Jim Brown Research Articles

‪Jim Brown, ‪ ‪Living ‪ o ‪pposite to the Hospital of St John. Excavations in medieval Northampton 2014‪

‪Jim Brown, ‪ ‪Living ‪ o ‪pposite to the Hospital of St John. Excavations in medieval Northampton 2014‪

Jim Brown, Living opposite to the Hospital of St John. Excavations in medieval Northampton 2014

Jim Brown, Living opposite to the Hospital of St John. Excavations in medieval Northampton 2014

A Tribute to Jim Brown: As Athlete, Actor, and Activist (1936–2023)

A Tribute to Jim Brown: As Athlete, Actor, and Activist (1936–2023)

The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom by Eddie R. Cole

Reviewed by: The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom by Eddie R. Cole Randal Maurice Jelks The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom. By Eddie R. Cole. (Princeton, N.J., and Oxford, U.K.: Princeton University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv, 358. Paper, $19.95, ISBN 978-0-691-20676-9; cloth, $32.00, ISBN 978-0-691-20674-5.) Benjamin E. Mays, the sainted president of Morehouse College and mentor to Martin Luther King Jr., once observed, “‘To be president of a college and white is no bed of roses . . . . To be president of a college and Black is almost a bed of thorns’” (p. 63). Eddie R. Cole deserves all the accolades he has received for confirming Mays’s statement. Cole’s research into the Black freedom struggle broadens our historical understanding by exploring the involvement of college presidents across the country from the 1940s to the 1978 Bakke v. California ruling. Cole’s contributions to the history of U.S. higher education and the Black freedom struggle in the twentieth century will be discussed for some time. This book is a reminder that the Black freedom [End Page 385] movement challenged U.S. apartheid at all institutional levels. It also reminds us that predominantly white institutions of higher education were institutional guardians of apartheid in the postemancipation era. These reminders should hardly come as a surprise since historians such as Craig Steven Wilder have detailed the bloody economic investments in the buying and selling of enslaved people by both public and private institutions during the antebellum era. What Cole thoroughly documents is that the twentieth- century challenge to the ruling order was led by presidents of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) alongside the mobilization of student activists. Black college presidents did the behind-the-scenes negotiations that supported students, who used a variety of mobilizing tactics to demand social justice. Cole’s book expands the historiography on Black student activism found in Stefan M. Bradley’s Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Power in the Late 1960s (Urbana, 2009) and Upending the Ivory Tower: Civil Rights, Black Power and the Ivy League (New York, 2018) as well as in Jelani M. Favors’s Shelter in a Time of Storm: How Black Colleges Fostered a Generation of Leadership and Activism (Chapel Hill, 2019) and Donna Jean Murch’s Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California (Chapel Hill, 2010). Cole mines HBCU archives and the papers of both southern and northern university presidents. He describes how confining these jobs were, and he details the political pressures and bureaucratic limitations each president faced as they tried to open their campuses to racial integration or keep them closed after Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Cole illuminates that the presidents’ approaches varied from institution to institution, and that their priorities differed, in terms of keeping racial integration at bay or assuring that their urban locales remained class-bound white spaces. These presidents, including Black college presidents, also faced increased pressure from students as activists sought to expand democratic freedoms to benefit their communities. The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom is outstanding. My chief criticism is it does not explore the history of athletics enough. Black sports history and the history of athletics at HBCUs must be added to this research. Here Cole might have explored Derrick E. White’s Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Jake Gaither, Florida A&M, and the History of Black College Football (Chapel Hill, 2019) to tie athletics to the politics of the Black freedom movement. The period Cole covers in The Campus Color Line coincided with the rise of legendary athletes—Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Lew Alcindor), Jim Brown, Althea Gibson, Madeline Manning-Mims, Wilma Rudolph, Cazzie Russell, Bill Russell, and Wyomia Tyus. The most significant and ironic moment in the history of sports and racial integration came in 1970, when the University of Southern California (USC) destroyed the University of Alabama in a nationally televised football game led by freshman sensation Sam “Bam” Cunningham. The irony of that win was that USC...

One Night in Miami (2020)Blood Brothers: Malcolm X & Muhammad Ali (2021)Muhammad Ali

<i>One Night in Miami</i> (2020)<i>Blood Brothers: Malcolm X &amp; Muhammad Ali</i> (2021)<i>Muhammad Ali</i>

One Night in Miami, Regina King

Reviewed by: One Night in Miami by Regina King Omari L. Dyson (bio) Regina King (Director). (2020). One Night in Miami [Film]. ABKO Films. Regina King’s One Night in Miami is an adaption of Kemp Power’s 1993 screenplay of the same name (Thompson, 2020). King attempted to provide a vivid representation of a historical moment that allowed Jim Brown, Cassius Clay, Sam Cooke, and Malcolm X to converge for a meeting at the Hampton House Motel (Miami, Florida) on February 25, 1964. Before turning to the meeting, the film offers viewers a glimpse into a world where the practice of segregation and racial supremacy governed the lives of Black Americans, especially in the southern region of the US. To illustrate, Jim Brown (played by Aldis Hodge) stopped by the home of a White resident while visiting relatives in Georgia only to be called a nigger by the owner, after he graciously offered to help him move around some furniture. Sam Cooke (played by Leslie Odom, Jr.) was similarly humiliated when several White patrons ridiculed him while others walked out on his performance at the Copacabana. Unlike Brown, Clay, and Cooke, Malcolm X (played by Kingsley Ben-Adir) finds himself at odds as he contemplates a departure from the Nation of Islam, while recognizing that his decision will likely lead to grave consequences for his family’s livelihood. Although these characters’ struggles are strikingly different, their origins can be traced to racial injustice. The fight between Clay and Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship of the world was the impetus for bringing the four men together. The bout lasted all of seven rounds but was not without intrigue. At one point in the fight Clay found himself blinded, seemingly by a mysterious substance that had been applied to Liston’s gloves. Why this was not captured in the film is unclear, especially since this development was such an important part of the fight and is widely documented. Before Clay’s vision was temporarily impaired, he ran circles around the older and sluggish Liston, jabbing and counter-punching and eluding Liston’s ill-timed punches. Unable to land a solid single punch, Liston flustered and battered [End Page 141] failed to answer the bell for the 8th round. The crowd was beside itself. Brown, who was seated at ringside and who commented on the fight throughout, was ecstatic, leaping to his feet as Liston sat slumped on his stool, claiming an injured shoulder. Clay, 22, had done the unthinkable—defeating the once-thought unbeatable Liston—becoming (at the time) the second youngest heavyweight champion in boxing history. After the fight, the four proceeded to the Hampton House Motel in Overtown, the city’s predominantly African American community. Once inside, King provides viewers with a unique perspective that exposes the pain, love, and vulnerabilities that were/are commonly overlooked when seeing them in the outside world. Beyond this room, these men were forced to be warriors against oppression in their chosen fields of endeavor. However, in the context of this area, each man was able to allow their authentic selves to emerge as they hashed out their differences, positions, and strategies to the sociopolitical climate that continued to stifle the growth of many Blacks across the nation. As viewers witness the various exchanges and scuffles among the characters, they are bombarded by the realities and complexities that shaped the lives and identities of these characters. Whether it was religion, politics, economics, or entertainment, the underlying question that permeated the minds of each person was best articulated by Malcolm X when he asked, “how much do the oppressed have to do before they can be recognized as human beings?” (King, 2020). Although each of the characters believed they were fighting the fight the best way they knew how, he still believed that more should be done, “[there being] no room for us to be standing on the fence” (King, 2020). Malcolm’s growing frustration and sense of urgency is soon redirected as he takes aim at Cooke, who he believes is not living up to his potential as an artist and activist. In defense, Cooke believes that his approach is effective because...

Redemption in ’64: The Champion Cleveland Browns by John M. Harris

Reviewed by: Redemption in ’64: The Champion Cleveland Browns by John M. Harris Jack Patrick Redemption in ’64: The Champion Cleveland Browns. By John M. Harris. (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2018. 237 pp. Paper $20.95, ISBN 978-1-60635-343-1.) From a quick glance at the title, readers might assume that this book is merely [End Page 124] a nostalgic look at a successful season that serves to reacquaint Cleveland Browns fans with their proud past. In Redemption in ’64: The Champion Cleveland Browns, John M. Harris offers that and so much more. Harris provides insight into the formation of football’s dominant franchise in the decade following World War II, suggests reasons for its decline by the early 1960s, and explains the unlikely series of events that propelled the Browns back to the top of the football world. Having lost an NFL team when the Rams relocated to Los Angeles following the 1945 season, Cleveland was awarded a franchise for 1946 in the newly formed All-American Football Conference. In the most interesting section of this book, Harris describes how Paul Brown forged the franchise that bore his name. Already a legend from his success as coach at a Massillon, Ohio, high school and at Ohio State University, Brown built his squad primarily with Ohio and midwestern players. He assembled a coaching staff of men he had previously known in Ohio or at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center outside Chicago, where Brown had served as the football coach during the war. An accomplished organizer and innovator, Brown led the team to heights unprecedented in professional football over the next decade: four titles in the All-American Conference followed by three additional championships in the NFL, after the Browns were absorbed into the established league in 1950. Brown treated his players as a disciplined workforce who were expected to follow his instructions without complaint. Accordingly, he called all the plays during a game and ignored any input from the players. He also expected conformity off the field and released players who did not follow his rigid rules. The first generation of Browns players, nearly all war veterans, had accepted that restrictive work environment. But by the late 1950s and early 1960s, a fresh generation of players rebelled at Brown’s restrictions. Compounding the discontent was the failure to capture a conference championship after 1957 and the players’ feeling that Brown’s football schemes had become obsolete, predictable, and easily countered by their opponents. In 1961, a New York advertising executive, Arthur Modell, purchased the Browns and began a strained relationship with the legendary founder. Paul Brown disliked Modell’s appearances at practices and his tendency to associate with the players. Modell was sympathetic to the complaints of disgruntled Browns players, including star running back Jim Brown. After a frustrating 1962 season, Modell fired Paul Brown and replaced him with Blanton Collier. Harris portrays Collier as the driving force that orchestrated a renaissance for the troubled franchise. Collier had been Paul Brown’s key assistant from [End Page 125] the formation of the Browns until the conclusion of the 1954 season, when he had left to become the head coach at the University of Kentucky. He returned to the Browns as an assistant in 1962. During his first season as head coach in 1963, he quickly earned the respect of his players. He incorporated their suggestions into the game plans. He changed the offensive blocking schemes to conform to the talents of Jim Brown. Most significantly, he made Frank Ryan the starting quarterback. A journeyman who combined an NFL career with his pursuit of a doctorate in mathematics from Rice University, Ryan—under Collier’s stewardship—developed into a capable passer and gave the team a viable aerial attack to combine with Jim Brown’s rushing expertise. On December 27, 1964, a cold, windy day in the old stadium along the Lake Erie shore, the Browns defeated the heavily favored Baltimore Colts, 27–0, to earn their first league championship in nine years. Harris suggests that the championship season of 1964 provided “redemption” for four members of the Browns organization. Modell was vindicated for his controversial...

Tristes Tropique in Jacqueline Bishop's Patchwork Aesthetics

Tristes Tropique in Jacqueline Bishop's Patchwork Aesthetics

The Debate on Reparations before the Debate on Reparations at the National Black Economic Development Conference in Detroit, 1969

The Michigan Historical Review 46:2 (Fall 2020): 175-186©2020 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved The Debate on Reparations before the Debate on Reparations at the National Black Economic Development Conference in Detroit, 1969 By Keith Dye Recent studies on the African American demand for reparations continue to call attention to the significance of the Black Manifesto, the fire-brand statement produced in Detroit in the spring of 1969.1 Public understanding of this $500 million (later $3 billion) political-economic treatise from the National Black Economic Development Conference (NBEDC) was of a fluid document that challenged the American social conscience. However, preceding the disruptive presentation of the manifesto at church services throughout metropolitan Detroit and elsewhere, the economics of reparations was a point of disagreement among its supporters prior to, and during, conference sessions. Arguments revolved around the application of reparations to establish either a “Black Capitalist” economic system, a revolutionary socialist construction or, alternatively, a hybrid system somewhere in between. This internal conflict had to be reconciled before any call for reparations could emerge as a “tax” on white America. Revisiting this contentiousness affords a core understanding of its evolution overlooked by scholars. Eschewing discussion about the validity of reparations, this article argues that the debate over economic preferences by many of the 500 conference attendees was an historical milestone in the reparation movement, whose contemporary significance rests upon this divide between moderate and radical African Americans seeking to forge a consensus economic agenda. A steering committee for the NBEDC had by early 1969 secured a range of African American organizations and individuals committed to public discussion of the issue at the affair, scheduled for April 25-27. 1 Ana Lucia Araujo, Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transitional and Comparative History (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018), 144-51; Herb Boyd, Black Detroit: A People’s History of Self-Determination (New York: Harper Collins, 2017), 220-22; Brenda Gayle Plummer, In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 19561974 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 247-48. 176 The Michigan Historical Review Leading the way was the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO), but the diverse gathering would also include the post-riot New Detroit Inc., Urban Design and Development Group, League of Revolutionary Black Workers (LRBW), Republic of New Africa (RNA), Shrine of the Black Madonna, and other groups. Among noted individuals in attendance were Fannie Lou Hamer of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, civil rights activist Julian Bond, former football star Jim Brown, economist Robert S. Browne, RNA leaders and brothers Gaidi and Imari Obadele (formerly Milton and Richard Henry), local bookstore owner Edward Vaughn, and many others. Persons spearheading the effort were longtime activists James Forman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Reverend Lucius Walker of IFCO, Mike Hamlin and John Watson—both of the LRBW based in the city, Kenneth Cockrell Sr., Dan Aldridge, John Williams, Chuck Wooten, Renny Freeman, Luke Tripp, and other handson activists.2 The chance to direct initial start-up funds provided by IFCO and the National Council of Churches for African American economic development attracted individuals eager to include their personal organizations among those possibly to receive funding. A somewhat complicated cross-partnering of conflicting and comparable ideas distinguished the process from the start. This began when some individuals sought control over the conference debate to determine what should be the economic destiny of African Americans. To this effect a takeover was planned by persons associated with Forman, the key architect of the manifesto, including Walker, Hamlin, and Watson. This Forman/Walker faction intended to steer conference proceedings toward adoption of a socialist agenda that emphasized collectivism and equitable distribution of resources.3 In contrast to the Forman/Walker faction were persons preferring Black capitalism, the notion that the system of free markets, private enterprise and private property ownership could be adjusted to facilitate African American economic growth.4 This dichotomy represented a divide between contending ideologies, with Forman leading the way on behalf of the LRBW. SNCC members brought in from the South—along with Walker, who by then sympathized with Forman’s ideological orientation—were...

Dave Zirin, Jim Brown: Last Man Standing; Jesse Berrett, Pigskin Nation: How the NFL Remade American Politics; Rob Ruck, Tropic of Football: The Long and Perilous Journey of Samoans to the NFL.

Dave Zirin, Jim Brown: Last Man Standing; Jesse Berrett, Pigskin Nation: How the NFL Remade American Politics; Rob Ruck, Tropic of Football: The Long and Perilous Journey of Samoans to the NFL.

"A Law Abiding People": Alabama's 1901 Constitution and the Attempted Lynching of Jim Brown

"A Law Abiding People":Alabama's 1901 Constitution and the Attempted Lynching of Jim Brown James L. Baggett (bio) Dell garrett finished classes at spring lake college in Springville, Alabama, at about 3:00 in the afternoon on Tuesday, May 7, 1901. Garrett reported later that as she walked home she noticed Jim Brown, a local African American farmhand, following her along a wooded stretch of road. Garrett, who was white, said Brown caught up to her, forced her into the woods, raped her, and tried to drown her in a pond. As Garrett lay in the water semiconscious, Brown pulled off his old work shoes and threw them into the pond, put on a better pair of shoes, changed his clothing, and fled. Bruised and drenched, Garrett stumbled to the house where she lived with her parents and fainted just inside the front door. Her father alerted neighbors and notified the sheriff. The authorities sent telegrams to surrounding towns and several groups of local white men searched the woods around Springville throughout the night. If Jim Brown had been found, he would have surely been lynched because he was accused, and assumed guilty, of raping a white woman. Most lynchings [End Page 200] that occurred from the 1880s to the 1900s did not involve accusations of interracial sexual assault, but that is the crime most associated with lynching. And such accusations often sent white mobs into violent frenzies.1 While white mobs chased Jim Brown hoping to lynch him, other Alabama whites looked to end the practice. Many white southerners still viewed lynching as necessary to maintain white supremacy. An appalling number of whites considered lynching entertainment. But a vocal group of white political leaders, newspaper editors, and community leaders came to view lynching as a barbarous act that stained the reputation and honor of their states, drew the unwanted attention of the federal government, encouraged contempt for the law and the legal process, and chased away the cheap black laborers that white landowners and industrialists exploited. White leaders recognized that as they disfranchised blacks, white supremacy could be maintained without mob violence. This article will explore white opposition to lynching at the turn of the twentieth century, the efforts of Alabama's political leaders to prevent lynching though the mechanism of the 1901 state constitution, and case of Jim Brown and Dell Garrett. While the Brown case was not specifically discussed at the constitutional convention, it was covered extensively in Alabama's newspapers. It is likely that most delegates were aware of the case, and their debates show that they were aware of earlier lynchings and of lynchings that had been prevented. The Brown case, which unfolded on the ground as the convention was in session, provides a contemporaneous illustration of the debates going on inside and outside the convention. That debate among whites was only incidentally about [End Page 201] saving black lives, and not at all about how to prevent interracial rape; the debate was over how to maintain white supremacy without the ugly and degrading spectacle of mob murder. In the decade preceding Alabama's constitutional convention, African American activists kept the issue of lynching before the public. In 1893, crusading Memphis journalist Ida B. Wells published a series of anti-lynching editorials in the pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. In the pamphlet and later writings, Wells demonstrated that most southern lynchings did not involve charges of rape, but instead occurred to assert white racial control and retard black economic advancement. Organizations like the National Afro-American Council and the National Negro Business League denounced lynching and called on states and the federal government to prosecute lynchers. These efforts were reported in newspapers throughout the country, including in Alabama. In addition to such activism, some black communities fought back against mobs. In Cleveland, Mississippi, a "band of armed negroes" on horseback rode into the town and exchanged gunfire with a group of white men. The raid was assumed to be retaliation for a lynching that occurred earlier that night. Less than one year before the constitutional convention, on July 30, 1900, whites in Huntsville, Alabama, armed themselves with "a consignment...

The D Is Silent: Django Unchained and the African American West

Although director Quentin Tarantino has described Django Unchained as belonging to a “new, virgin-snow kind of genre,” the African American western is not new at all. Following Tarantino’s lead (his claim of striking out into virgin territory with Django), reviews of the film suggest a too ready willingness to attribute to a white screenwriter and director a generic innovation that African American writers and filmmakers have been creatively inventing and reinventing for centuries. As a post-spaghetti western, Django Unchained also extends and revises (but does not invent) a signal trope of the spaghetti western, the casting of African American actors—from Woody Strode to Jim Brown to Fred Williamson—in films with western plots. My presentation looks at Django Unchained not as something new but as an interesting variation on something old—the African American western—examining Tarantino’s contribution to a genre that has long been in existence. Only against the backdrop of that representational history can we fairly judge what Tarantino’s film does and does not accomplish.

President’s note to IBS members

editorial ISSN 1948-6596 President’s note to IBS members The international Biogeography is a young, vibrant, and growing society. Now in its second decade of life, the embryonic society held its inaugural meeting in Mesquite, Nevada, in January 2003, the outcome of an effort led by Jim Brown, Mark Lomolino and Dov Sax which also resulted in the publication Founda- tions of Biogeography (University of Chicago Press). Since that giddy time of its debut, the society has started to grow up, with meetings held every other year, and alternating between North America (Shepherdstown, WV, USA 2005; Yucatan, Mexico 2007; Miami, FL, USA 2013) and Europe (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2007; Crete, Greece 2011; Bayreuth, Germany 2015). I am only the seventh President of the society, following a celebrity line-up starting with Jim Brown, and followed by Mark Lo- molino, Brett Riddle, Vicki Funk, Rob Whittaker, and Larry Heaney. As the society has increased its follow- ing and importance, and as we approach the seventh biennial conference, we now have the challenge of how best to manage our growth, specifically how to reach our international audiences, how to encompass the breadth of the discipline of biogeography, and how to make ourselves more relevant to applied ar- eas of global change and policy. One important element that is universally val- ued by our members is the intimacy of our society and conferences – being able to discuss issues with our peers, including both leaders in the field as well as eager students, in an informal and friendly setting. As we grow, our ability to foster such interactions has become increasingly challenging, yet we have held this as a high priority through all of our discussions on future planning. In terms of our geographic scope, a key ques- tion has been: how do we become more interna- tional? We know that scientific endeavors are often removed from the biodiversity action. For example, while >90% of the world’s major universities are in temperate areas, 80% of biodiversity is in the tropics; we all need to work towards building local capacity. To develop a globally informed understanding of biodi- versity, the society has initiated small, more focused, satellite workshops and meetings, the first held in Ox- ford, England, September 2012, and more recently in Montreal, Canada, November 2013, and Canberra, Australia, January 2014. We plan another next year in Beijing, China, and are investigating additional loca- tions responding to needs of members, and emerging topics. One clear benefit of these workshops is the informality that is so fundamental to rewarding inter- actions. Other avenues we are exploring to enhance our global reach are to include an expanded, dynamic, and more globally accessible web site with direct links to research tools, new media for communication with younger students and researchers, and online access to presentations from meetings. A second major issue is our conceptual reach and relevance. The conceptual diversity of the field of biogeography is enormous, including basic sciences (historical biogeography, macroecology, physiological biogeography, remote sensing, paleobiogeography, ecoinformatics, etc.) but also social sciences (linguistics, cultural biogeography, etc.), and applied disciplines (global change biology, invasion biogeogra- phy, disease ecology, environmental health, etc.). Though the society has developed with a focus on the basic sciences, there is an increasing necessity for rele- vance, especially in developing countries. One possible avenue here is to partner with other societies through occasional joint meetings, so as to bring biogeography into the spotlight in fields such as Conservation Biol- ogy, Remote Sensing, etc. We are also looking for ways to enhance our relevance and accessibility to groups interested in policy and management. Being still a very young society, the coffers of IBS are not exactly vast! We continue to be limited in our ability to support student travel and to initiate society-led activities and we must be cautious with the vicissitudes of holding workshops and confer- ences, while also exploring the potential of these for budgetary augmentation. However, there is one im- portant things we do have - a very active, keen, and hard-working board. But to achieve our goals of be- coming more global in scope, and conceptually di- verse and relevant, we now need more. For this, we will be seeking input from you, our members. We plan to open additional roles and positions within the society and will solicit nominations and input. I look forward to our discussions in Bayreuth. Rosemary Gillespie IBS President frontiers of biogeography 6.4, 2014 — © 2014 the authors; journal compilation © 2014 The International Biogeography Society

Three English Cloth Towns and the Royal African Company

Journal of The Historical SocietyVolume 13, Issue 4 p. 421-447 Original Article Three English Cloth Towns and the Royal African Company Matthew David Mitchell, Matthew David MitchellSearch for more papers by this author Matthew David Mitchell, Matthew David MitchellSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 November 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/jhis.12027Citations: 3 I would like to acknowledge the gracious assistance of Peter Coclanis and Scott Hovey as editors of The Journal of the Historical Society along with the anonymous reviewers, whose perceptive responses to the various drafts of this article constantly challenged me to revisit and improve my argument. Thanks also to Terry McIntosh, John Wood Sweet, Benjamin Waterhouse, and Lisa Lindsay at the University of North Carolina Department of History; Margo Todd, Antonio Feros, Lynn Hollen Lees, and Kathleen Brown at the University of Pennsylvania Department of History; the staffs of The National Archives (UK) and of the Worcestershire Public Record Office, and the Legat, Fraser, and Cellan-Jones families in London. Ron and Lesley Hines, Bryan and Nicollette Neville-Lee, and Jim Brown helped make my research stint in Worcestershire an enjoyable one while the local history community in Kidderminster proved very welcoming and generous with their knowledge, particularly Don Gilbert, Nigel Gilbert, and Melvyn Thompson, who organized an opportunity for me to present a version of this paper at Kidderminster Town Hall, February 15, 2011. The Pacific Coast Conference on British Studies also hosted a presentation of this research at its annual meeting in Seattle, Washington, March 12, 2011. Last but never least I mention my debt of gratitude to my parents, David and Janet Mitchell; my wife, Elizabeth Leffler-Mitchell, and our children, Malkelm, Maxwell, and Emmelia. * All dates are given Old Style according to the calendar then in use in Britain, but the year is taken as beginning on January 1 rather than March 25. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume13, Issue4December 2013Pages 421-447 RelatedInformation

Chronicling the Saga of 25 Years of International Society of Franchising

This lead‐in to the Special Issue of Journal of Small Business Management based on the 25th International Society of Franchising's Annual Conference held at Boston in 2011, seeks to accomplish three goals. First, we provide a three‐part historical account of the evolution of this society founded in 1986 as narrated by Jim Brown (for the 1980s decade), Bob Robicheaux (for the 1990–2000 decade), and Gérard Cliquet (for the 2001–2011 years). Second, we reminisce and recognize various notable award winners and leaders of the International Society of Franchising (ISoF) over the past 25 conferences. We must note at the very outset that ISoF has been shaped and molded by the intellectual contributions of hundreds of scholars over the past quarter century. Space limitations prohibit us from recognizing each and every member individually, but omissions should not be construed as lack of recognition of the importance of those contributions. Finally, we present short synopses of the five papers included in this Special Issue.

From the society: Going Once, Going Twice, Sold - It's Auction Time at the IBS Miami Meeting

membership corner ISSN 1948‐6596 from the society Going once, going twice, sold – it’s auction time at the IBS Miami meeting Do you want to help IBS raise funds for students to get to future meetings? Do you want to im‐ prove funding for the IBS journal Frontiers of Bio‐ geography? Do you want to provide memberships for biogeographers from developing countries? Well then look no further. The IBS will be hosting an auction at the upcoming 6th International Bio‐ geography Society conference at Florida Interna‐ tional University in Miami in January 2013 and we need your help with getting it stocked with good‐ ies. The auction festivities will be hosted by IBS’ finest auctioneers and will take place during the beach party – of course after the alcohol has been served. So what are we looking for? We’re looking for you to bring new or used books, cool posters, useful field gear/clothing, software or anything else you think anyone might bid for, when you come to the meeting. And if you’re not interested in playing it straight, get creative – gag items sell as well as serious ones. Do you have Ed Wilson’s field magnifier that you borrowed and forgot to return? Bring it! Alfred Russel Wallace’s field boots in the back of your closet? Bring them! Charles Smith, we’re looking at you for that one. Do you have Jim Brown’s very first live trap for kangaroo rats? Bring it! Or do you have one of Rob Whittaker’s fanny packs (bum bags, for those not familiar with the peculiarities of American English) sitting around collecting dust? Well you’d better bring that because we know how functional they are! And finally, for the greatest gag gift of all, make sure to bring copies of the books that you’ve published! Most importantly, don’t forget to bring your wallet and a willingness to help out by bidding up the price on these useful and useless objects. Every purchase you make will go straight to the IBS, helping us achieve our goals. If you’ve got something in mind that you’re thinking of bring‐ ing, please feel free to send us an email at ibsauc‐ tion2013@gmail.com or just bring it to Miami. Lawrence R. Heaney IBS President. lheaney@fieldmuseum.org. Did you know that any member of the IBS may raise an issue or appeal a decision of the gover‐ ning Board of Directors by placing a matter before the Board of Directors for discussion? If there is a matter you would like discussed at the next Board meeting, write to the society's Secretary (check current list of officers at http://www.biogeography.org/). frontiers of biogeography 4.2, 2012 — © 2012 the authors; journal compilation © 2012 The International Biogeography Society

Jim Brown: From Integration to Resegregation in The Dirty Dozen and 100 Rifles

The Dirty Dozen and 100 Rifles marked the beginning and the beginning of the end of Jim Brown's Hollywood stardom. Brown's powerful persona pushed and quickly exceeded the limits of Hollywood's representation of black masculinity, thus precipitating and necessitating blaxploitation.

American Roots Music. Jim Brown, director. A Ginger Group Production. PalmDVD 3039-2/2, 2001.

<i>American Roots Music</i>. Jim Brown, director. A Ginger Group Production. PalmDVD 3039-2/2, 2001.

The Stem Family in Eurasian Perspective. Revisiting House Societies, 17th–20th Centuries

Contents: Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux/Emiko Ochiai: Introduction - Richard Wall: Ideology and Reality of the Stem Family in the Writings of Frederic Le Play - Jurgen Schlumbohm: Strong Myths and Flexible Practices: House and Stem Family in Germany - Josef Ehmer: House and the Stem Family in Austria - Jim Brown: The Stem Family in Lower Austria, 1788-1848: Demographic and Economic Constraints - Solvi Sogner: The Norwegian Stem Family: Myth or Reality? - Beatrice Moring: Land, Inheritance and the Finnish Stem Family - Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux: The Stem Family and the Picardy-Wallonia Model - Karl Kaser: The Stem Family in Eastern Europe: Cross-Cultural and Trans-Temporal Perspectives - Chiyo Yonemura/Mary Louise Nagata: Continuity, Solidarity, Family and Enterprise: What is an Ie? - Emiko Ochiai: Two Types of Stem Household System in Japan: the Ie in Global Perspective - Satomi Kurosu: Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage in a Stem-Family System: Women in Two Northeastern Japanese Villages, 1716-1870 - Hideki Nakazato: Transitions in Living Arrangements over the Life Course: Aging in a Rural Village in Japan, 1716-1869 - Mary Louise Nagata: Name Changing Patterns and the Stem Family in Early Modern Japan: Shimomoriya - Hanhee Hahm: Stem Family in Korea: Old and New - Paik Sungjong: Strategies of Survival: Variability of Family Structure in Toksu Village on Cheju Island, Korea from 1804 to 1809 - Khuat Thu Hong: Stem Family in Vietnam - Bhassorn Limanonda: An Empirical Analysis on the Stem Family: a Case Study of Thailand - Michel Cartier: Three Generation Families in Contemporary China: the Emergence of the Stem Family? - Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux: Family Reproduction and Stem-Family System: from Pyrenean Valleys to Norwegian Farms - Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux: A Comparative Study of Family Transmission Systems in the Central Pyrenees and Northeastern Japan.

Fostering Dr. Harry Edwards' Legacy

The role of the Black athlete within the Black community has taken a distinct change of direction over the past few decades. From the highlighted presence of Jim Brown, Muhammad Ali, and Jackie Robinson, the Black athlete historically was an integral part of advancing the community, addressing political agendas, learning and outreach. Black athletes had a visible presence in, and were considered leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. This festschrift of Dr. Harry Edwards' scholarly classics will explore the conflicts of Black athletes that grow up in predominately Black communities and are recruited from them to play at predominately white institutions. A review of three of his major works will be analyzed and revisited. The reallocation of their resources critical to the perseverance of Black communities will be explored. Future implications and recommendations will be offered to offset the stated crisis.