Rate Of Job Loss Research Articles

Using Rapid Research Implementation and Collaborations to Assess the Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Community and Clinical Cohorts.

A research initiative was launched during the initial coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak by 3 New York metropolitan area institutions. Collaborators recruited community members and patients from previous research studies to examine COVID-19 experiences and mental health symptoms through self-report surveys. The current report descriptively presents findings from the initial survey characterized by both community and clinical cohorts, and discusses challenges encountered with rapid implementation. The clinical cohort exhibited higher rates of symptoms of mental health difficulties (depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) as compared to the community cohort. COVID-19 positivity rates were similar among both groups and lower than the national average. While both groups reported low rates of job loss, community members reported higher rates of financial difficulty resulting from the pandemic. Findings indicate the need for further collaborative research on the mental health impact of COVID-19.

Job Transitions and Mental Health Outcomes Among U.S. Adults Aged 55 and Older During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectivesAdults around retirement age are especially vulnerable to the effects of the recent economic downturn associated with COVID-19. This study investigated disturbances to working life and mental health among Americans aged ≥55 during early months of the pandemic.MethodsUsing data from the nation-wide COVID-19 Coping Study (N=6,264), we examined rates of job loss, furloughs, hour/income reductions, and work-from-home, along with unchanged work status, by age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and occupation. We next described sources of worry by job transition group and tested the adjusted associations of COVID-19-related job transitions with life satisfaction, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms.ResultsMost job loss occurred among respondents under age 65 and those without college degrees. Job loss and reduced hours/income were more common among Hispanics compared to other racial/ethnic groups, and work-from-home transitions were most common among respondents with high educational attainment and jobs in government- and education-related occupations. Workers who lost their jobs had the lowest life satisfaction and the highest loneliness and depressive symptoms, followed by workers who were furloughed and workers with reduced hours/income. Work-from-home was associated with more anxiety than unchanged work.DiscussionCOVID-19-related job transitions are detrimental to mental health, even when they might keep workers safe. These results enhance our understanding of the potentially long-term mental health effects of social and economic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the need for economic and mental health support for aging Americans.

Research on semi-partitioned scheduling algorithm in mixed-criticality system

In order to overcome the problem that in a mixed-critical system, once the critical level of the system changes, lower-critical tasks may be abandoned in order to ensure the schedulability of higher-critical tasks. A semi-partitioned scheduling algorithm SPBRC, which is based on a homogeneous multi-processor mixed-criticality platform and integrates the advantages and disadvantages of global scheduling and partitioned scheduling is proposed. First-fit and worst-fit bin-packing algorithms are firstly used in this method to sort high and low critical tasks separately, all high critical tasks as fixed task allocation in different processors in turns, and then distribute the lower-critical tasks. When the criticality of processor changes, lower-cirtical tasks will be allowed to migrate to the processor that is paired with the processor and is in low-critical mode, rather than abandoned. Thus, the overall performance of the system is improved. The simulation experiment verifies the effectiveness of this method in reducing the task loss rate and job loss rate.

The Return on Investment of Pandemic Rental Assistance: Modeling a Rare Win-Win-Win

We are facing an eviction crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic, has sent our economy into a tailspin forcing countless Americans to choose between feeding their families or having a roof over their heads. Many low-income people, especially low-income people of color, are facing an unprecedented economic crisis with tremendous rates of wage reductions and job loss. This has resulted in millions of Americans being unable to pay their full rents, creating the legal grounds for their landlords to evict them. As of early December 2020, more than 19 million individuals lived in households behind on rent, and more than 30 million did not believe they could make next month’s rent payments on time. For renters who are facing eviction and their landlords, the unpaid bills are piling up. Scholars, policymakers, and advocates have increasingly focused on a number of solutions to the eviction crisis including eviction moratoria and rental assistance, concluding that these solutions can stabilize households, especially when combined. Yet, the refrain is almost always that investing in national rental assistance programs will be expensive. However, few analysts have emphasized the financial costs of inaction. This paper presents an analysis that estimates the Return on Investment (ROI) of a number of different pandemic-related rental assistance programs by comparing the costs of rental assistance with the social costs of homelessness and displacement. As seen in Figure 1, this piece finds that rental assistance has a positive ROI of between 229%-473%. These ROI values point to the conclusion that failing to invest in rental assistance will cost dramatically more than making the investment now. The ROI analysis finds that rental assistance stabilizes both tenants and landlords, preserves neighborhoods, and protects government budgets over the long-term. More broadly the returns on rental assistance argue for a re-imagination of the eviction system. The conclusion that the estimated benefits of rental assistance eclipse the estimated costs of providing the funds by three or four times, suggests that rental assistance should supplant eviction as the social remedy for the inability to pay rent. In other words, keeping people in their homes during this pandemic and beyond is not only the right thing to do, economically it is the smart thing to do.

Prevalence and correlates of job loss among schizophrenia outpatients at St. AmanuelMental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; cross sectional study.

BackgroundJob loss in patient with chronic illness like schizophrenia is the most serious public concern in the clinical and socio-economic terms worldwide. Patients with schizophrenia usually have unsatisfactory job termination like quitting or getting fired which results well-established negative outcomes. The complex interplay between one another has made job and mental illness the focus areas. In the developing nations, there is limited study on these areas in spite of higher rates of job loss.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of job loss among schizophrenia outpatient units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsInstitutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at Saint Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital among schizophrenia outpatient units in Addis Ababa from May to June 2018. A total of 421 study subjects were interviewed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Perceived devaluation and discrimination scale. Out of the total study participants, female populations were slightly higher (50.4%) and the majorities (38.6%) were orthodox religion followers. Study characteristics was summarized using descriptive statistics and bi-variable and multivariable analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 24. Furthermore, those factors at p value ≤ 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of job loss among patients with schizophrenia was 37.3%. Factors including unmarried [AOR = 2.42:95% CI (1.28, 4.54)], divorced [AOR = 2.34: 95% CI (1.16, 4.71)], severe positive symptoms [AOR = 2.03: 95% CI (1.15, 3.60)], severe general psychopathology [AOR = 1.76: 95% CI (1.01, 3.08)], and poor level of social and occupational functioning [AOR = 5.05: 95% CI (2.81, 9.09)] were significantly associated with job loss among schizophrenia people.ConclusionThis study suggested that job loss among schizophrenia outpatients was high. There was significant association among people with unmarried, divorced, severe positive symptoms, poor functionality and higher general psychopathology. Therefore, clinical and psychosocial factors were responsible for job loss which warrant further attention and investigation.

The relationship between credit and suicide in Italy.

to analyse the association between suicide rates and credit to the economy in Italy, and the potential role of social protection measures (SPMs) as buffering mechanism. descriptive study. data were derived from the Italian National Institute of Statistics and from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Fixed-effects panel regressions were run to test the association between male and female suicide rates and the rate of growth of the credit-to-GDP (CTG) ratio. The buffering role of social protection measures was investigated. The observation period was from 1990 to 2014. regional male and female rates of suicide. male suicide rate is influenced by the rate of growth of the CTG ratio: a one-unit decrease in the latter is associated with 1.26 more suicides every 10,000 people. This marginal effect was significant at 1% for men, but not significant for women. Unemployment rate and periods of mass job loss were not associated with the outcome. With respect to SPMs, only public unemployment spending was able to moderate the association between suicide rate and rate of growth of the CTG ratio. A one-unit increase in the rate of growth of public unemployment spending was associated with 0.12 less suicides every 10,000 people, but only among men. Younger and older men were more affected by credit reduction, namely those aged 15-44 years and 75 years or more. Differently, women were not influenced by credit reduction, but only by increased UR in the group aged 55-64 years. access to credit is a major determinant of psychological well-being for men, but not for women. The rate of growth of the CTG ratio may be more useful than other macroeconomic indicators at identifying the mental health outcomes of economic crises.

Recreational and philanthropic sectors are the worst-hit US industries in the COVID-19 aftermath.

Lockdown measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 has brought the world economy on the brink of a recession. It is imperative that nations formulate administrative policies based on the changing economic landscape. In this work, we apply a statistical approach, called topic modeling, on text documents of job loss notices of 26 US states to identify the specific states and industrial sectors affected economically by this ongoing public health crisis. Our analysis reveals that there is a considerable incongruity in job loss patterns between the pre- and during-COVID timelines in several states and the recreational and philanthropic sectors register high job losses. It further shows that the interplay among several possible socioeconomic factors would lead to job losses in many sectors, while also creating new job opportunities in other sectors such as public service, pharmaceuticals and media, making the job loss trends a key indicator of the world economy. Finally, we compare the low income job loss rates against overall job losses due to COVID-19 in the US counties, and discuss the implications of press reports on reopening businesses and the unemployed workforce being absorbed by other sectors.

COVID‐19 and racism: A mental health crisis

As the COVID‐19 pandemic drags on, we are beginning to see the mental health effects we have feared from the beginning of sheltering in place in March. In adults, recent estimates suggest that adverse mental health conditions in adults are elevated, with 31% of adults surveyed endorsing anxiety and depression, 26% with trauma‐/stressor‐related concerns, 13% acknowledging increased or started substance use, and 11% who considered suicide (Czeisler et al., 2020). At the same time, we also continue to learn of associated health inequities that impact families; some have described COVID‐19 as a “racialized disease.” I recently attended a webinar (Powell et al., 2020) moderated by Wizdom Powell from the UConn Health Disparities Institute that highlighted racially based health disparities brought to light during the COVID‐19 pandemic. BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and people of color) have been disproportionally impacted by COVID‐19; with higher rates of death (2.3 times as many dying as whites), higher rates of job loss, higher numbers of essential workers and thus elevated risk, greater likelihood of living in viral “hotspots,” greater likelihood of living in crowded conditions due to cultural or socioeconomic factors, and greater risk of eviction or homelessness due to job loss (Powell, Cooper, Hollister et al, 2020).

Factors associated with the employment status of breast cancer survivors: a single center cross-sectional study

Background: Breast cancer survivors constitute a big proportion among all female cancer survivors and the employment status of breast cancer survivors is an important public health issue. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of some demographic properties and the treatment modalities used for breast cancer on patients’ employment status.Methods: This is a single-center cross-sectional study. We assessed 2550 patients with breast cancer for eligibility. Face to face interview was performed with 688 breast cancer survivors. A total of 249 patients who had an income-generating job before diagnosis and completed at least 1 year after surgery and/or adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy for breast cancer were included in the study. The job loss rate of the patients was evaluated according to their demographics, clinical features and treatment methods applied for breast cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used in order to show these associations.Results: The job loss rate of the whole study group was 49.4% (n=123). Adjuvant radiotherapy was associated with continued employment, however, neither adjuvant chemotherapy nor hormone therapy had no association. Higher level of education, higher household income, being a public officer, and having a breast-conserving surgery was associated with continued employment in breast cancer survivors.Conclusions: The prior employment as a private sector employee should not be a determinant for losing job. Therefore, improvements or modifications should be made for this factor in order to keep breast cancer survivors in working life.

Non-Permanent Employment and Employees’ Health in the Context of Sustainable HRM with a Focus on Poland

This study is focused on the assumption that the analyses focused on sustainable human resource management (HRM) should include the problem of unstable forms of employment. Reference was also made to Poland, the country where the share of unstable forms of employment is the highest in the European Union. The authors based their findings on the literature and the data published, i.e., by Eurostat, OECD and Statistics Poland, accompanied by CSR reports. Insecure forms of employment have negative impact on employees’ health, primarily regarding their mental health. Statistically significant correlations were found between the expectation rate of possible job loss and non-standard employment variables, and the rate of reporting exposure to risk factors that affect mental wellbeing and precarious employment rates. However, conducting statistical analyses at the macro level is associated with limitations resulting from leaving out many important factors characteristic of the given countries and affecting the presented data. Current guidelines, relevant to reporting the use of non-standard forms of employment by enterprises, are inconsistent. Companies voluntarily demonstrate the scope of using non-permanent forms of employment and not referring to the issue of employees’ choice of a given type of employment and employees’ health. Future research projects should be focused on developing a comprehensive, coherent and universal tool allowing for an assessment of the implementation level of sustainable HRM ideas in an organization, including standardized reporting of non-permanent employment and employees’ health, and making comparisons not only between organizations, but also between countries.

The Adverse Effect of the COVID-19 Labor Market Shock on Immigrant Employment

Employment rates in the United States fell dramatically between February 2020 and April 2020 as the initial repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic reverberated through the labor market. This paper uses data from the CPS Basic Monthly Files to document that the employment decline was particularly severe for immigrants. Historically, immigrant men were more likely to be employed than native men. The COVID-related labor market disruptions eliminated the immigrant employment advantage.By April 2020, immigrant men had lower employment rates than native men. The reversal occurred both because the rate of job loss for at-work immigrant men rose relative to that of natives, and because the rate at which out-of-work immigrants could find jobs fell relative to the native job-finding rate. A small part of the relative increase in the immigrant rate of job loss arises because immigrants were less likely to work in jobs that could be performed remotely and suffered disparate employment consequences as the lockdown permitted workers with more "remotable" skills to continue their work from home.

Anatomy of Lifetime Earnings Inequality: Heterogeneity in Job Ladder Risk vs. Human Capital

We study the determinants of lifetime earnings (LE) inequality in the United States, for which differences in lifetime earnings growth are key. Using administrative data and focusing on the roles of job ladder dynamics and on-the-job learning, we document that: 1) lower LE workers change jobs more often, mainly driven by higher non-employment; 2) earnings growth for job stayers is similar at around 2 percent in the bottom two-thirds of the LE distribution, whereas for job switchers it rises with LE; and 3) top LE workers enjoy high earnings growth regardless of job switching. We estimate a job ladder model with on-the-job learning featuring ex ante heterogeneity in learning ability and job ladder risk—job loss, job finding, and contact rates. We find that learning ability differences explain almost all earnings growth heterogeneity above the median, whereas ex ante heterogeneity in job ladder risk accounts for 80 percent of LE growth differences below the median.

The Longer‐term Impacts of Job Displacement on Labour Market Outcomes in New Zealand

AbstractThis article analyses the longer‐term impacts of job displacements in New Zealand using linked survey and administrative data. The job loss rate is low but has substantial and long‐lasting impacts. Displaced workers have 20−25 per cent lower employment rates than non‐displaced workers in the year following displacement, and still 8−12 per cent lower after five years. Furthermore, their conditional earnings and incomes were about 25 per cent lower in the first year and 15 per cent lower after five years. The impacts were concentrated among older workers, larger for those displaced during the great recession, and only modestly ameliorated by government income support.

Effect of Self-esteem on Perceived Job Insecurity: The Moderating Role of Self-efficacy and Gender

Abstract The high rate of job loss in most crude oil dependent countries, which may be attributed to the recent drop in the price of this commodity in international markets, has intensified the perception of threats associated with potential job loss among the employees who are still employed. Hence, perceived job insecurity, its associated outcome, coupled with how it can be mitigated has become a global phenomenon, which requires the attention of managers and practitioners alike. In this work, we built upon Hobfall’s conservation of resource theory (CRT) to present a research model that links employee’s self-efficacy and gender to the strength or weakness of the relationship between self-esteem and self-perceived job insecurity. Research data were collected from 153 randomly selected Nigerian Bank employees out of 217 drawn from a total population of 509. Based on the results from relevant statistical analysis, it is discovered that, while increase in self-esteem would lead to a significant decrease in job insecurity perception, such significant decrease is, however, not associated with self-efficacy and gender meaning that these variables are not moderators in the self-esteem/perceived job insecurity relationship. In line with these outcomes, we conclude by recommending that managers should focus on developing intervention strategies aimed at improving employee self-esteem with a view of reducing perceived job insecurity. In addition, important areas in need of future research were also identified.

Declining labor turnover and turbulence

The rate of job loss has been on a secular decline for the last four decades or longer. Changes in demographics or industry composition do not account for the trend. This paper seeks to identify the possible sources of the decline using a simple search-and-matching model with two types of workers, experienced and inexperienced, where the former type faces a risk of skill loss during unemployment. The calibrated model suggests that a higher risk of skill loss during unemployment results in a lower job separation rate, because workers accept lower wages in exchange for job security. Various other potential hypotheses are also examined.

Declining Search Frictions, Unemployment and Growth

Over the last century, unemployment, vacancy, job-finding and job-loss rates as well as the Beveridge curve have no trend. Yet, the last century has seen the development and diffusion of many information technologies—such as telephones, fax machines, computers, the Internet—which presumably have increased the efficiency of search in the labor market. We explain this phenomenon using a textbook search-theoretic model of the labor market. We show that there exists an equilibrium in which unemployment, vacancies, job-finding and job-loss rates are constant while the search technology improves over time if and only if firm-worker matches are heterogeneous in quality, the distribution of match qualities is Pareto, and the quality of a match is observed before the start of the employment relationship. Under these conditions, improvements in search lead to an increase in the rate at which workers meet firms and to a proportional decline in the probability that the quality of a firm-worker match is acceptable leading to a constant job-finding rate, unemployment, etc... Interestingly, under the same conditions, unemployment, vacancies, job-finding and job-loss rates are independent of the size of the labor market even in the presence of increasing returns to scale in search. While declining search frictions do not lower unemployment, they contribute to growth. The magnitude of the contribution depends on the thickness of the tail of the Pareto distribution. We present a simple strategy to measure the decline in search frictions and its contribution to growth. A rudimentary implementation of this strategy suggests that the decline in search frictions has been substantial, it has been caused by both improvements in the search technology and increasing returns to scale in the search process, and it has had a non-negligible impact on growth.

Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Tunisia: Epidemiology and Occupational Outcome

Background: Occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most frequent diseases on the workplace worldwide. Its national incidence and prevalence were not previously studied in Tunisia. Objective: To assess incidence of occupational allergic contact dermatitis and its occupational outcome in Tunisia. Methods: Descriptive epidemiological study of all cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis reported from 2002 to 2012 in Tunisia and recognized by the medical commissions of the National Health Insurance Fund. Results: 315 cases of occupational ACD were collected representing an annual incidence of 31.65 cases/100.000 workers in the private sector in Tunisia. The mean age of our population was 42.70 ± 9.02 years with a male predominance (sex ratio 3.03). The most affected sectors were the clothing sector (14.3% of cases) and the cement industry (13.7% of cases). Patch tests were positive in 188 patients (59.67%). The most frequently positive allergen was potassium dichromate in 27.3% of the cases. Overall, 25.4% of patients had lost their jobs. After multiple binary logistic regression, job loss had a statistically significant relationship with localization of lesions on the face and on dominant hand. Conclusion: Occupational ACD is frequent in Tunisia and is responsible for an important rate of job loss. Preventive measures must be reinforced, especially the wearing of protective gloves.

Employment, Hours, and Earnings Consequences of Job Loss: US Evidence from the Displaced Workers Survey

Data are used from the 1984–2016 Displaced Workers Surveys (DWS) to investigate the incidence and consequences of job loss, 1981–2015. These data show a record high rate of job loss in the Great Re...

Leaving Work, Leaving Home: Job Loss and Socio-Geographic Mobility in Canada

The recent economic downturn magnified a routine occurrence in the Canadian labour market: job loss resulting from an employer downsizing, moving, or going out of business. Nevertheless, even in times of economic expansion, rates of involuntary job loss persist across a wide range of demographic and labour market groups. Moving is one way individuals may respond to job loss, relocating either to cheaper housing or in search of work. Drawing on data from the 1996–2010 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, this article examines the relationship between job loss and geographic mobility in Canada and provides evidence on the types of neighbourhoods to which individuals move. The findings establish job loss both as a key life course transition motivating residential mobility and long-distance migration in Canada and as a trigger event that initiates entry into high-deprivation areas.

Who gets evicted? Assessing individual, neighborhood, and network factors

The prevalence and consequences of eviction have transformed the lived experience of urban poverty in America, yet little is known about why some families avoid eviction while others do not. Applying discrete hazard models to a unique dataset of renters, this study empirically evaluates individual, neighborhood, and social network characteristics that explain disparities in displacement from housing. Family size, job loss, neighborhood crime and eviction rates, and network disadvantage are identified as significant and robust predictors of eviction, net of missed rental payments and other relevant factors. This study advances urban sociology and inequality research and informs policy interventions designed to prevent eviction and stem its consequences.