John Of Jerusalem Research Articles

Administrative Regulations for the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem dating from the 1180s

Administrative Regulations for the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem dating from the 1180s

Warwick and Tunstall's First Aid to the Injured and Sick. Nineteenth edition. Edited by A. P. GORHAM, M.B., Ch.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.A., Officer of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Police Surgeon, City and County of Bristol; etc. 4 1/8 × 6 1/2 in. Pp. 278, with 288 illustrations, many in colour. 1952. Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd.

Journal Article Warwick and Tunstall's First Aid to the Injured and Sick. Nineteenth edition. Edited by A. P. GORHAM, M.B., Ch.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.A., Officer of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Police Surgeon, City and County of Bristol; etc. 4 1/8 × 6 1/2 in. Pp. 278, with 288 illustrations, many in colour. 1952. Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd. 6s. 6d Get access Warwick and Tunstall's First Aid to the Injured and Sick. Nineteenth edition. Edited by A P Gorham, M.B., Ch.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.A., Officer of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Police Surgeon, City and County of Bristol; etc. 4 1/8 × 6 1/2 in. Pp. 278, with 288 illustrations, many in colour. 1952. Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd. 6s. 6d. British Journal of Surgery, Volume 40, Issue 162, January 1953, Page 404, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.18004016223 Published: 06 December 2005

Hughes de Loubens de Verdalle, 1531-1582-1595, Cardinal et Grand Maitre de l'Ordre de Malte (review)

Reviewed by: Hughes de Loubens de Verdalle, 1531–1582–1595, Cardinal et Grand Maître de l’Ordre de Malte Mario Buhagiar Hughes de Loubens de Verdalle, 1531–1582–1595, Cardinal et Grand Maître de l’Ordre de Malte. By Alain Blondy. (Paris: Éditions Beauchesne. 2005. Pp. 212; 7 color plates.) Alain Blondy's scrupulously researched biography of Hughes de Loubens de Verdalle, a Cardinal Grand Master of the Knight Hospitallers, and an enlightened Renaissance Prince and patron of the arts, has the rare quality of being both scholarly and highly readable. This makes the book appealing to a wider public than the narrow specialist market. It tells the story of a remarkable man whose statesmanship and diplomatic skills steered the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, or the 'Sacred Religion' (La Sacra Religione) as it liked to call itself, out of one of its darkest crises and gave it renewed vitality, a refound belief in the uniqueness of its mission, and a rekindled optimism in a glorious future. This was achieved through an exercise of precarious political brinkmanship between the Spanish and French factions within the Hospital, the implications of which on the European political scenario are one of the two major concerns of the book. The other is Grand Master Verdalle's contribution to the forging of a truly European identity for Malta and to giving the island, although still de jure an appendage of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a de facto sovereign status that placed it on a par with Venice and the other republics and city states of mainland Italy. These developments brought unprecedented prestige to the Hospital. The Grand Master could now justifiably regard himself as a prince, and he sent a clear message of the new political reality across Europe when, in a deliberately calculated move, he introduced the ducal crown in the Grand Master's armorial shield. Verdalle profoundly changed the nature of the Hospital from a medieval nursing and military religious order to a Counter-Reformation, haughtily aristocratic association modeled on Renaissance prototypes. Its conventual obligations and military and hospitaller commitments remained essential priorities, but there was a new emphasis on pomp and circumstance that blossomed, in the eighteenth century, in the enlightened Baroque triumphalism of the Portughese Grand Masters Anton Manoel de Vilhena and, more especially, Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca. The latter changed the ducal crown to the closed crown of monarchy. That Verdalle managed to achieve all this was in great measure due to papal support, but his perceptiveness and political acumen were also instrumental factors. The way in which he exploited the Ottoman menace, both real and imagined, to the advantage of the Hospital and Malta, is an important case in point. The merit of the book lies in the insights that it affords into the motivations that shaped this important new chapter in Hospitaller and Maltese history, and in its analysis of them. Events, and the political and religious intrigues which they engendered, are seen and interpreted in the wider perspective of the political chess game of Counter-Reformation Europe in which France and Spain were major protagonists, and where shifts in the balance of power sometimes [End Page 819] depended on the whims of a succession of able and energetic popes one of whom, Sixtus V (1585–1590), made Verdalle a cardinal. The papacy saw in the Hospitallers a shield against the Ottoman menace and found it politically expedient to sustain and protect them from internal dissent and outside interference. Elevating the Grand Master to a Prince of the Church was a clear message to Philip II of Spain to refrain from seeking to control the Hospital. The book is the latest addition to the literature on the Knights of the Hospital of St. John whose crusading exploits and charitable initiatives had won them fame across Europe long before the time of Verdalle. The heroism displayed during two great sieges, that of Rhodes in 1480 and the more recent and better publicized one of Malta in 1565, together with a succession of almost larger than life Grand Masters foremost among them Pierre d'Aubusson (1476–1503), Philippe Villiers de l'Isle Adam (1551–1534...

Barney Sloane & Gordon Malcolm. Excavations at the priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell, London (MoLAS Monograph 20). xix+434 pages, 202 figures, 102 tables. 2004. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service; 1-901992-20-9 paperback £31.95.

Barney Sloane & Gordon Malcolm. Excavations at the priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell, London (MoLAS Monograph 20). xix+434 pages, 202 figures, 102 tables. 2004. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service; 1-901992-20-9 paperback £31.95. - Volume 79 Issue 305

St Francis De Sales and the Hospitaller Knights of St John of Jerusalem during the Catholic Reformation

St Francis De Sales and the Hospitaller Knights of St John of Jerusalem during the Catholic Reformation

Procès inquisitorial contra el castellà d'Amposta Fra Pedro Roiç de Moros a la cúria pontificia del papa Benet XIII (I414-1418)

The Arxiu de la Corona d'Arago in Barcelona houses the original commital proceedings instituted by a court of cardinals set up by pope Benedict XIII in the year 1414 and teh trial itself of the lord of Amposta, Fra Pedro Roic de Moros, knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who had been charged with indictable offences—concubinage, robbery, housing apostates, oath breaking and counterfeiting money, mismanagement of the Castlery's assets, excesses against his vassals, wasteful use of assets, dereliction and property abandonment— of which he was found guilty, and thereafter sentenced to losing the dignity of his lordship. Roic de Moros appealed to the Council of Constance as well as to pope Martin V. It would be to no avail. Roic de Moros paid a very high price for choosing to support count Jaume d'Urgell and deciding to oppose Ferran dAntequera and the policies of pope Benedict XIII. The follow up and analysis of the court´s records are very interesting for their human variety and interesting informations about fortresses, houses, barns, treaures and services there were in different locations of the Castlery of Amposta, such as Batea, Gandesa, Miravet, Ulldecona, Asco and other towns and villages along the Ribera d´Ebre. The whole criminal prosecution bears a very peculiar historic interest mainly because the protagonists, the court procedures, and their causes are the link between the Interregnum in the Aragonese Crown and the final days of the Western Schism.

Fourteenth-century documents of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem: analysis of inks, parchment and seals

Summary The national Library of Malta in Valetta comprises a unique collection of the documents of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (the Knights of Malta). In 1988 the first conservation survey was initiated and funded by the Fulbright Council of International Exchange of Scholars followed by a conservation pilot project supported by the Samuel Kress Foundation in 1989. Selected volumes documenting the earliest history of the Knights were examined from a conservation and analytical point of view. The conservation needs of the collection were addressed in a 1992 publication. The focus of this paper is analysis of the grounds, inks and seals from volume 21 which dates between 1336 and 1373. All the documents were written on parchment in iron-gall ink. Four documents retained their original seals, one of lead and three of wax. Analysis was carried out using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis, and Fourier transform infrared analysis, at the Smithsonian Center for...

Leper Hospitals in Medieval Ireland: with a Short Account of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem

Reviewed by: Leper Hospitals in Medieval Ireland, with a Short Account of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem Luke Demaitre Gerard A. Lee. Leper Hospitals in Medieval Ireland, with a Short Account of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996. 72 pp. £7.95. The research for this book, obviously less a scholarly pursuit than a labor of love, was inspired by the author’s interest in the knightly Order of St. Lazarus. Ironically, this Hospitaller order may not have reached Ireland in the Middle Ages, and it was totally eclipsed by religious associations such as the Augustinians and the Antonines, but above all by the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (after 1530, of Malta), with their Irish grand priory in Kilmainham. The modern Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, headquartered in Paris since 1956, inaugurated the Bailiwick of Ireland at Dunsany castle (County Meath) in 1962. Its chief objective still embraces assistance to lepers, research on leprosy, and the combating of skin diseases in general—as well as bringing “such relief as may be possible in connection with thermo-nuclear wounds” (p. 71). Guided by the belief that there must have been some link between the Knights of St. Lazarus and Irish lazar-houses, Gerard A. Lee casts the widest possible net for clues, gathering the data with limited attention to their inherent significance and historical background. As a result, he has ignored current literature on leprosy, hospitals, and medieval medicine. More unfortunately, he leaves the reader suspended by quoting no documents and supplying minimal references. The student of hospital history will wish to know the content and context of bequests for “poor leprous people” (pp. 17 and 51), which were expressions of charity and social order rather than medical measures. The historian of leprosy, on the other hand, will look for precise documentation in an inventory of leprosaria because the indeterminate character of many charitable foundations is compounded by the stretchable meaning of the term lepra. The tally of Leper Hospitals in Medieval Ireland is broadly inclusive, accepting locations with “palmer” (pilgrim) as denoting the presence of a “hospital,” and those with “spital” or “spittle” as pointing to a leper colony rather than merely to a shelter for the indigent or itinerant infirm. Mr. Lee lists more than one hundred sites where “leper hospitals” may have existed, but fewer than half of these seem probable, and not even one-tenth are recorded in archives. Nevertheless, his evidence is illuminating, at least indirectly. Physical clues include the “leper squint,” a small opening in a church wall allowing outcasts to follow the mass. Written sources, at least as mentioned here, suggest that “leprosy” held sway in Ireland considerably longer than in most of Europe: It was noted well before the ninth century, in hagiographies of Saints Patrick and Brigid and in chronicles beginning with the Annals of Innisfallen, which in 546 recorded the death of “Nessan a leper” (p. 15). At the other end, long after lazarettos on the Continent had become plague hospitals or fallen into ruins, Joan Murphy was denied release from the Waterford lazar-house in 1650; in the same city, individuals were still “certified” as lepers in 1713 and 1723, and the general infirmary remained known as “the Leper House” until 1896 (pp. 43–45). [End Page 537] The broadest implications are raised by the toponymical evidence inferred from the Gaelic word for leper, lobhar. A “field of lepers (Goutnalour)” or “meadow of lepers (Cloonalour),” as a granted “townland,” suggests the existence of an endowed institution. More ambiguously, a ridge (Drumalour) may have been a dwelling place, perhaps as sequestered as a designated well or watering hole (Tobar na Lobhar, Poulnalour). Larger communities are evoked by names such as “leper town (Ballynalour)” or, more ominously, “lepers’ fort (Rathnalour).” Locales were renamed in the nineteenth century, from “Lepers’ Hill (Knockalour)” to Flower Hill (in four counties) and, most notably, from “Leperstown” to Leopardstown (near Dublin). The introduction of these euphemisms must have a history of its own. Meanwhile, this little book reveals a great deal, not so much about the development...

The Cartulary of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in England, Part 2, edited by Michael Gervers

<i>The Cartulary of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in England,</i> Part 2, edited by Michael Gervers

ΤΟ ΠΑΛΙΟ ΝΟΣΟΚΟΜΕΙΟ (VETERA INFIRMARIA) ΣΤΗ ΡΟΔΟ: ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΟΠΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΜΕΣΑΙΩΝΙΚΗΣ ΠΟΛΗΣ

The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem was one of the MilitaryOrders founded during the First Crusade. Apart from fighting, its main dutieswere hospitaller and it had to maintain a great Hospital at their headquarters,first in Jerusalem and later in Acre, Cyprus, Rhodes, and Malta.The Order ruled Rhodes between 1310 and 1522. In 1483 their new Hospital,which was being built since 1439, was put to use. This Hospital, today theArcheological Museum of the town, succeeded another which from then onwas called the Vetera infirmarla in the Order's written documents.While the new Hospital is securely identified, the site of the Vetera infirmariais in fact unknown. It is generally believed that an extensively repaired buildingwhich today houses the Historical-Archeological Institute of Dodecannese canbe identified with it, on the grounds of some architectural characteristics survivingon its facade, and of the fact that part at least of the building was built in thefourteenth century. Some literary evidence from the fifteenth century, though,suggests otherwise.Very few buildings datable to the fourteenth century survive today in thetown of Rhodes. The topography of the medieval town itself wes extensivelyaltered in the later part of the Hospitaller rule, from 1480 to 1522 when theTurks of Suleyman the Magnificent occupied the island. Later, in the twentiethcentury, during Italian rule, a huge project of rehabilitating, rebuilding andexcavating the medieval town was realized, and the sixteenth century imagewas consolidated, while earlier evidence was concealed or altogether lost. Asbuildings dated to earlier phases of the history of the town are valuable aslandmarks for the study of the topography of these phases, it is important toidentify them securely before employing them in this manner. The Vetera infirmariais one such building, often appearing in the documents as a landmark.In the present paper, an effort is being made to locate the vetera infirmarlawithin the medieval town, using mainly documentary evidence. The possibilityof the simultaneous existence of two vetere infirmarle is discussed, one probablydestined for the sick brethren exclusively. The identification of the veterainfirmarla with the Historical-Archeological Institute cannot be excluded but itcannot be proven either. In any case, restituting a topography for the fourteenthandearly fifteenth century town of Rhodes is a complicated affair and should betaken up with caution.

Military Orders and Crusades by Alan Forey

536 BOOK REVIEWS of the importance of individual men and women and their often imperfect responses to the situations in which they found themselves. It is a balanced, humane and scholarly view of the past such as we might expect from the author of The Two Cities. Bernard Hamilton University ofNottingham Military Orders and Crusades. By Alan Forey. [Variorum Collected Studies Series , CS432.] Brookfleld,Vermont:Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Company. 1994. Pp. via, 318. $91.95 approx.) Few scholars have contributed as much to our knowledge of the military religious orders in the twelfth through fourteenth centuries as has Dr. Alan Forey. The present volume contains thirteen of his papers published between 1971 and 1991 , most of them in the 1980's. The first eight, devoted to the military orders as a whole, concern a wide range of important subjects which have often received only cursory attention in the historical literature: their emergence in the twelfth century,recruitment,novitiate and instruction oftheir membership, associated female orders, their role in the Spanish reconquest, in the ransoming of captives from Islam, in holy war against Christians, and in crusading proposals of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Two essays discuss the Hospitallers: their initial militarization, and subsequent constitutional conflict and change within the order. One delves into the history of the short-lived Spanish Order of Mountjoy, and another into the long-lived but little-known English Order of St. Thomas of Acre. The book concludes with an interesting paper on the crusading vows of King Henry III of England. The author is a meticulous scholar and one is constantly impressed by both the chronological and geographical scope of the published primary and secondary sources upon which the articles in the volume are largely based. His capacity to integrate and balance the historical content of official documents with the narrative accounts of the chroniclers enables him to progress beyond the normal expectations of the evidence and to establish a meaningful evolution ofevents. He pursues controversial subjects, points out weaknesses in previously formulated arguments, establishes the present state of the question, and offers new and valuable interpretations while at the same time opening the way to additional avenues of research. He is as comfortable working with such broad matters as the military orders in the Iberian Peninsula over nearly two centuries as with the crucial metamorphosis of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem from a hospitaller to a military organization during the course of a generation. It is not surprising, given his comprehensive grasp of the literature and encyclopedic knowledge of the subject, that his work is so frequently resorted to by contemporary authors working in similar and related fields. Despite the wealth of information he provides, Dr. Forey's conclusions are BOOK REVIEWS 537 nevertheless cautious. He states, as a wise example for the profession, that "because of the paucity ofthe evidence available the most that can be expected of any interpretation is a reasoned and coherent hypothesis" (X/16). Although the subject matter it contains is less comprehensive, the wealth of references to the sources makes this volume a more useful historical tool than his recent work, The Military Orders (1992), which was apparently intended for undergraduates and a wider general readership. On the other hand, the fact that all quotations from the sources are, with the exception of his essay on the ransoming of captives, reproduced in the language of the original, makes a vital part of the present publication inaccessible to that same audience. Both specialist and other readers would best be served ifthe quotes were given in translation in the text and the original reproduced in the notes. The volume would also have profited from the incorporation of subjects into the existing index of persons and places, and a bibliography. Of the many well-documented hypotheses put forward in this book, two may be singled out for comment. The first concerns the author's contentions that the favor experienced by the Templars after receiving ecclesiastical approval at the Council ofTroyes (1 129) should not be "regarded as a serious threat to the fortunes of the Hospital" QX/86) and that the Hospitallers entered into a military role...

De origine Hospitalariorum Hierosolymitanorum—Vom klösterlichen Pilgerhospital zur internationalen Organisation

We are still not quite sure about the beginnings of the Order of the Knights of St John. There are thirteen years in which the possessions of the Hospice of Jerusalem increased enormously that we do not know much about. Up to now research on the origin of the Hospitallers of St John has been concerned primarily with two points of discussion. Firstly, the question as to whether the hospice of the Amalfitan abbey St Mary Latina is identical with the great Hospice of St John in Jerusalem. Secondly, the institutional development of the Hospice since its first papal privilege (1113). This paper raises the question of when and why this great and internationally organized Hospice of Jerusalem was founded, or rather when and why the dependent hospice of the abbey St Mary Latina was transformed into the independent Hospice of Jerusalem. By analysing early charters of western donations to the Hospice, we find that the creation of such a hospice was already planned during the great journey of Pope Urban II through France in the years 1095/1096. This means that is was planned at the same time as the conception of the First Crusade. The distribution of the first dependencies of the Hospice in the West, for example, proves this. It was intended to support the crusade, which was defined as an armed pilgrimage to liberate the Holy Sepulchre. In addition it was to facilitate, in this way, the Jerusalem pilgrimage generally. After the conquest of the Holy City in 1100, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Daimbert of Pisa, carried out the papal plan.

Attempts to revive the Order of Malta in Stuart England

Just defeated at the Boyne, James II was now demoralized, and took no further effective action to replace William III in Whitehall. Yet his rhetoric remained martial as he requested the knights of Malta to pray that God might grant him success against the protestant usurper.' Of course there was no likelihood of military assistance from Malta, and James did not expect such. Rather he was unburdening himself to his own kind: catholic knights whose own Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem had weathered many catastrophes similar to James's present ruin, whether it had been their expulsion first from Jerusalem and then from Cyprus and Rhodes or their near-loss of Malta to the Turks in the Great Siege of I565. James's letter, however, also set the seal on the half a century of frustrated negotiations between the Order and a variety of English catholics.

I The Hospitallers' Western Accounts, 1373/4 and 1374/5

The military order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem had a Treasurer from the time of its early years in the mid-twelfth century; by 1268 he was employing two scribes at the Convent, the order's headquarters in Syria. A statute of 1283 provided for a monthly computum or audit to be held by the Master and a group of senior brethren. Fr Joseph Chauncey, who was Treasurer for some twentyfive years, was so competent that Edward I made him Treasurer of England in 1273. At Rhodes during the fourteenth century the Treasury apparently kept no budget showing the overall state of the Hospital's finances, though by about 1478 there was a lengthy list of the incomes of the Western priories and commanderies, of receipts from Rhodes and Cyprus, and of the Convent's expenses in the East. The dues or responsiones from the rich Commandery of Cyprus were received by the Treasurer at Rhodes and the Master issued a quittance for them. The Master had separate incomes of his own, and by 1365 these were being managed by the Seneschal of his household; the Master gave a receipt for them.

Relations between Libya, Tunisia and Malta up to the British Occupation of Malta

AbstractThe conventional view is that Malta has been on the ‘forgotten frontier’ of Christian maritime resistance to Islamic expansionism since the Islamic invasions of North Africa in the seventh century. The limited archival and archeological evidence suggests that, up to the arrival of the Order of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Malta in 1530, this picture is not accurate. The Islamic occupation of the Maltese archipelago in 870 created a cosmopolitan Muslim society which persisted until the mid-thirteenth century, despite the Norman conquest of the region in 1090. Indeed, the formal end of Muslim society in Malta only came in 1224, as a side-result of the Hohenstauffen suppression of a Muslim rebellion in Sicily.Even under the Order of St John contacts with the Muslim world were far closer than is conventionally supposed. The Grand Master of the Order maintained close contacts with the Qaramanlis in Tripoli and the Beys of Tunis during the eighteenth century, despite the continuation of the corso. In reality, contacts had always existed and had been recognised as essential by the Holy See because Malta could not sustain its population once it had exceeded 10,000 persons. Sicily, the obvious source of supply, often exerted undesirable political pressure and the Barbary coast was the only other alternative. The main legacy of the close contacts between Malta and the North African Muslim world, however, is to be found, even today, in the Maltese language, which is really a Medieval variant of North African Arabic.

Gegevens over enkele epitafen uit het Sint Jansklooster te Haarlem

Gegevens over enkele epitafen uit het Sint Jansklooster te Haarlem

President Receives Award

Maude Storey, President of the Royal College of Nursing, pictured receiving the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem at an investiture ceremony held in the Grand Priory Church in London recently. The Order of St John honours men and women for their services to mankind and as Sovereign Head of the Order, Her Majesty the Queen approves each award.

Henry VIII and the Building of Hampton Court: A Reconstruction of the Tudor Palace

When Henry VIII finally took full possession of Hampton Court in 1529 he inherited a house already much embellished by Thomas Wolsey. In 1515 Wolsey had taken a lease from the Order of St John of Jerusalem on the modest manor house of Hampton Court and during the next fifteen years he turned it into one of the largest if not the very largest house in the kingdom. Attached to Wolsey’s lease there is an inventory, and this, together with the results of recent excavation, have revealed much about the earliest house on the site. Wolsey’s additions to this house seem to have been undertaken in two distinct phases. The first group of additions (1515–25) included the vast base court, new kitchens and a remodelling of the main first-floor reception rooms. In a second phase (1526–29) another storey was added to the main range of reception rooms for the queen, a new range was built on the south side of the second court, and the chapel was begun. The chapel, it appears, was still under construction when the king began his first building campaign. Eventually it was to be finished with materials that Wolsey had set aside at Sonning in Berkshire, for the building of the chapel at Cardinal College, Oxford.

The Cartulary of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in England, Secunda Camera: Essex. Michael Gervers

<i>The Cartulary of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in England, Secunda Camera: Essex</i>. Michael Gervers

The Cartulary of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in England. Secunda camera. Essex. Edited by Michael Gervers. (Records of Social and Economic History, n.s. vi.) Pp. xxiii + 735 + plates. Oxford University Press (for The British Academy), 1982. £85.

The Cartulary of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in England. Secunda camera. Essex. Edited by Michael Gervers. (Records of Social and Economic History, n.s. vi.) Pp. xxiii + 735 + plates. Oxford University Press (for The British Academy), 1982. £85.