Job Creation Effect Research Articles

Economic effects of defense industry projects

Subject. This paper discusses the assessment of economic effects of project implementation in the defense industry. Objectives. We investigate economic effects in the defense industry from the bottom, i.e. we calculate methods for analyzing specific project in specific conditions. Methods. The study rests on the rules for licensed trade, tax and accounting practices. Results. We offer tables to assess the effect of job creation, license and tax payments in international transactions. Conclusions. The economic effect of defense projects is very ambiguous, as it depends on the country, the existence of the national defense industry, and indicators in question. Given the high interest to defense technologies in the military technology recipient country, it is possible to remove technology transfer transactions from the general regulation, and create special conditions for projects implementation.

A scenario analysis of potential long-term impacts of COVID-19 on the Tunisian electricity sector

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economy of Tunisia, like that of many other countries. With electricity consumption dropping, consumption patterns changing, international fuel prices oscillating and uncertainty raging, the pandemic has affected not least the planning of investments in electricity supply. Although the government seems unlikely to revise the decarbonisation targets downwards, questions arise on whether the investments planned before the pandemic are still relevant in the changed global landscape and what effects they may have on the country's economy.In this study, we analyse post-pandemic scenarios for the electricity supply system of Tunisia with an energy-economy modelling framework, soft-linking the energy modelling tool OSeMOSYS and an open source Input-Output model. We extract insights on the cost-competitiveness of different – previously planned and new – electricity supply solutions and their impacts on job creation and loss in the entire economy. We find that renewable solutions based on solar photovoltaic remain highly competitive with gas-fired generation under different projections of gas prices and that several low-carbon and energy efficiency solutions have high potential for job creation. We also find that more ambitious investments in renewables and energy efficiency are needed to take Tunisia towards the path of deep decarbonisation.

Human Trafficking Prevention Measures and Women’s Welfare Promotion in Rwanda: A Case of Nyarugenge District, City of Kigali

The purpose of this research was to analyze contribution of human trafficking measures prevention on women’s welfare promotion in Rwanda: A case of Nyarugenge District, City of Kigali. The specific objectives were to ascertain the effect of awareness campaign, job creation and capacity building on women’s welfare promotion in Nyarugenge District; Significance of the study will be to bring on more light how these anti-human trafficking measures impact women in terms of women’s welfare promotion and limitation of study were the language barrier and insufficient literature on the case of Rwanda. Scope of the study geographically covered Nyarugenge District, one of the districts that make up Kigali city. In a concise form, the study used a mixed research paradigm. It implies that both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted using a descriptive method. A sample size of 338 respondents was drawn from 2180 women beneficiaries of UN Women support in Nyarugenge District. The study used both stratified sampling techniques. Primary data was gathered using questionnaires and interview guide. Secondary data was gathered by the existing literature available in reports, published and unpublished books, electronic sources and journals. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics. In descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation were used while in inferential statistics correlation and regression analysis was used. Results of the first objective show a significant correlation between stakeholders and target audiences and sales increase (r=0.119*, p=0.048), campaign tactics and techniques were positive correlated with income (r=0.121, p=0.044) and ownership to properties (r=0.102, p=0.091). There are positive and significant correlations between campaign tactics and techniques and income (r=0.119*, p=0.048). Results on correlation between building and framing a campaign alliance and dependent variables, there were significant correlation between building and framing a campaign alliance and income (r=.121**, p value=0.044), building and framing a campaign alliance and ownership to properties (r=102, P value 0.091). Results to the second objective reveal significant correlations between business plan and income (r=0.215*, p=0.048), business plan and nutrition (0.512*, p= 0.036). For entrepreneurship skills and nutrition (r=0.931**, p=0.000), and ownership to properties (r=0.680*, p=.003) were positively correlated. Results to the third objective show significant positive correlations were found between agriculture and income (r=.167*, p=.078), ownership to properties (r= .393*, p=.000), and nutrition (r=.560*, p=.056). Significant positive correlations were found between tailoring activities and income level (r=.032*, p=.741), ownership to properties (r=.058*,p=.549) and tailoring activities and nutrition status (r=-0.041*, p=.669). However, a significant relation was found between outsourced companies in different services and nutrition status (r=-0.443*, p=.0.075). The study recommends designing effective policies, establishing women’s carrier orientation desks, the need to scale up in periodical campaign to ensure anti-human trafficking measures, help citizen in understanding that awareness in fighting human trafficking, discuss on the women and girls rights.

Economic and Environmental Benefits from Municipal Solid Waste Recycling in the Murmansk Region

Most municipal solid waste (MSW) in Russia is disposed of in landfills, and only a relatively small fraction is recycled. The landfilling of waste leads to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and air and groundwater pollution. However, recently, there have been some initiatives to improve waste management in the country. We assessed the economic and environmental benefits of waste recycling in the Murmansk region, in which a new waste recycling plant has been operating since 2019. We found that MSW recycling in the Murmansk region has induced a small, positive, job creation effect and could potentially lead to a non-negligible reduction in GHG emissions. Extrapolating the results from this case study to the country level, we found that recycling landfilled MSW in Russia could save approximately 154 million tons of GHG emissions in carbon dioxide equivalents annually, which is comparable to the total CO2 emissions from Algeria. The positive environmental and health-related impacts from the extensive implementation of MSW recycling in the country could be substantial. From this case study, we also learned that one of the biggest challenges for the waste recycling company in the Murmansk region is finding profitable markets for recycled materials. Moreover, due to the high investment and operational costs, recycling MSW led to a substantial increase in communal fees. However, there is potential to make waste recycling more cost effective. Most MSW in the Murmansk region is still separated at the recycling plant, while separating waste at the source could substantially reduce operational costs. Other challenges in the large-scale implementation of MSW recycling in Russia, such as a lack of investments and the population’s willingness to recycle waste, are also discussed.

Does immigration grow the pie? Asymmetric evidence from Germany

We provide empirical evidence suggesting that net migration shocks can have substantial demand effects, potentially acting like positive Keynesian supply shocks. Using monthly administrative data (2006–2019) for Germany in a structural VAR, we show that the shocks stimulate vacancies, wages, house prices, consumption, investment, net exports, and output. Unemployment falls for natives (dominant job-creation effect), driving a decline in total unemployment, while rising for foreigners (dominant job-competition effect). The geographic origin of migrants and the education level of residents matter crucially for the transmission. Overall, the evidence implies that the policy debate should focus on redistributive strategies between natives and foreigners.

The effect of the reformed nurse staffing policy on employment of nurses in Korea.

AimThis study aims to analyse the employment effect of reformed nurse staffing policy which is the “Integrated Nursing and Care Service” scheme that was introduced by the Korean government.DesignEconomic evaluation study focusing on employment effect.MethodAn input–output model was used to estimate the employment‐inducing effect of the new staffing policy. The analysed data of 26,381 beds, of 400 hospitals that are participated in the Integrated Nursing and Care Service scheme were retrieved from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database.ResultsThe job‐creation effect of the new staffing policy was estimated to be 48.5 persons per USD 1 million expenditure, which means 28,154 persons were employed when USD 580.15 million expenditures was paid to the hospitals by the National Health Insurance Service. In addition, the policy had an employment‐inducing effect which is as high as 3.09~6.07 times higher than that of similar industries and all industries.

The Intra- and Inter-Regional Economic Effects of Smart Tourism City Seoul: Analysis Using an Input-Output Model

A competitive smart tourism city can be a solution for building resilience to address current and future crises and even be a booster of the economic effects of tourism, since it has an economic ripple effect both inside and outside of the city. This study tried to estimate the intra- and inter-regional economic effects of the smart tourism city Seoul, which has high competitiveness as a smart tourism city. First, this study tried to objectively clarify the scope of smart tourism based on a Delphi survey and then adopted the inter-regional input–output model. The results showed that smart tourism city Seoul is expected to create high income, high value-added, and job creation effects inside the city, and will greatly contribute to securing tax revenue. Outside of the city, smart tourism city Seoul is expected to induce high production effects. Based on these results, this study highlights the economic effects of a smart tourism city, which describes the convergence of technology and tourism.

Impacts of employment in power generation on renewable-based energy systems in Japan— Analysis using an energy system model

Renewable energy technologies play an important role in the future energy systems, not only to realize a low-carbon society, but also to provide socioeconomic benefits such as creating employment opportunities and revitalizing local economies. This study considers the impact of employment in rural power plants as a socioeconomic benefit and analyzes the transition to a low-carbon energy system using a multi-regional MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) model. The benefit is monetized in order to incorporate it into a cost minimization objective function, and we focus on the impact of the differences in the value on the Japanese energy system and employment. Our results suggest that when considering employment effects of rural power plants, renewable power generation will increase up to 350 TWh, mainly biomass and solar photovoltaic, in 2030. Total employment associated with power generation facilities in rural areas over the model period (45 y) will increase by up to 2.28 million person-year, and biomass power generation, in particular, can have a significant role in the revitalization of local economies owing to the large job creation effect during its operation and maintenance phase.

On the relationship between the energy conservation and emissions reduction policy and employment adjustment by manufacturing firms: Microdata from China

In the “Action Plan for 10,000 Firms to Save Energy and Lower Carbon Emissions,” China assigns responsibility for achieving the overall goal of achieving energy conservation and emissions reduction (ECER) to firms, which strengthens monitoring of ECER and pollution control. Based on the data on Chinese industrial firms and customs during 2010 and 2013, this paper analyzes the effect of ECER policy on employment adjustment with a difference-in-difference (DID) model and a mediating effect model. The results indicate that ECER policy significantly promotes net job growth by increasing firms’ job creation effect and weakening the job destruction effect. For every 1% increase in ECER policy intensity, net job growth increases by 8.04%. The heterogeneity analysis shows that ECER policy weakens net job growth at firms with high export intensity, high market concentration, and high pollution and increases net job growth at firms in regions that are highly market based. ECER policy promotes job growth through the mediating mechanism of the productivity effect and adjustment in the scope of exports. Our results are helpful for assessing the shock to employment from Chinese environmental policy and provides feasible policy suggestions for adjusting existing laws and regulations to achieve higher social welfare.

Job creation and job destruction: The effect of trade shocks on U.S. manufacturing employment

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of export expansion on the US labour market over the last two decades. Exploiting foreign emerging markets’ unilateral liberalisation, this paper provides new empirical evidence for the importance of export expansion to the US labour market at the industry level. Using a novel instrumental variable strategy, the result confirms that US exports played a critical role in supporting manufacturing employment. Reduced‐form estimates imply that US exports to different markets created more than 1.6 million manufacturing jobs between 1991 and 2007, which is comparable to the estimated job losses attributed to the import competition from China. Meanwhile, there is substantial heterogeneity in this positive employment effect across export destinations and industries. Industries not only respond differently to various export shocks, but could also experience differential employment growth facing the same export shock. I find that the job creation effect is larger for industries with a higher initial share of workers who are older, less‐educated or non‐white, and performing routine‐based tasks. In addition, the effect is more pronounced for industries that had higher labour market concentration.

Efficiency in search and matching models: A generalized Hosios condition

When is entry efficient in markets with search and matching frictions? This paper generalizes the well-known Hosios condition to dynamic environments where the expected match output depends on the market tightness. Entry is efficient when buyers' surplus share is equal to the matching elasticity plus the surplus elasticity (i.e. the elasticity of the expected match surplus with respect to buyers). This ensures agents are paid for their contribution to both match creation and surplus creation. For example, vacancy entry in the labor market is efficient only when firms are compensated for the effect of job creation on both employment and labor productivity.

Assessing the effects of labor market dynamics on CO2 emissions in global value chains

International production fragmentation has led to substantial changes in labor market, such as job creation/job loss, changing labor market structure and labor productivity. Such changes are perceived to affect CO2 emissions of those economies that participate in different parts of global value chains. This paper develops an accounting framework relating CO2 emissions to labor market shaped by global value chains. It analyses the influential factors driving CO2 emissions, and documents several pervasive empirical patterns. This is based on the recent environmental accounts developed by the European Commission and the World Input-Output Database over 2000–2014. The results show that the growth of CO2 emissions is primarily reduced by intensity effect, followed by labor market structural change due to participation in value chains, while it is driven by labor productivity effect and job creation. In particular, the foreign job creation effect is mostly emission-increasing, even in those economies with shrinking domestic employment. These results highlight the role of labor market and global value chains in climate policymaking.

Global Agricultural Value Chains and Employment Growth

The rise of agricultural global value chains (AGVCs) has transformed the nature of food production around the world. This paper provides evidence on the job creation effects in response to the expansion of AGVCs in agrarian economies. By using a constructed panel data set of 155 countries for the period 1991-2015, we find that a greater AGVC participation is associated with an increase in agricultural employment growth. We uncover evidence that the positive job creation impact is mainly driven by the processed food sector downstream of global value chains (GVCs) rather than the raw commodity sector upstream of GVCs. We find substantial heterogeneity of impacts that are more pronounced in lower-middle and high-income countries than in low-income countries.

The Labor Market Impact of Immigration: Job Creation versus Job Competition

This paper studies the labor market effects of both documented and undocumented immigration in a search model featuring nonrandom hiring. As immigrants accept lower wages, they are preferably chosen by firms and therefore have higher job finding rates than natives, consistent with evidence found in US data. Immigration leads to the creation of additional jobs but also raises competition for natives. The dominant effect depends on the fall in wage costs, which is larger for undocumented immigration than it is for legal immigration. The model predicts a dominating job creation effect for the former, reducing natives’ unemployment rate, but not for the latter. (JEL E24, J15, J23, J31, J61, M51)

Job Creation Effect of R&D Subsidy Support for Software Companies

Job Creation Effect of R&D Subsidy Support for Software Companies

Addressing the growth and employment effects of the extractive industries: white and black box illustrations from Kazakhstan

ABSTRACT This survey addresses production and employment effects, which emanate from the extractive industries of Kazakhstan. To this end, the study employs static input-output models (IOMs) of Kazakhstan for the years 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2017 and dynamic nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models for the period 1995–2018. IOMs show that extractives in Kazakhstan exhibit relatively strong links to domestic manufacturing. NARDL estimators reveal a positive relationship between commodity revenues and manufacturing value added in the commodity revenue boom phase and a high level of resilience of Kazakh manufacturing to the downward movements of the commodity revenues. Commodity revenues have a statistically significant positive impact on the aggregate employment rate. The study does not detect asymmetries concerning the job creation effects of extractives in the manufacturing sector.

Sustainability Assessment of Food Redistribution Initiatives in Sweden

Food banks that redistribute surplus food from retailers and the food industry to people in need are not a new concept globally, but their connection to food waste prevention is new. As a result, new types of food redistribution units are emerging and diversifying to find new target groups and distribution methods. The aim of this study was to identify and study surplus food redistribution units in Sweden, and then to assess the impact on several sustainability indicators for selected redistribution units, in order to increase knowledge on the types of values these redistribution concepts generate. The methods used for analyzing the scenarios were Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Costing and Social Life Cycle Assessment. The results showed that providing food bags to socially exposed people generated the largest reduction of greenhouse gas emissions per kg of redistributed food (−1.2 kg CO2 eq./FU). Reprocessing surplus food to a high-quality end-product was attributed a high social value, due to job creation effects in the high number of working hours required per kg of redistributed food. With regard to economic impacts, all but two scenarios studied had monthly financial losses, and therefore needed other sources of financial support.

Pengaruh Zakat dan Kesempatan Kerja terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Aceh

This study aims to analyze the effect of zakah revenues and job creation on poverty rates. Using a panel data set of 23 districts in Aceh for the period of 2011-2017, a fixed-effect method of the panel regression model and the Granger causality test was utilized to analyze the functional relationships between the three variables. The study found out that the zakah revenue and job creation have a negative and significant effect on poverty rates. However, the negative effect of job creation on poverty rates is greater than the negative effect of zakah revenues. The Granger causality test indicates that there is bidirectional causality between poverty rates and zakah revenues and between employment creation and poverty rates. Conversely, there is no causality between zakah revenues and job creations.

Private Equity Investment and Local Employment Growth: A County-Level Analysis

This study examines the relationship between private equity investment and local employment growth. Using a sample of over 3,000 US counties, we estimate the effect of private equity investment volume and demographic determinants of employment growth (labor supply, labor quality, labor cost, unionization, agglomeration, industry concentration, and regional geography) on employment changes from 2011 to 2014. Controlling for these demographic factors, private equity investment shows a positive correlation with employment changes. TOPIC:Private equity Key Findings • The study finds a positive association between private equity investment and employment growth. Results indicate that for each $1 million in additional private equity investment, a little more than 1.3 new jobs are created. • Results imply that private equity investment could create positive externalities. Statistical tests using county-wide employment data suggest that company specific private equity investment job-creation effects spill over from the company receiving financing to the local economy.

Production linkages and dynamic fiscal employment effects of the extractive industries: input-output and nonlinear ARDL analyses of Azerbaijani economy

In this paper, we address the production linkages and employment effects of the petroleum sector on the rest of the Azerbaijani economy. The availability of the input-output tables for the years 2006, 2008, and 2009 enables the assessment of the changes with regard to the multiplier effects of the extractive industries over the first 3 years of the oil boom. We find that despite advanced infrastructure, well-developed petrochemical complex, and local content policies, the degree of integration of the international oil and gas business into the domestic economy is rather weak. In addition, both production and job creation multipliers slightly decreased after 3 years of exponential growth rates of oil production. The assessment of the production multipliers indicates that additional investments in processing, construction, and network industries have the highest production linkages. Concerning employment multipliers agriculture, education, health care, and public sector have the greatest job creation effects. To assess the fiscal employment effects of the oil revenues, which cannot be captured over the static input-output analysis, we employ the cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. The model reveals a sustainable job creation effect of oil revenues in the case of Azerbaijan.