Jinjiang River Research Articles

Distribution and risk assessment of metals in water, sediments, and wild fish from Jinjiang River in Chengdu, China

To evaluate the distribution patterns, degrees of contamination, and ecological risks of 15 metals (Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, Mo, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, V, Co, and Se), a total of 26 paired water and sediment samples as well as 7 fish samples were collected in Jinjiang River, Chengdu, China. The metal forms of the sediments were analyzed using BCR three-step sequential extraction procedures, and the metal contents of the samples were determined by ICP-MS. Four environmental indices including the geo-accumulation index, bioconcentration factor, biota-sediment accumulation factor, and the potential ecological risk index were calculated to evaluate pollution level and eco-risk of the metals. Based on the current study, Mn and Cd were preferentially associated with the exchangeable fraction, Cu and Pb were primarily in the reducible fraction, while the other metals were mainly found in the residual fraction. With the exception of Sb and Mo, the BCF values of the metals were greater than 100, especially for Zn, which had the highest BCF value (74200), suggesting that these metals had higher bioconcentration ability. Based on the geo-accumulation index and the potential ecological risk index (RI) calculated in this study, the middle reaches of Jinjiang River present moderate to severe metal pollution, and moderate to considerable potential ecological risk, especially for the risk of Cd, which should be paid more attention in the future. While non-pollution level and low ecological risk of the metals were found in the upper and lower reaches of Jinjiang River.

Non-linear relationship of hydrological drought responding to meteorological drought and impact of a large reservoir

Exploring the relationship between hydrological and meteorological droughts under influence of large reservoirs is crucial for early warning of hydrological drought. This study took Jinjiang River basin in the southeast coastal region of China as an example, where the Shilong hydrometric station is influenced by a large reservoir (Shanmei), and the Anxi hydrological station is not. Based on monthly data of streamflow with precipitation and historical drought records from 1960 to 2010, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) series (representing meteorological drought and hydrological drought, respectively) were each calculated with a 3-month timescale. Run theory was then used to identify the characteristics of meteorological and hydrological drought, including duration and magnitude. The relationship with which hydrological drought responds to meteorological drought was established by a non-linear function model at the Anxi station and Shilong station which reflected the periods of natural condition without reservoir and reservoir-influence condition, respectively. The results indicate that (1) there was a clear non-linear relationship of hydrological drought and meteorological drought, and the threshold within which hydrological drought started to respond to meteorological drought was obtained according to the non-linear function model; (2) the operational activities of the Shanmei reservoir during 1983–2010 have significantly reduced the duration and magnitude of hydrological drought at the Shilong station compared to the natural-influence period of 1960–1982, which, in turn, altered the relationship between the hydrological drought and meteorological drought. The propagation process from meteorological to hydrological droughts was shortened because of the changed relationship.

Contamination of heavy metals and isotopic tracing of Pb in intertidal surface sediments of Jinjiang River Estuary, SE China

Contamination of 14 heavy metals and isotopic tracing of Pb were studied in the intertidal surface sediments of Jinjiang River Estuary, southeast China. Concentrations of the heavy metals in the sediments decrease as Fe > Ti > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > V > Ni > Sn > Co > Sb > Cd > Hg. Except Fe, Ti and V, the other elements show higher concentrations than their background values at most sampling sites. The assessment results of geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index indicate that the intertidal surface sediments are polluted by some heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Sb, Sn, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co) and show very high ecological risk with the main contributors of Cd and Hg. Results of multivariate statistic analysis suggest that Fe, V, Ti and Cr are mainly influenced by natural sources; Cu, Ni, Sn and Mn are mainly influenced by mining industries and the combustion of fossil fuel; Pb and Hg are mainly influenced by coal combustion and Pb-Zn ore; Zn, Cd, Co and Sb are mainly influenced by agricultural activities. The results of Pb isotope tracing show that total Pb in the sediments is mainly from parent material (44.0%–50.0%), Pb-Zn ore (35.8%–41.7%) and vehicle exhaust (7.8%–18.2%).

Response of Hydrological Drought to Meteorological Drought under the Influence of Large Reservoir

Based on monthly streamflow and precipitation data from 1960 to 2010 in the Jinjiang River Basin of China, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) were used to represent meteorological and hydrological drought, respectively. The response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought under the influence of Shanmei reservoir was investigated. The results indicate that SPI and SSI have a decreasing trend during recent several decades. Monthly scales of SSI series have a significant decreasing trend from November to the following February and a significant increasing trend from May to July at Shilong hydrological station. There are three significant periodic variations with a cycle of 6-7 years, 11-12 years, and 20-21 years for annual scales of SSI series. SPI series have the same periodic variations before the 1980s, but they have not been synchronous with SSI since the 1980s at Shilong due to influences of Shanmei reservoir, especially at the periodic variations of 20-21 years. The variation of the lag time of hydrological drought in response to meteorological drought is significant at the seasonal scale. The lag time of hydrological drought to meteorological drought extends one month on average in spring, summer, and autumn but about three months in winter.

Sediment Transport in the Quanzhou Bay

Observations on 6 ship moorings during the spring and neap tides show that the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) changed according to the variation of the local tidal forcings under the normal weather conditions. During the neap tide, the measured concentration of suspended sediment is comparable to that of Jinjiang River, the only external sediment source in the course of observations; while during the spring tide, the observed SSC is one order higher than that of Jinjiang, meaning that relative to the riverine impact, the tidal current is more probably responsible for the sharp variation of SSC between the spring and neap cycle.

Levels, sources and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay, China

This study investigated the levels, sources and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, water (dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter) and sediment along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay. The distribution coefficient of ΣPAHs varied disorderly along the Jinjiang River, indicating the non-equilibrium status for the partition. The various distribution features of ΣPAHs in the sediments of the north and south coast of Quanzhou Bay were probably due to the flow motions in the bay. High correlations of PAHs were found between different media, suggesting the approximately same source of PAHs. Furthermore, three source factors and their contributions were extracted using the positive matrix factorization model. Toxicity and biological risk were assessed using toxic equivalent quantity and sediment quality guideline quotient. The contamination of PAHs in the soil and sediments may turn to unconspicuous risks for the environment and humans except very few sites with moderate pollution.

Characterization and source apportionment of water pollution in Jinjiang River, China

Characterizing water quality and identifying potential pollution sources could greatly improve our knowledge about human impacts on the river ecosystem. In this study, fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA), pollution index (PI), principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) were combined to obtain a deeper understanding of temporal-spatial characterization and sources of water pollution with a case study of the Jinjiang River, China. Measurement data were obtained with 17 water quality variables from 20 sampling sites in the December 2010 (withered water period) and June 2011 (high flow period). FCA and PI were used to comprehensively estimate the water quality variables and compare temporal-spatial variations, respectively. Rotated PCA and receptor model (APCS-MLR) revealed potential pollution sources and their corresponding contributions. Application results showed that comprehensive application of various multivariate methods were effective for water quality assessment and management. In the withered water period, most sampling sites were assessed as low or moderate pollution with characteristics pollutants of permanganate index and total nitrogen (TN), whereas 90% sites were classified as high pollution in the high flow period with higher TN and total phosphorus. Agricultural non-point sources, industrial wastewater discharge, and domestic sewage were identified as major pollution sources. Apportionment results revealed that most variables were complicatedly influenced by industrial wastewater discharge and agricultural activities in withered water period and primarily dominated by agricultural runoff in high flow period.

Source Apportionment of Trace Element Pollution in Surface Sediments Using Positive Matrix Factorization Combined Support Vector Machines: Application to the Jinjiang River, China

In this study, a method of positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined support vector machines (SVMs) was adopted to identify possible sources and apportion contributions for trace element pollution in surface sediments from the Jinjiang River, Southeastern China. Utilizing diagnostics tools, four significant factors were extracted from sediment samplers, which were collected in December 2010 at 15 different sites. By treating source identification as a pattern recognition problem, the factor loadings derived from PMF were classified by SVM classifiers which have been trained and validated with fingerprints of eight potential source categories. Using SVM, industrial wastewater from lead ore mining and metal handcraft manufacture, atmospheric deposition, and natural background were identified as main sources of trace element pollution in surface sediments from the Jinjiang River, which were affirmed by visually comparing compound patterns and the differences between the predicted and actual fractional compositions. Apportionment results showed that source of lead ore mining made the largest contribution (33.62 %), followed by atmospheric deposition (30.99 %), metal handcraft manufacture (30.09 %), and natural background (5.29 %).

Organochlorine pesticides in soil, water and sediment along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay, southeast China

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in multiple compartments (water, soil and sediment) along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay were monitored to elucidate sources and fate. The concentrations of OCPs in surface soil of the watershed of the Jinjiang River (2.44±1.97ng/g for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and 11.4±8.46ng/g for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs)) and the Quanzhou Bay (1.81±2.15ng/g for HCHs and 9.72±14.66ng/g for DDTs) were comparable. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in dissolved phase were 55–94% for the total HCHs and ten to sixteen percent for the total DDTs in the Jinjiang River. High correlations of OCPs between suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment (p<0.01) were found in this study, which demonstrated that OCPs absorbed onto SPM was the major source in the sediment of Quanzhou Bay. The use of lindane was the major source of HCHs in the study region. Dicofol pollution was found in water of the Jinjiang River and sediment of Quanzhou Bay. Based on the sediment quality guidelines, DDTs pose more ecotoxicological risk in environment of the Jinjiang River and Quanzhou Bay.

Source Apportionment of Water Pollution in the Jinjiang River (China) Using Factor Analysis With Nonnegative Constraints and Support Vector Machines

Source apportionment studies of water pollution can greatly improve the knowledge of the human impact on the aquatic environment. Factor analysis (FA) has been widely used to identify sources of water pollution because of its relative ease of implementation. Generally, the method of identifying the sources was by qualitatively comparing source emission characteristics with factor loadings derived from FA. However, this traditional method was somewhat coarse to express the nonlinear relationship between source emission characteristics and factor loadings. In this study, by treating source identification using source emission characteristics and factor loadings as a pattern recognition problem, a source apportionment method was proposed by combining the factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC) with the support vector machine (SVM). Data sets on water quality of the Jinjiang River (China), which were sampled between May 2009 and September 2010 at 13 sites, have been collected to evaluate this proposed method. The apportionment results showed that the identified sources using the combined models were similar to the comprehensive analysis results obtained from qualitatively comparing source emission characteristics with factor loadings. Industrial activities, including papermaking and textiles, metal handicrafts manufacture, chemical and metal producing, metal refining and iron ore mining were identified as the main pollution sources with contribution ratio of 79.58%, followed by agricultural non-point sources (20.42%). These results provide policy and decision makers with a useful help for supporting the management of water pollution in the Jinjiang River. Meanwhile, this study will provide a useful direction for developing source apportionment approach to support the management of water pollution.

A framework of characteristics identification and source apportionment of water pollution in a river: a case study in the Jinjiang River, China

A framework for characteristics identification and source apportionment of water pollution in the Jinjiang River of China was proposed in this study for evaluation. A total of 114 water samples which were generated between May 2009 and September 2010 at 13 sites were collected and analysed. First, support vector machine (SVM) and water quality pollutant index (WQPI) were used for water quality comprehensive evaluation and identifying characteristic contaminants. Later, factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC) was employed for source apportionment. Finally, multi-linear regression of the absolute principal component score (APCS/MLR) was applied to further estimate source contributions for each characteristic contaminant. The results indicated that the water quality of the Jinjiang River was mainly at the third level (65.79%) based on national surface water quality permissible standards in China. Ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, mercury, iron and manganese were identified as characteristic contaminants. Source apportionment results showed that industrial activities (63.16%), agricultural non-point source (16.50%) and domestic sewage (12.85%) were the main anthropogenic pollution sources which were influencing the water quality of Jinjiang River. This proposed method provided a helpful framework for conducting water pollution management in aquatic environment.

Load estimation and source apportionment of nonpoint source nitrogen and phosphorus based on integrated application of SLURP model, ECM, and RUSLE: a case study in the Jinjiang River, China

The nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is difficult to manage and control due to its complicated generation and formation. Load estimation and source apportionment are an important and necessary process for efficient NPS control. Here, an integrated application of semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, export coefficients model (ECM), and revise universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) for the load estimation and source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus was proposed. The Jinjiang River (China) was chosen for the evaluation of the method proposed here. The chosen watershed was divided into 27 subbasins. After which, the SLURP model was used to calculate land use runoff and to estimate loads of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, and ECM was applied to estimate dissolved loads from livestock and rural domestic sewage. Next, the RUSLE was employed for load estimation of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that the 12,029.06 t a(-1) pollution loads of total NPS nitrogen (TN) mainly originated from dissolved nitrogen (96.24 %). The major sources of TN were land use runoff, which accounted for 45.97 % of the total, followed by livestock (32.43 %) and rural domestic sewage (17.83 %). For total NPS phosphorous (TP), its pollution loads were 570.82 t a(-1) and made up of dissolved and adsorbed phosphorous with 66.29 and 33.71 % respectively. Soil erosion, land use runoff, rural domestic sewage, and livestock were the main sources of phosphorus with contribution ratios of 33.71, 45.73, 14.32, and 6.24 % respectively. Therefore, land use runoff, livestock, and soil erosion were identified as the main pollution sources to influence loads of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus in the Jinjiang River and should be controlled first. The method developed here provided a helpful guideline for conducting NPS pollution management in similar watershed.

Pollution load and source apportionment of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus in Jinjiang River watershed

Pollution load and source apportionment of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus in Jinjiang River watershed

Speciation and assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Jinjiang River tidal reach, southeast of China

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) in surface sediments (phi < or = 63 microm) of Jinjiang River tidal reach are determined to evaluate the metal behavior. A modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure is carried out, and the residual fraction is undertaken by microwave-assisted acid digestion. The index of geo-accumulation indicates that Cd appeared highest among all these heavy metals in surface sediments, Cr, Cu, Zn lower, and Ni, Pb the least. The percentage of Zn, Cd is comparatively higher in the acid soluble fraction, Pb and Cu higher in the reductive fraction, indicating larger potential danger to the environment. So it is essential for developing the future remediation plans and pollution control strategies.

Spatial variations in depth-distribution of trace metals in coastal wetland sediments from Quanzhou Bay, Fujian Province, China

Four short cores were obtained from the coastal wetland of the Quanzhou Bay, Fujian Province, China, and sediment samples were analyzed with a Mastersizer 2000 for grain size analysis and an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) for trace metal analysis. The results of grain size analysis show that the wetland sediments are mainly composed of silt and clay, and the distribution of median grain size is affected by human activities obviously. The results of trace metal analysis show that the wetland sediments mainly originate from terrestrial materials in the Luoyangjiang River estuary and from contaminants discharged from adjacent rivers in Shuitou area. The heavy metal contamination in Luoyangjiang estuary decreased from 1984 to 2004 due to industry transformation, but has increased since 2004 because of the discharge of contaminants to the Jinjiang River and much living sewerage to the bay, and a large number of trace metals are trapped within Spartina alterniflora marsh.

The Geophysical Survey and Sedimentary Basins Found in the Western Taiwan Strait of China: ABSTRACT

The Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China, having conducted geophysical surveys in the Western Taiwan Strait by R/V Haiyang No.2 in 1981 and 1985, discovered for the first time three sedimentary basins, namely, the Jinjiang Depression, the Jiulongjiang Depression, and the Hanjiang Depression. The Jinjiang Depression is situated off the coast of Quanzhou Estuary at the mouth of the Jinjiang River, Fujian Province, covering an area of some 4,800 km{sup 2}, with Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments as thick as 6,000 m. The Jiulongjiang Depression lies in the sea region between Xiamen of Fujian Province and the Penghu Islands of Taiwan Province, with an area of 3,100 km{sup 2} and Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments about 6,000 m thick. The Hanjiang Depression, situated off the coast of Shantou City, Guangdong Province, occupies an area of 2,100 km{sup 2} with the thickness of sediments exceeding 5,000 m. During June-August 1989, our R/V Fendou No.4 carried out a detailed survey on Jinjiang and Jiulongjiang Depressions, acquiring over 6,000 km of multichannel seismic and magnetic survey data. The interpretation of the data shows that this region is of favorable geological condition for oil and gas, which has not been recognized before.