Jin Dynasty Research Articles

Emperor Tang Taizong on the Founders of the Jin Dynasty

The subject of state governance always occupied an important place in traditional Chinese ideology. It is noteworthy that there were periods when it was becoming a matter of even greater importance and urgency due to the monarchs personal interest in justifying their own legitimacy as convincingly as possible. This happened in the reign of the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Taizong (627649) (Li Shi-min, 599649), who entered the history of China as one of the greatest rulers of the Celestial Empire. Taizong came to power as a result of a political upheaval and felt for a long time that his ascent to power was somewhat incomplete as regards its ritual aspect. To substantiate his right to rule, he turned to historical examplesin particular, to the assessment of the role of the founding emperors of the Jin dynasty (265420), which united China for a short while after its division during the Three Kingdoms (220289).

The Microorganism Investigation and Information Visualization Display in Qingliangshan Grottoes, Yan ’an

There are many grottoes of the Song and Jin Dynasties in northern Shaanxi, the Qingliangshan grottoes of Yan’an is typical representatives. Due to the influence of environmental and geographical factors, the microbial of the Qingliangshan grottoes have caused the surface weathering, pollution or discoloring of cultural relics, as well as the potential dangers, which have caused some damage to the grottoes. This paper based on the investigation of harmful microbial samples on the surface of the grottoes of Qingliangshan in northern Shaanxi Province. Using microscopy and molecular biology to analyze microbial communities, Understand the influence and harm of microorganisms on grottoes, then to display and publicize with graphical information, to make readers understand the influence of microbial disasters on the grottoes and further attract people’s attention. It is form a consensus on protecting the material and cultural heritage of grottoes and promote the inheritance of traditional Chinese culture.

Criticism of the Philosophy of Dual Isomorphism of Explicit and Implicit and Its Evolution Law: An Interpretation of Yang Jiyong's Thesis and Works from Literary and Artistic Viewpoints

To evaluate whether the book "Literary Aesthetics from the Perspective of Explicit and Implicit Philosophy" and its related papers have academic rationality and theoretical value, this article relates to theoretical foundations of Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long", Taoist thought in the pre-Qin period, classics in the Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties, and The Six Dynasties Metaphysics and so on. Adopting specific methods such as induction and deduction, analogy analysis and synthesis, and the combination of theory and history, it is discovered that the theory of explicit and implicit binary isomorphism (as well as its evolution and hidden theoretical composition), the view that it emphasizes the way things are spoken and the pursuit of clarity must also be based on the hidden as the source, the aesthetic diagram of the relationship between life vitality and the hidden, the research methods that emphasizes the metamorphosis of metaphoric light and dark, embodying the real possibility of poetry, and confirming the invisible origin of all things are related to modern natural science do have certain theoretical and practical enlightenment value. For example, it shows that it has theoretical significance for exploring, arguing, summarizing, and inheriting the clues of Chinese traditional culture and the essential characteristics of history, and it has the highlight and enlightenment of the essence of historical philosophy; so, it can be seen that the academic circles highly value this monograph, indicating that attention to and in-depth criticism are both very necessary.

The Characteristics and Significance of Gu Zhi’s Annotations and Research on the Poetry of Wei and Jin Dynasties

All his life, Gu Zhi was interested in the literature research of Han, Wei and six Dynasties, especially focusing on the annotated Wei and Jin poems. His imagination and interpretation of Wei Jin is centered on Wei Jin poetry notes, including Wei Jin poetry notes as evidence, poetry creation as dictionaries, and business interests as righteous people. The academic path embodied in the poetry of Guzhi Wei and Jin With the characteristics of traditional scripture “commenting on scripture and making notes”, academic resources are immersed in the essence of classical scripture and history under the system of classical scripture and history, and academic vision hovers under the overall style of integrating the old and the new. Further expanding this Wei-Jin poetry activity will touch the Wei-Jin complex that is fashionable among the Republic of China. Gu Zhi (1885-1959), character Gongyu, trumpet layer ice, Yuan, Zhengfu, Gusheng.Pangxi, Longwen Township, Mei County, Guangdong villagers. His life is scattered in many literary and historical materials, and his son Gu Chengye’s “Outline of the Genealogy of Gu Zhi Nian” is the most detailed record of his life process. Gu Zhi was born into a poor family and lived in poverty at an early age, but according to his early wisdom, he studied his own. At the age of 16, he went to Xingning to learn from Mr. Luo Yiyun, a suru who was “very good to Mr. Luo”, and saw Mr. Luo’s collection of books such as “Zhaoming Wenxuan” and “Zizhi Tongjian”, especially “Wenxuan”, which laid the foundation for later intensive study of the literature of the Six Dynasties of Han and Wei. In 1906, he joined the “Chinese League Association” and since then has followed Dr. Sun Yat-sen to actively carry out democratic revolutionary activities. In November 1911, Gu Zhi, Zhong Dong and others organized an uprising in Meicheng and recovered Meixian in one fell swoop. In the following ten years, Gu Zhi was engaged in revolutionary propaganda and government affairs, and vigorously established schools. In 1921, he went to Lushan Jiangxi Province in February to build a grass house, named “Ge Taozhai”, and leisurely had the intention of returning to seclusion. During this period, he wrote three volumes of “Wang Rongfu Wenji”, one volume of “Zhuge Wuhou Annals”, four volumes of “Tao Jingjie Poems”, and one volume of “Tao Jingjie Poems and Notes”, together with other poetry works, collected into twelve volumes of “Wuwen Collection”. The book of seclusion, which is becoming more and more mature academically. During the Great Revolution, he was employed as a professor at Guangdong University. In 1926, Guangdong University changed its name for Sun Yat-sen University. In 1928, he was invited by Sun Yat-sen University to return to the university to preside over the Chinese department, where he remained until 1938. During this period, he wrote “Cao ZiJian poetry Notes” “Ruan Si Zong Yong Huai Poetry Notes” “Five Types of Layer Ice Hall”. After the fall of Guangzhou in 1938, Gu Zhi returned to his hometown, resumed Meinan Middle School, served as the principal, created the Meinan Literature Museum, publicized the War of Resistance, and covered the revolutionary activities of the Communist Party. After the liberation of Guangzhou, he was first employed as a counselor of the provincial counsellor’s office, and later became a librarian of the provincial museum of culture and history and a member of the provincial CPPCC. After that, Gu Zhi enthusiastically praised the construction of New China, wrote “Liberation of Poetry Banknotes”, and prepared to rearrange the old works. He died of illness in Guangzhou in 1959 at the age of 74. From the 20s to the 50s of the 20th century, Gu Zhi lasted for more than thirty years, focusing on Wei and Jin poetry notes, and worked hard. Gu Zhi’s notes on Wei and Jin poetry mainly focus on the poems of Cao Zijian, Ruan Zhi and Tao Yuanming, especially the comprehensive study of Tao Yuanming, which can be said to have exhausted his life’s energy.

ГОНЧАРНАЯ ПЕЧЬ ПАМЯТНИКА ПЕТРОВКА-5 В КОНТЕКСТЕ АРХЕОЛОГИИ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА

In Primorye, a kiln for firing ceramic material was excavated at the Petrovka-5 monument near the town of Bolshoy Kamen. The furnace occupied the northeastern cape-shaped tip of the hollow slope. The height difference at its location was 1,35 m. The furnace was erected on a flat area paved with broken bricks and baked clay. The furnace had the shape of a truncated circle with a straight end wall on the south side and a furnace on the north. The dimensions of the structure at the base are 2 × 2,3 m, the long side is oriented Northwest–Southeast. The ceiling is made of arched masonry in the shape of a dome. Ceramic vessels and tiles were loaded into the firing chamber through the southern wall. The furnace and the firing chamber were connected by a channel. The walls of the furnace are laid with a horizontal masonry of rectangular bricks 15–20 cm long, 5–6 cm thick. Clay mortar was used as a bundle for laying bricks. By type, the oven belongs to the round one. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, furnaces of this form were widely used in the North of China. Ceramics deposited in the firing chamber are represented by pots, vases, frying pan lids, tiles. The surface color of the vessels is gray, often specially blackened. The blackening of circular vessels is recorded on the handicraft ceramics of Yin, Wei, the culture of the Amur and Primorye Jurchens, on the monuments of the state of Eastern Xia. Modeling of vessels was carried out on a circle using a bottom-capacitive filling. In shape, the vessels do not find complete analogies among the ceramics of the medieval cultures of Primorye and the Amur region. The technical and technological characteristics of the vessels correspond to the handicraft production of the Far Eastern pottery province, dating back to the traditions of the Han era. Chinese archaeologists correlated the tile material with the periods of the Eastern Jin (317–420) and Eastern Wei (534–550) dynasties. According to radiocarbon analysis of coal from the fire-chamber of the furnace, the monument Petrovka-5 is dated 600–760.

A relação entre o debate sobre o sistema monetário durante o Jin Oriental e as dinastias do sul e a região econômica de Zhejiang Leste

Abstract: Not only the indigenous aristocratic families but also northern immigrant families living in east Zhejiang were involved in the debates on monetary theory and policy thought in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. The debates were often focused on the commodity prices and forced labor in east Zhejiang. This special historical phenomenon reflects two questions. On the one hand, the chaos caused by the war in the north and scholar families migrating southward greatly promoted the development of southern China, which made the five counties in east Zhejiang the most important and active areas of economy. On the other hand, it reflects the relationship changes between immigrants and indigenous gentries. Namely, the indigenous aristocratic families and northern immigrant families cooperated in economy so as to enhance the prosperity and development of the east Zhejiang region. Later, with the rise of “common people (寒人)”, the scholars’ economic status was increasingly impacted, which resulted in the gentries’ anxiety and crisis consciousness.

Comment on “The relationship between the debate on the monetary system during the Eastern Jin and southern dynasties and East Zhejiang economic region”

Comment on “The relationship between the debate on the monetary system during the Eastern Jin and southern dynasties and East Zhejiang economic region”

From Dreaming to Forging Ahead—Analysis of the Ideological and Political Elements of the Curriculum in the Growth Experience of the Four Masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties

From Dreaming to Forging Ahead—Analysis of the Ideological and Political Elements of the Curriculum in the Growth Experience of the Four Masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties

Жанровое своеобразие альбома Шитао «По мотивам поэзии Тао Юаньмина»

The albums of landscapes after poems became popular in China in late Ming and early Qing. It was the series of landscapes painted after poems of famous poets of the past. The album “After Tao Yuanming poetry” from Gugong Museum collection belongs to the brush of the famous Qing dynasty master Shitao (1642–1707). It was painted after poems of Tao Yuanming (365–427), the great poet of the Eastern Jin dynasty. The article reveals the content of the album; comparing with similar work of Qing dynasty master Gao Jian (1635–1713), also painted after the Tao Yuanming’s poetry, identifies the genre originality and special relations between painting and poetry.

乾隆帝의 ‘景觀經營’에 대한 고찰

The purpose of this paper was to understand how Emperor Qianlong perceived the landscape. The imperial Qianlong tour created numerous landscapes and gave meaning. The perception of such a landscape was sufficient to change the conquistador image of Qianlong. Therefore, the attitude toward the landscape of Emperor Qianlong was called ''Landscape Management''. Emperor Qianlong changed the characteristics of the eight scenic spots. ‘Eight Scenic Views of the landscape’, which contained the unworldly view of the literary godfathers of the Song Dynasty, and ‘Eight Scenic Views of the landscape’, which was an ideology for national domination after the Jin Dynasty, changed during the emperor Qianlong. Eight Scenic Views of the Beauty Spot means that a landscape forms a beauty spot. This is because the geographical category of the landscape is narrowed and the number of sceneries is expanded to highlight the characteristics of each landscape, while strengthening the placeness and adding consolation and comfort functions. This strengthened the psychological effect by making the distance between the landscape and the viewer close. Through historical evidence of the existing landscape, poetry and paintings, the emperor Qianlong reconstructed the landscape, and built monuments and buildings in each landscape to take coordinates and promote the localization of the landscape. The emperor Qianlong pursued a "small landscape" nearby. The small landscape was thought to be sufficient to resemble the great universe. The inclusion of "the world" in the small landscape of the emperor Qianlong is in line with the strategy of "seeing the big through the small" as a national ruler. This political strategy is a governing logic and concept that runs from the "house" to the "state" of Confucianism, and it was believed that the individual''s capabilities could be in charge of a huge "world." In addition, the idea that the "beautiful scenery" in the small mind of humans is endless and infinite out of the world is due to the influence of Buddhist logic. In conclusion, it can be said that the emperor Qianlong contributed to the redefinition and expansion of China''s landscape culture.

Epidemics and Medical Responses in the Song Dynasty - Exclusion of Shamanistic Treatment and Propagation of Codified Medicine Treatment.

The efforts of the state and the literati, such as the implementation of beneficent politics and the rectification of folk customs, led to the alteration of the medical environment throughout the Song period. Epidemics with a severe impact that occurred frequently were what started the transition. Urbanization, increased transit accessibility, and population growth have all contributed to the emergence of epidemics. In addition, a disease that was indigenous to southern China, where regional development and population expansion were focused, started to spread widely. When an epidemic spread, the local population occasionally received medical care, but most of the time they relied on spiritual care from the neighborhood shaman or spirit medium. Spiritual treatment is utilized to treat malignant infectious diseases, even though professional doctors primarily focus on treating patients with traditional medicine. By editing and releasing publications on medicine at the national level, the Song dynasty government and intellectuals encouraged the development and transmission of efficient treatment procedures to advance medical practices. Meanwhile, folk remedies or medical prescriptions discovered by renowned scholars like Su Shi and Shen Kuo were included in the medical book and made available to the general public. Although there was a difference of opinion between the Song government and intellectuals, they commonly rejected shamanistic treatment and pursued the spread of medicine treatment through the transmission of codified medical knowledge. In the end, the spread of the epidemic and the subsequent transmission and development of Song dynasty medicine had a significant impact on the emergence of codified medicine treatment, but this was not solely to advance medical knowledge; it also served to further their political and ideological objectives. As a result, the following Jin and Yuan dynasties' physicians instantly criticized the Song dynasty's medical advancements. It is indisputable, however, that the medical development of the Song dynasty had a considerable influence on later Chinese medical practice in that it established the ideological superiority of formal and orthodox therapy over traditional and heterodox spiritual care.

중국 학창(鶴氅)의 형성과 전개 과정에 관한 연구

The crane was recognized as a symbol of longevity and a riding bird of immortals in China, and this symbolism developed the crane from a feather-winged robe. Hakchang is a costume that symbolizes the desire to sprout wings and fly to the sky and the symbol of a crane flying freely in the sky, escaping from the world. Hakchang appeared with the establishment of Taoism during the Wei, Jin, Southern, and Northern Dynasties. In the early form, there was a short-length shawl made of bird feathers and worn over the shoulder and a rectangular-shaped shawl made of fabric. Fabric shawl is the original form of Hakchang and was an essential element of the Taoist dress code. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, along with the secularization of Taoism, Hakchang was expanded into three types: rectangular-shaped Hakchang, wide-sleeve Hakchang, and Hakchang with crane patterns, and continued until the Ming Dynasty. Three types of Hakchang were worn as Taoist robes and mourning clothes in the Ming Dynasty. Wide-sleeved Hakchang was widely worn by the public regardless of social status, age, and gender, as it was used interchangeably with the name Changui. Until the middle of the 18th century in the Qing Dynasty, Hakchang was used interchangeably with Changui as a term meaning Dubong. Around the 19th century, Changui changed to a terminology referring to Manchu women

The Early Political History of the Eastern Jin and Chancellor Wang Dao (279-339 AD)

The article is devoted to a historical study of the political career of a Shandong aristocrat from the Langye district and the first chancellor of the southern Chinese dynasty of the Eastern Jin, as well as to identify factors that contributed to his rapid rise. Particular attention was paid to the religious and ideological aspects of the historical and political processes that took place at the court and the capital of the Eastern Jin. In the course of the study, we used specific historical methods of textual, historical-biographical and historical-geographical analysis of events and personalities associated with the personality of Chancellor Wang Dao. The main source of information about Wang Dao's political career is the official dynastic history "Jin shu" ("History of the [dynasty] Jin"), namely, chapter 65 (section "Liezhuan"), dedicated to representatives of the Shandong Wang clan. As a result of the historical and biographical analysis, it was found that the decisive factors in Wang Dao's successful career were personal business qualities, a successful matrimonial strategy for the ruling house of Sima, who founded the Eastern Jin dynasty, as well as the active support of influential Chinese Buddhist hierarchs. Family and confessional ties of court supporters of the Buddhist sangha with famous dignitaries and glorious men of the Eastern Jin were reconstructed.

Temporal and spatial patterns and influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage: Ancient Qin-Shu roads, Western China

The ancient Qin-Shu roads corridor is one of the important cultural main corridors in China. Throughout China’s long historical and cultural evolution, today’s ancestors created a rich intangible cultural heritage along this route. Studying its intangible cultural heritage has important theoretical and practical significance for the protection and innovation of cultural heritage in this region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of intangible cultural heritage along the ancient Qin-Shu roads and explore the main factors affecting its distribution. The nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse, location entropy, buffer analysis and other methods were used. The results show that (1) The types of intangible cultural heritage of the ancient Qin-Shu roads are expressed in three echelons. Traditional handicrafts are the most numerous, folk custom and traditional music are the second most numerous, the other categories of ICH are third in quantity overall, among which traditional medicine and sports recreation competition are the scarcest. (2) The overall spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage along the ancient Qin-Shu roads shows an agglomeration distribution. Its distribution pattern places the central cities (Xi'an, Chengdu and Chongqing) at the core, gradually spreading out and decreasing in density as it reaches peripheral districts and counties. There are significantly differ in the core areas of different types of intangible cultural heritage. (3) In the process of historical development, the intangible cultural heritage of the ancient Qin-Shu roads demonstrated an overall change pattern of “three rising and three falling”. That is, during Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, and Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture flourished, while in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, modern times culture developed slowly. The overall trajectory of the center of gravity of intangible cultural heritage shifted from the northeast to the southwest. (4) Natural and human factors, such as topography, climate, transportation, traditional villages and population evolution, have an important impact on the spatial pattern of the intangible cultural heritage of the ancient Qin-Shu roads. The results of this study provide a useful reference for the theoretical research and practical management of intangible cultural heritage.

Geographical views in traditional Chinese medicine

Interdisciplinary integration is a major feature of current scientific and technological development and also an inherent demand of economic and social development. The classic works in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), such as Huangdi's Internal Classic(Huang Di Nei Jing) and Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing), contain rich and distinctive geographic ideas about the origin of Chinese medicine and prescriptions. There are many TCM schools and the distribution of each school has obvious geographical characteristics. The difference in geographical space is a major factor causing the difference in schools. There have been records of drugs and places of origin in previous documents of the Han Dynasty. Many drug names in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica begin with ancient country names or ancient place names, indicating that the compilers attached great importance to the relationship between drugs and places of origin. Doctors in the Tang Dynasty have realized that the quality of medicinal materials was closely related to the place of origin, and each place of origin had herbalists to support the harvesting. The national yearly harvested drugs were all distributed with the places of origin. In the Song Dynasty, there were more records about the origin of drugs than in the Tang Dynasty, and the drawings attached to the Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern(Zheng Lei Ben Cao) were titled with the names of the origins. In the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the literature on Chinese materia medica inherited the relationship between the origin and quality of drugs and contained rich geographical views in the "medication method". In the Ming Dynasty, the literature on Chinese materia medica was the first to clearly label the Daodi origin, and recognized the differences in quality and application of drugs between different origins. In the Qing Dynasty, doctors realized that there were variations and differences in the origins of drugs used by doctors in different periods, and the problem of origin was one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of drugs. During the period of the Republic of China, doctors also paid great attention to the relationship between the origin of drugs and the quality of drugs, and the changes in the origin of drugs. TCM and geography share a common philosophical foundation. To inherit and develop the experience of doctors in the past dynasties on the relationship between drugs and origins, it is necessary to combine "Chinese materia medica" with "geography" to carry out the research on the geography of Chinese medicine, conduct multidisciplinary integration, build a new way to inherit and innovate the essence of TCM, promote the connection between philosophy of Yi, medical science, pharmacology, and geography, better serve the production practice of TCM, and promote the solution of problems related to the development of the Chinese medicine industry.

Review: On the Horizon of World Literature: Forms of Modernity in Romantic England and Republican China, by Emily Sun

Review: <i>On the Horizon of World Literature: Forms of Modernity in Romantic England and Republican China</i>, by Emily Sun

Zhizhu Kuanzhong, a traditional Chinese medicine, alleviates gastric hypersensitivity and motor dysfunction on a rat model of functional dyspepsia.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Zhizhu Kuanzhong (ZZKZ) is a traditional Chinese medicine modified from classic formula Zhizhu decoction in "Synopsis of Golden Chamber" (Han Dynasty in the 3rd century) and the Zhizhu pill in "Differentiation on Endogenous" in Jin Dynasty (1,115-1,234). ZZKZ contains four botanical drugs, including Citrus × Aurantium L [Rutaceae; Aurantii Fructus Immaturus], Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz. [Compositae; Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae], Bupleurum Chinense DC [Apiaceae; Radix Bupleuri Chinensis], and Crataegus Pinnatifida Bunge [Rosaceae; Fructus Crataegi Pinnatifidae], which have been widely used in clinical therapy for functional dyspepsia (FD). Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of ZZKZ on gastric hypersensitivity and motor dysfunction in a rat model of FD. Materials and methods: FD was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by neonatal gastric irritation with 0.1% iodoacetamide. The FD rats were treated with ZZKZ (0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, or 1.5g/kg respectively) by gavage for 7days, while domperidone (3mg/kg) acted as treatment control. Body weight gain, food intake, gastric emptying, and intestinal propulsion were also measured. Ex vivo gastric smooth muscle activity recordings and greater splanchnic afferent (GSN) firing recordings were employed to evaluate gastric motility and sensation. Particularly, the role of 5-HT in the action of ZZKZ in improving gastric dysmotility and hypersensitivity was explored. Results: ZZKZ promoted weight gain, food intake, gastric emptying, and intestinal propulsion in FD rats. ZZKZ promoted spontaneous and ACh-induced contractions of gastric smooth muscle strips in FD rats, alleviated spontaneous activity, and chemical (acid perfusion) and mechanical (intragastric distension) stimulated GSN firing in FD rats. ZZKZ ameliorated gastric smooth muscle contraction and GSN firing induced by 5-HT in FD rats. ZZKZ stimulated the release of serum 5-HT, with reduced 5-HT3 receptor and increased 5-HT4 receptor mRNA expression in the guts of FD rats. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ZZKZ improves FD-related gastric hypersensitivity and motor dysfunction and should be an effective compound for relieving FD symptoms. The gastric 5-HT system with lower 5-HT3 activity and increased 5-HT4 distribution is involved in the mechanisms of ZZKZ underlying the treatment of FD.

Exploring the impact of mass migration in Jin Dynasty by psycholinguistic analysis on Classical Chinese legacy text.

The first mass migration in China took place at the end of the Western Jin, which resulted in the southward transfer of the Central Plains Culture and brought about huge social changes. Such social changes exerted significant impacts on the gentry of the Jin Dynasty. This paper used a huge volume of Classical Chinese legacy text of Jin gentry members. We used CC-LIWC to calculate frequencies of different word categories used in these text contents and conducted an analysis of variance to measure significant differences between the three groups. We found 16 categories of words with significant differences and calculated their effect sizes, such as tense markers (tensem), F = 3.588, P < 0.05, η2 = 0.034; modal particles (modal_pa), F = 3.468, P < 0.05, η2 = 0.053; words for affective processes (affect), F = 3.096, P < 0.05, η2 = 0.028; words for cognitive processes (cogproc), F = 3.308, P < 0.05, η2 = 0.031; words for perceptual processes (percept), F = 7.137, P < 0.05, η2 = 0.06. Combining the psycholinguistics of the 16 categories of words and researches of historians on the Jin Dynasty, we then analyzed the direct and indirect, immediate and long-lasting psycholinguistic impacts of this mass migration on the gentry themselves and their descendants.

“Interpreting Buddhist Precepts with Confucian Rites” Based on Their Similarity and Dissimilarity: A Perspective of the History of Ideas in Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties

The “similarity” (gongtong 共通) and “dissimilarity” (chayi 差異) between the Buddhist precepts and Confucian rites in the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties reflected a “dialogue of civilizations” (wenming duihua 文明對話) at the levels of concept, system, and life. During these periods, the Chinese system of rites were compared and interpreted with the Buddhist monastic codes by Buddhist monks and Confucian scholars, so a history of the ideas interpretation process of “interpreting precepts with rites” (yi li shi jie 以禮釋戒) was achieved. The result of such a process was two-fold: from the perspective of lay Buddhist ethics, they were in common with each other; from the perspective of monastic precepts, they were irreconcilable contradictions. Thus, on the one hand, the eminent Chinese monks “were emulating the Confucian rites to justify Buddhist precepts” (ni li yi zheng jie 擬禮義證戒) to stress their commonalities. On the other hand, the differences between the precepts and rites continued to be discovered, and the Buddhist subjective consciousness (zhuti yishi 主體意識) of “the distinction between precepts and rites” (jie li you bie 戒禮有別) was gradually established.

Anti-apoptotic effect of HeidihuangWan in renal tubular epithelial cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHeidihuang Wan (HDHW) is a classic Chinese herbal formula, which was first recorded in the “Suwen Bingji Qiyi Baoming Collection” written by Liu Wansu during the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234 AD). It is commonly used clinically for the treatment of kidney diseases and its curative effect is stable. Previous animal experiments have confirmed that HDHW can effectively improve renal fibrosis. However, the underlying pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. Aims of this studyRenal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) apoptosis is one of the main pathological features of renal fibrosis. This study aimed to observe the effect and underlying mechanism of HDHW on the apoptosis of RTECs to further explore the pathological mechanism of HDHW against renal fibrosis. Materials and methodsWe examined the HDHW composition in rat serum. In vitro, we first screened out the optimal intervention concentration of HDHW on RTECs using the MTT assay. Hypoxia/reoxygenation was then used to induce apoptosis of RTECs (H/R-RTECs), which were divided into H/R-RTEC, astragaloside IV (positive control), HDHW, and RTECs groups. After 48 h of drug intervention, apoptosis of RTECs was detected using flow cytometry and protein expression was detected by western blotting. The 5/6 nephrectomy rat model was constructed and divided into the normal control, 5/6 nephrectomy, HDHW, and astragaloside IV groups. After 8 weeks of treatment, TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis, and western blotting was used to detect protein expression. ResultsHDHW downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase3, up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and reversed the early apoptosis of RTECs, thereby resisting the apoptosis of RTECs. ConclusionHDHW inhibits apoptosis of RTECs by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This study provides experimental evidence for the anti-fibrotic effect of HDHW on the kidneys and partially elucidates its pharmacological mechanism of action.