arabian Sea) suitable for a number of industries. No data are available about the effect of mining the deposits on these atolls. This paper attempts to analyze the data collected in studying the channel that has been dredged in connection with development of the harbor at Kavaratti lagoon Maximum depth in the lagoon is 3 m Outside the depth increases rapidly within a short distance of about 100 m Sediment in the lagoon is derived from the destruction of the reefs and consists of corals, halimeda, molluscan shells, foraminifers, and red algae Presently sands are being dredged from the lagoon and dumped in the sea and these sands are lost as there is a steep slope outside A study of shoreline records for the beaches adjacent to the dredging site shows that the shoreline is an area of accretion. It is quite possible that removal of 1 or 2 meters of sands from the lagoon floor will not affect the equilibrium if the reef is not disturbed Dredging of coral sands for different purposes is known from Fiji, Johnson Island, offshore Apia and no adverse effect has been noticed Removal of limited quantity of sands is recommended, since in a closed system of such atolls like Kavaratti there is always a surplus of sediment transported to the deep sea. The surplus sediment opens the way to sediment dredging. However, reef areas should not be disturbed since the reef is the most important sediment-generating site Studies on growth rate, currents, tides, and bathymetry should be continued to detect the adverse effect simultaneously with dredging

Energetic charged particle and electromagnetic wave injections into space

Man’s first, and most dramatic, activities in this field were to conduct high altitude (400...500 kin) nuclear explosions in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Argus experiment created charged particles which affected the Van Allen trapped radiation belts. The Starfish experiment of 9 July 1962 had. a higher yield (l.L~Megaton (Mt)) than the Argus explosions (~1 kt); an intense artificial radiation belt was created, and this lasted longer (many years) since the source was at a lower latitude (Johnson Island, Pacific Ocean) than that used for the earlier Argus shots (South Atlantic). Three Soviet explosions in October and November 1962 made artificial radiation belts which were less intense than that due to Starfi~h. Because their source was at a higher latitude (Siberia) these belts decayed rather rapidly. Interesting effects have been observed in the VLF and ELF radio bands after high—altitude nuclear explosions. At the instant of detonation of Starfish, electromagnetic signals were radiated; a whistler was received in the opposite hemisphere. Only seconds after the explosion, artificial aurorae were observed in New Zealand and the absorption of cosmic radio noise by the Alaskan ionosphere was increased. The peak absorption occurred within one minute, with recovery to normal conditions taking a few hours. After a few minutes the ionosonde in Jamaica indicated greater absorption in the lower ionosphere. Also some minutes after the explosion the Q value of the resonant (8 Hz) earth-ionosphere cavity decreased; after about three hours it returned to its normal value. The change may be explained, not only by the enhancement of ionisation below the explosion, but also by the world—wide (low-latitude) ionisation produced by the trapped energetic electrons, arising from neutron decay, drifting eastwards in longitude. Synchrotron radiation from the ~ 2 million electron volt (MeV) electrons produced by the explosion was detected by radioastronomy observatories at low latitudes.

Nuclear Pulse (I): Awakening to the Chaos Factor

In July 1962 the US military detonated a 1.4-megaton hydrogen bomb 248 miles above Johnson Island in the Pacific, and for some time thereafter physicists puzzled over a resulting series of odd occurrences. Some 800 miles away in Hawaii, street lights had failed, burgular alarms had rung, and circuit breakers had popped open in power lines. Today, the mysterious agent is known as electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Physicists say a single nuclear detonation in near space would cover vast stretches of the earth with an EMP of 50,000 volts per meter. The first installment of this three-part series describes how EMP was discovered and why its potentially chaos-producing effects were overlooked for more than a decade. The second part will examine the ongoing debate in the Pentagon over how to cope with the EMP threat. The third will discuss questions EMP raises about about waging a limited nuclear war.

Yankee Artillerymen: Through the Civil War With Eli Lilly's Indiana Battery (review)

90CIVIL WAR HISTORY Yankee Artillerymen: Through the Civil War With Eli Lillys Indiana Battery. By John W. Rowell. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975. Pp. xvi, 320. $11.95.) In Yankee Artillerymen John Rowell has produced another good book in the same style as his earlier Yankee Cavalrymen. This new work follows the fortunes of the Eighteenth Indiana Light Artillery Battery (Eli Lilly's battery) from its recruitment during the summer of 1862 until the end of the Civil War. It is based upon the journals, letters, and other documents of seventeen soldiers who were members of the unit and who are, according to Rowell, "the real authors of Yankee Artillerymen. . . ." These sources are supplemented with officers' reports and correspondence from The War of the Rebellion as well as contemporary newspaper accounts and manuscripts pertaining to the battery's activities. Marching some 6,000 miles and traveling another 1,000 miles by railroad the battery took part in General William S. Rosecran's Tullahoma campaign, next shelled the Confederate stronghold of Chattanooga, and then at the battle of Chickamauga it helped to stop the initial Confederate flanking movement. After fighting a winter campaign in East Tennessee, the battery played an active role in General William T. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign of 1864. The outfit concluded the war as a part of General James H. Wilson 's great mounted force that swept through Alabama and western Georgia in the spring of 1865. Rowell believes the Eighteenth may have been "the crack battery of Indiana." Unquestionably it was distinctive and was allowed , by special order, to use an extra team for its guns and caissons . And, for awhile, it was the only ten-gun battery in the Army of the Cumberland. Also, it became a part of the First Cavalry Division, an outstanding force which developed the ability of attacking and driving infantry from their earthworks, a previously unthinkable feat for cavalry. The outstanding collection of original material on which this book is based tells the story of war as seen by the participants. They were engaged in the great adventure of their lives and they describe the sickness, camp life, and death, the battles, the heroes and the cowards, such as the man whom one observer said was "so awful afraid of being killed that he came very near dying." And some of them describe their service with exceptional quality because the most prolific writers had attended Wabash College or Indiana Asbury University. These were better observers and writers than the usual Civil War soldiers. Yankee Artillerymen should be welcomed by both local history buffs and those who yearn to know the war as it was experienced by the men in the ranks. John Rowell has done an excellent job of BOOK REVIEWS91 bringing his sources together in a readable manner and supplying the necessary commentary and explanation to unify the whole. It might also be noted that the University of Tennessee Press did a first class job in producing the book. James L. McDonough David Lipscomb College Rebels on Lake Erie: The Piracy, The Conspiracy, Prison Life. By Charles E. Frohman. (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Historical Society. 1965. Second printing, 1975. Pp. vi, 159.) In Sandusky Bay in the western waters of Lake Erie, between the city of Sandusky and the Marblehead Peninsula, lies Johnson's Island . About a mile in length and half that in width, the island served as site of one of the principal military prisons of the Civil War. Between April, 1862 and September 1865, it housed an aggregate population of nearly 9,000 prisoners, with a high enrollment of 3,209 reported on December 31, 1864. Throughout this time it was used almost entirely as a prison for southern officers, including a number of colonels, brigadiers, and major generals, a sufficient number to staff an army and navy of 80,000 men. In the last years of the Civil War, the depletion of southern manpower resources combined with Confederate military reverses to produce a number of plots (and rumors of plots) to free the prisoners on Johnson's Island that they might be restored to positions of leadership in Southern forces. The "Northwest Conspiracy," seeking to...

Asymmetric Plasma Expansion from the ‘Starfish’ Explosion

Recent astronomical measurements of solar and celestial X-radiation have led to renewed interest in strong shock-wave phenomena arising from explosions which occur on an astrophysical scale as in solar flares, novae and in supernovae. Although on a much smaller scale, the ‘Starfish’ nuclear explosion at an altitude of 400 km over Johnson Island in 1962, provides a useful test of current understanding in this field.

Intertidal and Shallow-Water Foraminifera of Tropical Pacific Ocean: ABSTRACT

Intertidal and shallow-water sediment samples from the tropical Pacific Ocean were studied and a quantitative analysis made of their constituents. The foraminiferal components exhibit both eurytopic and stenotopic distribution patterns. Seven methods of dispersal are listed and analyzed to help explain the eurytopic patterns. Hypotheses based on dispersal methods and fluctuations in populations are advanced to explain the stenotopic and sporadic fossil and recent occurrences of two important foraminiferal genera, Tinoporus (Calcarina) and Baculogypsina. An examination of the beach sands shows that although calcite, igneous, and metamorphic grains are the principal components in the majority of the samples, foraminiferal tests commonly comprise over 30 per cent of the sand The remaining constituents are usually less than 1 per cent of the total. The analysis of the shallow-water Foraminifera from Johnson Island indicates that certain species have high numerical values in restricted areas. These occurrences are similar to those of the same species in the shallow waters of other islands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1763------------