John Day Research Articles

Recent History (1988–2004) of Beaver Dams along Bridge Creek in Central Oregon

Bridge Creek is a low-gradient stream in the John Day River basin of eastern Oregon. After decades of grazing, riparian vegetation along a 31.7 km reach was sparse and low in diversity, vegetated floodplains were typically narrow, and the stream was relatively wide and shallow. Cattle grazing within this reach was reduced in 1988, irrigation diversion ditches were replaced with culverts in 1989, and beaver (Castor canadensis) trapping was discontinued after 1991. Between 1988 and 2004, we inventoried beaver dams and ponds twice a year and estimated their dimensions. Field notes and photographs were used to document habitat use and better understand the potential role of beaver with regard to channel morphology and riparian plant communities. The annual number of beaver dams present in the study reach ranged from 9 to 103. On average, dams were nearly 8 m in length with ponds extending upstream 26 m. We also found that beaver dams/ponds, over time, typically accumulated sediment, improved conditions for es...

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Pacific Lampreys

AbstractThis study is the first to document genetic differences among Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata across much of their range. We examined collections of migrating adult Pacific lampreys from the Naka River, Japan; Moose River, Alaska; and six Pacific Northwest locations (North Fork Toutle, Willamette, Deschutes, John Day, Rogue, and Klamath rivers) based on variation at 180 polymorphic loci among the 556 amplified fragment length polymorphism loci generated by seven primer combinations. Despite the large geographical distances separating the samples, the different collections were characterized by a high proportion of shared bands, which indicated significant levels of historical gene flow across the range of the species. Analysis of molecular variance across three geographical regions—the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and Japan—showed divergence among samples (genetic differentiation index FST = 0.106, P < 0.001) and significant differences among regions (regional differentiation FRT = 0.014; P < 0.001), among Pacific Northwest collections (population differentiation FSR = 0.092; P < 0.001), and within collections. Over this extent of the species' range, genetic divergence tended to follow a pattern of isolation by distance, which suggested that allelic diversity may have been maintained by stepping stone patterns of dispersal. This pattern did not occur within the Pacific Northwest: among the six collections, all pairwise FST comparisons were statistically significant and ranged from 0.037 to 0.182, but the differences corresponded to no obvious geographical pattern.

Reconstructing Historical Riparian Conditions of Two River Basins in Eastern Oregon, USA

As land use continues to alter riparian areas, historical information is increasingly needed to help establish reference conditions for monitoring and assessment. I developed and applied a procedure in the John Day and Deschutes river basins of eastern Oregon for synthesizing historical documentary records available across broad spatial areas to reconstruct 19th-century riparian conditions. The study area was stratified by ecoregion and stream physical characteristics to partition regional variability. Three primary data sources-General Land Office survey notes, historical photographs, and written accounts-provided descriptive records, which were grouped by topic to develop common riparian attributes. The number of records for each attribute was tallied by stratum to compare and contrast riparian structure and composition across strata and ecoregions. Detailed descriptions of historical riparian conditions using the original documentary records further illustrated the unique riparian conditions in each stratum. Similarities and differences in historical riparian structure and composition at the stratum and ecoregion levels were evident based on the distributional pattern and numbers of records of attributes across strata. A high number of repeated observations within and among primary data sources helped to corroborate descriptive data. Although these reference data cannot provide the detail needed for rigorous quantitative assessments, they do describe a range of conditions approaching a minimally disturbed condition and provide an important perspective for conducting riparian assessments in highly disturbed regions where least-disturbed reference sites are often poor examples of a desired condition.

Shape of things to come

Follow us: Read more at: Visit us at: @NSComment nursingblog.rcnpublishing.co.uk Nursing Older People Editor Lisa Berry Tel: +44 (0)20 8872 3169 Email: lisa.berry@rcnpublishing.co.uk Managing director Rhonda Oliver Editor in chief Jean Gray Senior editor Gary Bell Assistant editor Sophie Blakemore Head of production Fiona Maclean Senior production editor Julie Hickey Production editor Karen Davies Art directors Ken McLoone, Paul Swainson Picture editor Phil Brecht Digital director John Day IT and new media manager Alex Oldfield Web editor Amanda Carter

Revised Chronostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the John Day Formation (Turtle Cove and Kimberly Members), Oregon, with Implications for Updated Calibration of the Arikareean North American Land Mammal Age

Although the Arikareean North American land mammal age was first typified in the Great Plains, the succession there contains significant unconformities, a generally poor magnetic record, relatively sparse radioisotopic calibration, and a major faunal hiatus. In the John Day Valley of central Oregon, however, is a thick, remarkably complete sequence of Oligocene through early Miocene strata (the John Day Formation) potentially amenable to addressing these shortcomings and long known to harbor one of the richest records of mid‐Tertiary mammals in North America. Since Prothero and Rensberger’s first magnetostratigraphic study of the John Day Formation in 1985, new advances in geochronology, together with a more comprehensive suite of paleomagnetic sections keyed to new radioisotopic and biostratigraphic data, have greatly enhanced chronostratigraphic precision. In our attempt to refine John Day chronostratigraphy, we sampled nearly 300 sites for magnetostratigraphy over a 500‐m‐thick interval and used several radioisotopically dated volcanic tuffs for our correlation with the geomagnetic polarity timescale. Many of the rocks analyzed showed unusual magnetic behavior, possibly due to the known zeolitization in this region, thereby precluding an abundance of class 1 polarity determinations. Nevertheless, preliminary results indicate that the Turtle Cove Member stratigraphically upward through the lower Kimberly Member extends from late chron C12n through C7n.1r, or from about 30.6 to 24.1 Ma. Intensive radioisotopic and magnetostratigraphic characterization of these strata provides a framework by which the associated biostratigraphy is assessed for biochronological significance relative to fossiliferous successions of the Great Plains, in turn resulting in reassessment of Arikareean subbiochron (Ar1–Ar4) boundaries. We present a revision of those boundaries that differs from their traditional timing as a hypothesis for testing in other locations.

The Role of Observer Variation in Determining Rosgen Stream Types in Northeastern Oregon Mountain Streams1

Abstract: Consistency in determining Rosgen stream types was evaluated in 12 streams within the John Day Basin, northeastern Oregon. The Rosgen classification system is commonly used in the western United States and is based on the measurement of five stream attributes: entrenchment ratio, width‐to‐depth ratio, sinuosity, slope, and substrate size. Streams were classified from measurements made by three monitoring groups, with each group fielding multiple crews that conducted two to three independent surveys of each stream. In only four streams (33%) did measurements from all crews in all monitoring groups yield the same stream type. Most differences found among field crews and monitoring groups could be attributed to differences in estimates of the entrenchment ratio. Differences in entrenchment ratio were likely due to small discrepancies in determination of maximum bankfull depth, leading to potentially large differences in determination of Rosgen’s flood‐prone width and consequent values of entrenchment. The result was considerable measurement variability among crews within a monitoring group, and because entrenchment ratio is the first discriminator in the Rosgen classification, differences in the assessment of this value often resulted in different determination of primary stream types. In contrast, we found that consistently evaluated attributes, such as channel slope, rarely resulted in any differences in classification. We also found that the Rosgen method can yield nonunique solutions (multiple channel types), with no clear guidance for resolving these situations, and we found that some assigned stream types did not match the appearance of the evaluated stream. Based on these observations we caution the use of Rosgen stream classes for communicating conditions of a single stream or as strata when analyzing many streams due to the reliance of the Rosgen approach on bankfull estimates which are inherently uncertain.

Grating Size Needed to Protect Adult Pacific Lampreys in the Columbia River Basin

AbstractAdult Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata routinely pass through picketed leads and diffuser gratings at lower Columbia River hydropower dams and enter areas where they can be delayed, injured, or killed. We assessed the bar spacing needed to exclude adult lampreys that enter the fishways at Bonneville Dam (river kilometer (rkm) 235). The experimental fish used (n = 242) ranged from 53 to 79 cm in total length and from 282 to 800 g in weight. All were able to swim through a 2.5‐cm vertical gap, 47% passed through a 2.2‐cm gap, and none passed through a gap of 1.9 cm or less. In dewatering simulations, none of the additional 50 Pacific lampreys tested were able to pass through a 1.9‐cm diffuser grating, while 86% were able to pass through a traditional 2.5‐cm grating. Based on these results, we conclude that bar spacing of 1.9 cm or less is needed to exclude most adult Pacific lampreys in the Columbia River drainage. An initial field test of the 1.9‐cm grating at John Day Dam (rkm 347) confirmed these results.

Oregon Voices: Artist Ray Strong: An Enduring Vision of the Oregon Landscape

OREGON VOICES Artist Ray Strong An EnduringVision ofthe Oregon Landscape by Mark Humpal IT WAS A CRISPOCTOBERMORN ingas our two-car caravan headed out from the Frenchglen Hotel, bouncing along the dusty,washboarded road to the top of SteensMountain. In thevan ahead ofme rode one-hundred-year old artist Ray Strong, who had con fided tome in early 2004 that he had always dreamed of seeing and painting the distinctive notch-topped moun tainbut, forvarious reasons, had never made the trip.After we reached the turnout forKiger Gorge and surveyed theheavily rock-strewn path to itsrim, we realized it would be impossible to roll Strong's wheelchair to a suitable viewpoint forhim to sketch.Four ofus decided to carryhim down, wheelchair and all?"sultan style"?to an appro priate spot near the rim of the gorge. There Strongwent towork, sketching the scene in charcoal on canvasboard with his remarkably large, steady hands seemingly undiminished by time. From there,we traveled further up, to the edge of theEast Rim, where Strong viewed firsthand the extensive panorama of theAlvord Desert. That evening, he amused dinner guests at the Frenchglen Hotel with entertain ing stories delivered in a booming voice and with occasional harmonica accompaniment. I firstmet Ray Strong in February 2004, afterarranging to interview him regarding his activities with another Oregon painter, Clyde Leon Keller. Who better to ask about Keller, I thought, than an artistwho painted with him for over three years in the 1920s? When I arrived at Strong's home and studio in Santa Barbara, I was welcomed by an alert,bright, and outgoing man of ninety-nine years who gladly answered each question in detail with colorful language and ges tural animation. Strong fullyaddressed my questions regarding Keller, and we proceeded to spend the remainder of the afternoon discussing themany Oregon paintings tucked here and there inhis studio, some ofwhich had been painted as long ago as themid 19208.As I reflected over the day that evening, Idecided therewas an equally fascinating butmore timely storytobe 98 OHQ vol. 109, no. I ? 2008 Oregon Historical Society ?;w$mB pTTT^T^ ^f^^0fCk Aftergettinghisfirstglimpse ofSteens Mountain inOctober 2005, centenarian artist Ray Strong sketches Kiger Gorge on canvasboard. told than theone Iwas currentlydevel oping on Keller and the earlyOregon Impressionists. I decided to focusmy attention on Strong's lifeand art and spent the following three days inter viewing him and becoming familiar with hiswork through the many paint ings scattered about his large studio. Strongwas enlivened bymy interestin his painting activities inOregon, and I soon discovered thathis connections to the Pacific Northwest were lasting and extensive.Our lengthydiscussions about all things Oregon reawakened his desire to return to the state and paint in areas he had not seen before: I never made it to Eastern Oregon_I always dreamed that sometime Iwould_ [Idid go] outsideofDufur,the barehillsout ofThe Dalles, John Day countryatdifferent times over 30 to 40 years. Inever really got to Eastern Oregon or Steens Mountain. I always wanted to get to Wallowa Lake... yes it's the kind of thingIwould havewished tohave gotten, but never did.1 Today, artistRay Strong is consid ered bymany arthistorians and collec tors as one of the foremost California landscape painters of the twentieth century.Perhaps not aswell-known is that Strong has leftan extensive artis tic legacy to his home state,Oregon. His enduring vision of theNorthwest Humpal, Artist Ray Strong 99 landscape was nurtured earlyon by his parents, who were active in theater arts in Portland, most notably acting and singing inproductions ofGilbert and Sullivan musicals held at theApollo Club.2 They also believed in art and music education for all their children and encouraged each child to play a musical instrument; Ray first tried cornet, then switched to flute inhigh school. The Strongfamily celebratesChristmas with neighborsat theirSoutheast Portland home inabout 1914.Standing from leftto rightare Strong'sbrothers Edward andHillman, hismotherEthel, and hisfatherH.W. Seated to the far leftishis brother Winston; Ray ison the floor with a toytrain inhis hand. The neighborsare unidentified. From the time of his teenage years until his early thirties,Strong's artistic talents blossomed and became more refinedas heworked with a succession of art teachers andmentors. Through out...

Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel (Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 422). Edited by John Day

Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel <i>(Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 422)</i>. Edited by John Day

Book Review: Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel. Edited by John Day. Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 422; London/New York: Clark, 2005. Pp. xviii + 559. $175.00

Book Review: Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel. Edited by John Day. Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 422; London/New York: Clark, 2005. Pp. xviii + 559. $175.00

Alien species importance in native vegetation along wadeable streams, John Day River basin, Oregon, USA

We evaluated the importance of alien species in existing vegetation along wadeable streams of a large, topographically diverse river basin in eastern Oregon, USA; sampling 165 plots (30 × 30 m) across 29 randomly selected 1-km stream reaches. Plots represented eight streamside community types associated with varying elevation, precipitation, and landform. Mantel comparisons, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), and Spearman correlation identified relationships of alien species (n = 60) distribution and relative alien cover (RAC) to native species (n = 355) composition, 28 vegetation descriptors, 31 environmental variables, and 30 disturbance conditions. Alien species occurred in 93% of sample plots, in all community types, and along all sampled stream reaches; with RAC ranging from 0.1% to 47% and 1 to 24 alien species occurring along individual stream reaches. Alien richness and RAC were positively related to native diversity where invasion was limited (RAC 5%). RAC differed among community types: greatest in arid associations (shrubland/grassland), followed by associations with limited tree canopy cover (meadows, dry forest), and lowest in moist, closed forest associations; suggesting differences in invasion status or vulnerabilities to alien invasion among community types. Alien species, as a group had wider ecological amplitude than natives, and species composition among community types was less distinct when both alien and natives were considered compared to native species only. RAC was negatively related to elevation, precipitation, and tree cover; while positive relationships of RAC occurred with grazing pressure, upstream watershed size, stream order, overall level of exogenous disturbance, limited vegetated buffer, agriculture in the upstream watershed, floodplain or south facing slope locations, and proximity to roads. Taken together, these results suggest possible ecological consequences to streamside vegetation related to alien species and identify indicators of conditions, where invasion may be greatest, offering potential for informing decisions for monitoring and managing alien species.

Geomorphic changes upstream of beaver dams in Bridge Creek, an incised stream channel in the interior Columbia River basin, eastern Oregon

AbstractChannel incision is a widespread phenomenon throughout the dry interior Columbia River basin and other semi‐arid regions of the world, which degrades stream habitat by fundamentally altering natural ecological, geomorphological and hydrological processes. We examined the extent of localized aggradation behind beaver dams on an incised stream in the interior Columbia River basin to assess the potential for using beaver, Castor canadensis, dams to restore such channels, and the effect of the aggradation on riparian habitat. We estimated aggradation rates behind 13 beaver dams between 1 and 6 years old on Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River in eastern Oregon. Vertical aggradation rates are initially rapid, as high as 0·47 m yr−1, as the entrenched channel fills, then level off to 0·075 m yr−1 by year six, as the sediment begins accumulating on adjacent terraces. We found that a 0·5 m elevation contour above the stream channel approximately coincided with the extent of new riparian vegetation establishment. Therefore, we compared the area surrounding reaches upstream of beaver dams that were within 0·5 m elevation of the stream channel with adjacent reaches where no dams existed. We found that there was five times more area within 0·5 m elevation of the channel upstream of beaver dams, presumably because sediment accumulation had aggraded the channel. Our results suggest that restoration strategies that encourage the recolonization of streams by beaver can rapidly expand riparian habitat along incised streams. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Eichmann on the Air: Radio and the Making of an Historic Trial

In his book Justice in Jerusalem, Gideon Hausner provides a detailed account on the prosecution and sentencing of SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Adolf Eichmann by an Israeli court tribunal in 1961. As chie...

Evaluation of a Surface Flow Bypass System for Steelhead Kelt Passage at Bonneville Dam, Washington

AbstractA surface flow bypass system for juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. began operation at the second powerhouse (B2) of Bonneville Dam on the lower Columbia River in spring 2004. This surface bypass, called the “B2 corner collector,” is the result of extensive modification of the original B2 sluice chute. Because steelhead O. mykiss are iteroparous, the effect of this bypass and the unmodified sluiceway at the older first powerhouse (B1) on downstream migration of postspawn steelhead (i.e., kelts) may be an important factor in the rate of iteroparity. As such, passage at Bonneville Dam (river kilometer (rkm) 234, measured from the mouth of the Columbia River) was examined to understand the efficiency of surface bypass in passing kelts. Steelhead kelts were collected, radio‐tagged, and volitionally released from the juvenile bypass facilities at McNary Dam (rkm 465) and John Day Dam (rkm 345) on the Columbia River during spring 2004. Forebay residence times for kelts passing via B2 (with the corner collector operating) were significantly reduced relative to residence times published from a prior period with similar water flows at B2 (2002). Passage efficiency (nonturbine passage) at B2 significantly increased in relation to this same period. Over 80% of kelts at B2 and nearly the same percentage at B1 were routed away from turbines via surface flow routes passing up to 5% of total discharge at each powerhouse, indicating that relatively small amounts of surface flow are needed to pass kelts via nonturbine routes. Providing surface flow passage routes may provide an efficient means of bolstering iteroparity rates by increasing the number of kelts that successfully navigate Bonneville Dam during the spring.

Natural and anthropogenic influences on the scaling of discharge with drainage area for multiple watersheds

Discharge is the independent variable primarily responsible for shaping the hydraulic geometry and longitudinal profile of rivers. The assumption is frequently made that discharge and drainage area scale linearly or nearly linearly, i.e., Q = kAc , where k is the theoretical discharge for a unit area watershed ( A = 1), Q is river discharge (m3/s), A is drainage area (m2), and c is the scaling power dependency. Watershed and longitudinal profile modeling enjoy simplified assumptions if discharge grows linearly with drainage area, and this assumption is widely applied. This paper investigates the scaling relationship between discharge and drainage area for five large rivers, with an emphasis on exploring the linearity of the discharge-area relationship and suggesting causes for significant departure from linearity. The five large main-stem rivers explored (John Day, Salmon, Wabash, Greenbrier, and Yellowstone) all have a minimum of 60 years of continuous discharge records and have been selected to represent a wide geographic area spanning different land uses, climate, and topography. Peak annual flow and mean annual flow are compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey national surface-water database, and a linear regression analysis was completed for each year for the discharges. The five rivers were selected to minimize, but not eliminate, the impacts of dams and diversions such as for irrigation on river discharges. The scaling factor ( c ) exhibits both secular and nonsecular trends over the length of record for these five rivers. The results show that the studied watersheds can be grouped into two broad categories based on their respective c values: (1) those rivers where c is 1 or nearly 1, and (2) those rivers where c is significantly <1. The John Day, Salmon, Wabash, and Greenbrier rivers scale at values of ∼0.8 with natural variables including slope, elevation, and evapotranspiration potentially accounting for c values slightly <1. The second category is c values of ∼0.5, as exhibited by the Yellowstone River. The Yellowstone watershed is unique for our study because of its secular trend, as well as its overall lower average c values. Climatic trends that control the timing of winter snowpack melting, increased frequency and intensity of forest fires, and increased human consumptive water use in downstream areas may all contribute to the observed behavior in c for this watershed. The results from this set of rivers have broad implications for studies ranging from the modeling of fluvial erosion in numeric landscape evolution models to allocations of water resources for human and environmental purposes.

The Black Presence in England and Wales after the Abolition Act, 1807-1930

The Black Presence in England and Wales after the Abolition Act, 1807-1930⋆ Caroline Bressey (bio) 1. Black Historical Geographies The black people who oversaw the 'era of abolition' were diverse and the majority probably lived their lives as ordinary members of the working class. This essay aims to give an overview of some of the people who were a part of the continuous black presence in England and Wales during the 'era of abolition', throughout the long nineteenth century and into the last century. The essay ends with the formation of the League of Coloured People in 1930. The League sought to fight increasingly overt racism in Britain, realized especially through the entrenchment of the colour bar which impacted upon the lives of black people from the Edwardian era until well beyond the Windrush era. As Kathy Chater has illustrated in her paper for this volume, the ethnic origins of black people was not regularly recorded in official documents in Britain during the era of slavery. This pattern continued into the nineteenth century, and included the national census when it was introduced, and thus it is equally difficult to determine how large the black population in Britain was during this period. However, it seems that many historians have taken this absence of statistics of the black presence to mean an absence of black people themselves. Kenneth Little acknowledged that if the evidence of late nineteenth-century commentators was to be believed then by the 1870s the black man or woman had virtually disappeared except for crossing sweepers and an occasional black bishop.1 Peter Ackroyd's London biography confirmed this as their presence was accorded only ten lines (although this amounts to a paragraph which is ten lines longer than many other publications). The final sentence of that paragraph tells us that, in the nineteenth century black people 'rarely appear in novels or narratives, except as occasional grotesques, and their general fate seems to have been one of settlement among the urban poor'.2 As Jan Marsh's recent exhibition of black figures in visual culture between 1800 and 1900 illustrated, there are other mediums which can give us alternative references [End Page 224] to the black presence. These include images such as 'Victorian "crowd scenes" which characteristically include at least one black figure, in conscious tribute to urban diversity'.3 More ordinary characters have been revealed in studies such as Ian Duffield's research taken from the archive offices of New South Wales and Australia, among which he found 195 black men and six women, including Charlotte Claydon. An unmarried single parent, Claydon stole £6 in Bethnal Green and arrived in Sydney in 1837.4 In my own research I have used institutions with photographic archives as a means of accessing the archives of black people which led me to investigate the black presence in prisons, hospitals and children's homes. Others like Duffield have found similar records fruitful as occasionally the colour of a man or woman's skin is included in a description which accompanies their details. From such archives we know that William Cross Wasdon, a 'man of colour' who was a hawker in Exeter came into contact with the law for 'playing an unlawful game with 3 Thimbles and a Ball' when he was aged 19 in August 1823.5 However, the numbers of the nineteenth century's black working classes who avoided contact with the state because of poverty, illness or crime, are difficult to estimate and very difficult to calculate. They are to be found, as Chater has pointed out, in wills, baptism and other Church records, and newspapers. From such sources the presence of John Day in St Sidwells, Devon comes to light. A 'man of colour', he was a shopkeeper and known in his local neighbourhood as a waiter at dinner and evening parties. We only know about him because the Western Times reported his death in 1837.6 We know one young man was educated at the Gloucester British School in 1845, but his presence is highlighted because he was teased and had tricks played on him. Action was taken, offering rewards to boys who would give information on...

Rereading Henry VIII in Foxe's Acts and Monuments

John Foxes Acts and Monuments (the Book of Martyrs) was perhaps the most frequently read English vernacular publication during the sixteenth century besides the Bible. Its importance as a source text for the history and literature of the period is unrivaled, and yet scholars have not fully appreciated how its approach to Henry VIII evolves over the course of four editions (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583) published during the lifetimes of Foxe and John Day, his publisher. Tension inherent within Henry's apparent simultaneous Protestantism and Catholicism forced Foxe to work toward a single-minded viewpoint in his revisions between separate editions and in his use of paratext, marginal annotation, and other textual features. Nevertheless, movement toward unanimity over the meaning of Henry's life produced ambivalent analysis. Although Henry's split from the Church of Rome provided the Elizabethan church with its most powerful legitimating narrative, Foxe's network of compilers and informants hesitates to praise Henry as an evangelical Protestant. This essay revisits the first (1563) and second (1570) editions of the Book of Martyrs in order to reassess the generic and rhetorical function of its praise of Henry for breaking from the Church of Rome. It then discusses selected martyrological narratives in which Henry's behavior appears inauspicious. It concludes that the form and content of the book's analysis of the Henrician Reformation evolves in response to the challenge of discussing the Elizabethan church's most important forbearer.

Caustun's Contrafacta

The received view of the Tudor composer Thomas Caustun is of a minor and relatively uninteresting figure. That view is adjusted, however, by the discovery among his works of contrafacta of music by Nicolas Gombert, Philippe van Wilder, Rogier Pathie and Sebastiano Festa. This article considers the reasons why Caustun made these adaptations, and why they they were published under his name, rather than those of their true composers, in John Day's anthology of Protestant church music, Mornyng and Evenyng Prayer and Communion (London, 1565).

Predicted Changes in Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon Rearing and Migratory Habitat under Two Drawdown Scenarios for John Day Reservoir, Columbia River

AbstractWe evaluated the potential effects of two different drawdown scenarios on rearing and migration habitat of subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River. We compared habitats at normal operating pool elevation with habitats at drawdown to spillway crest elevation and drawdown to the historical natural river elevation for two flows (4,417 and 8,495 m3/s). Using two‐dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and a predictive habitat model, we determined the quantity and spatial distribution of rearing habitat and predicted water velocities. We predicted that the most habitat area would occur under normal pool elevation, but 93% of habitat was located in the upper third of the reservoir. Although less habitat area was predicted under drawdown to the spillway crest and the natural river, it was distributed more homogeneously throughout the study area. Habitat connectivity, patch size, and percent of suitable shoreline were greatest under drawdown to the natural river elevation. Mean cross‐sectional water velocity and the variation in velocity increased with increasing level of reservoir drawdown. Water velocities under drawdown to the natural river were about twice as high as those under drawdown to spillway crest and five times higher than those under normal pool. The variability in water velocity, which may provide cues to fish migration, was highest under drawdown to the natural river and lowest under normal pool elevation. The extent to which different drawdown scenarios would be effective in John Day Reservoir depends in part on restoring normative riverine processes.

Effects of Wildfire and Subsequent Hydrologic Events on Fish Distribution and Abundance in Tributaries of North Fork John Day River

AbstractRecent large wildfires in western states have fueled increasing concerns of resource managers and the public about the effects of fire, including risks to fish, particularly endangered species. However, there are few empirical studies on the response of fish to fire and none that include anadromous species. The Tower Fire was one of four large fires in the upper John Day River basin in Oregon in 1996. Much of the area burned at moderate to high severity, consistent with the pattern of increasing fire severity and size projected for the region. Intense spring storms in 1997 and 1998 triggered large floods, landslides, and debris torrents that affected streams within and downstream of the fire. We investigated the effects of the fire and ensuing floods on fish distribution and abundance in three streams immediately after the fire through 2003. Immediately after the fire, no fish were found in moderate‐ and high‐intensity burn areas. Fish began to repopulate defaunated reaches the year after the fire, and within 4 years distribution of juvenile steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) and resident rainbow trout was similar to that before the fire. Juvenile spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha also began to use lower reaches of one of the streams after the flood, which had eliminated a culvert near the mouth of the stream suspected to be a barrier. Densities in most burned reaches and in unburned reaches downstream of the fire have rebounded to levels similar to or greater than densities in reference streams outside of the fire. An isolated introduced population of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis also recovered. Thus, despite the size and severity of the fire, postfire hydrologic events, and human‐induced changes to watersheds, fish populations were highly resilient.