Jiangsu Coastal Area Research Articles

Characteristics of sea breezes over the Jiangsu coastal area, China

ABSTRACTThe synoptic circulation patterns during sea breeze events for the period March 2010 to February 2011 in the coastal region of the Jiangsu Province are investigated using the Lamb–Jenkinson circulation classification method for National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. The results show that the undefined flow type (UD), the rotational flow types of anticyclones (A)/cyclones (C), the directional flow types of southeast (SE)/southwest (SW) and the hybrid flow type CSW (combining the C and SW patterns) are conducive to the development of sea breeze circulation in the coastal region of the Jiangsu Province and together account for 84.3% of the circulation types in the year 2010. The wind observation data collected at a height of 70 m over the Nantong wind tower operated by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and located on the coast of Jiangsu are also analysed. The statistical characteristics of sea breeze circulation in the coastal area of Jiangsu are: (1) sea breeze circulation occurs most often in the summer (June–August) with a frequency of 52.8% and is rarely observed from November to January; (2) sea breeze circulation usually occurs 5–6 h after sunrise and lasts until 2–3 h after sunset, and the duration of sea breeze circulation has a maximum value of approximately 11 h in February; (3) the seasonal variation of sea breeze strength is small, with the monthly average wind speed about 3 m s−1; and (4) in 2010, the daily average hodograph in the Nantong station during the sea breeze days exhibits an expected clockwise rotation.

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Lipophilic Marine Toxins in Commercial Clam Species along the Coast of Jiangsu, China.

Recent studies have examined lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in shellfish and toxic algae worldwide, but the occurrence and seasonal variations of LMTs in commercial clams (including Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Meretrix meretrix, and Cyclina sinensis) at their major culturing area in Jiangsu, China, remain largely unexplored. In this study, a new solid phase extraction (SPE) in combination with an ultra-fast liquid chromatography and triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UFLC-TQ-MS) method was developed to determine the presence of 10 typical LMTs (okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxins (YTXs), azaspiracids (AZA1-3), pectenotoxins (PTX2), gymnodimine (GYM), dinophysistoxins (DTX1&2), and spirolides (SPX1)) in the aforementioned four clam matrices. After confirmation of its sensitivity and precision, this method was used to evaluate the amounts of LMTs in clam samples harvested in five aquaculture zones of the Jiangsu coastal area. Monthly variations of GYM, PTX2, OA, and DTX1&2 in 400 clam samples from the sample areas were determined from January 2014 through August 2015. Peak values were observed during May and August. This is the first systematic report of LMTs detected in clam samples harvested in Jiangsu. Follow-up research and the implementation of protective measures are needed to ensure the safety of clams harvested in this area.

Quantitative Assessment of the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) in the Coastal Areas of Jiangsu, China

Global increases in population and consumption have raised concerns regarding the sustainability of the current and future use of natural resources. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) provides a useful measure for determining human-derived alterations in the amount of biomass that is available in ecosystems each year. HANPP was calculated based on vegetation modelling, agricultural statistics, and remote sensing data on land use and land cover to assess the human impacts on ecosystems in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, China. The results showed that HANPP increased from 332 g·C/m2/year in 2000 to 442 g·C/m2/year in 2010, with an average annual increase of 2.9%. The proportion of appropriated net primary production increased from 50.3% to 71.0% of NPPpot, mainly driven by HANPPharv (harvested NPP) with an increase from 45.2% to 61.3% of NPPpot. Additionally, the spatial variation in average HANPP was striking among counties in the observed period with the lowest and highest values of 21.8% and 63.8% of NPPpot, respectively. Further analysis showed that observed levels of HANPP are high due to a high level of biomass harvest from cropland and the increases in fertilizer use, farmland irrigation rate and population and economic growth explain the trends in HANPP in the coastal areas of Jiangsu.

Propagation mechanisms of incident tsunami wave in Jiangsu coastal area, caused by eastern Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011

At 13:46 on March 11, 2011 (Beijing time), an earthquake of Mw=9.0 occurred in Japan. By comparing the tsunami data from Guanhekou marine station with other tsunami wave observation gathered from southeast coastal area of China, it was evident that, only in Guanhekou, the position of the maximum wave height appeared in the middle part rather than in the front of the tsunami wave train. A numerical model of tsunami propagation based on 2-D nonlinear shallow water equations was built to study the impact range and main causes of the special tsunami waveform discovered in Jiangsu coastal area. The results showed that nearly three-quarters of the Jiangsu coastal area, mainly comprised the part north of the radial sand ridges, reached its maximum tsunami wave height in the middle part of the wave train. The main cause of the special waveform was the special underwater topography condition of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea area, which influenced the tsunami propagation and waveform significantly. Although land boundary reflection brought an effect on the position of the maximum wave height to a certain extent, as the limits of the incident waveform and distances between the observation points and shore, it was not the dominant influence factor of the special waveform. Coriolis force’s impact on the tsunami waves was so weak that it was not the main cause for the special phenomenon in Jiangsu coastal area. The study reminds us that the most destructive wave might not appear in the first one in tsunami wave train.

Quality assessment of ZiYuan-3 multispectral and panchromatic images fusion: applied in Jiangsu coastal wetland area, China

The new launched ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3) satellite with multispectral (MS) bands and a panchromatic (PAN) band has presented a new opportunity to assess image fusion methods for coastal wetland mapping. This study focuses on image fusion quality assessment through both quantitative spectral and spatial quality analysis and object-oriented classification comparison. Various methods for pan-sharpening ZY-3 MS and PAN bands are tested, including generalized intensity-hue-saturation transform (GIHS), a trous wavelet transform (AWT), nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), and a combination of NSCT with GIHS (NSCT_GIHS). Spectral fidelity and spatial preservation of fused bands are compared with the original MS bands as reference, and spatial information injections of fused bands are compared with the resampled PAN band as reference. The fusion results demonstrate that, on average, the NSCT_GIHS method has the best performance on spectral fidelity and spatial preservation as well as spatial information injection. The near-infrared (NIR) band has the best spatial information injection in terms of entropy and cross-entropy indices, whereas the NIR band has the best spatial preservation in terms of entropy and structure similarity indices. The classification results show that NSCT_GIHS method also obtains the highest overall accuracy (96%) and Kappa coefficient (0.9425); this is in agreement with the quantitative analysis.

Analysis of Jiangsu tidal flats reclamation from 1974 to 2012 using remote sensing

Jiangsu has the most abundant tidal flat resources among China’s coastal provinces. To ease the conflict between the growing population and shrinking usable land and to promote regional sustainable development, large-scale coastal reclamation development activities have been performed in Jiangsu Province since 1949. The present study has integrated multi-source remote sensing images during 1974 to 2012 by using a Multi-point Fast Marching Method (MFMM) to extract the Jiangsu coastal reclamation areas for different time periods. The temporal and spatial patterns of the extent and elevation of the reclamation areas were analysed in order to determine the unused potential for future reclamation. It will provide information necessary to support the development and construction of tidal flats in Jiangsu. Results show that: (1) the reclaimed tidal flats along the Jiangsu coast cover more than 19.86×104 hm2, of which 13.97×104 hm2 is located in Yancheng, 4.84×104 hm2 in Nantong, and 1.05×104 hm2 in Lianyungang; (2) the average elevation of the reclaimed Jiangsu tidal flats has gradually decreased over the last 40 years, while those in Dongtai and Rudong have showed particularly accelerated decrease since the 1990s; and (3) in 2012, very few unused tidal flats two meters above the sea level are left along the Jiangsu coast, and mainly concentrated in Yancheng. As there are still reserving some coastal land resources between 0–2 m, providing us with a potential for future development. All of these findings may be useful for researchers and local authorities for the development and utilization of tidal flat resources in Jiangsu.

A preliminary investigation of rogue waves off the Jiangsu coast, China

Abstract. Due to the potential disasters induced by rogue waves, research in this field has increased rapidly in the last 2 decades. However, there are still a lot of open questions left, including some classic ones, such as whether the rogues waves are just rare events or not. One of the key reasons is that not enough of the observed rogue waves have been investigated. China has a wide sea area, but none of the research has addressed the observed rogue waves. In the present study, 1 year of observed wave data from Jiangsu coastal area, China, are analyzed. It is found that rogue waves are present, although the wave heights are not very large; furthermore, the probability of their occurrence is similar to the Rayleigh distribution prediction, due to the local silty coastal topography. The characteristics of rouge waves are investigated and the results indicate that a new type of rogue wave may exist.

Integrated ecosystem health assessment based on eco-exergy theory: A case study of the Jiangsu coastal area

The main objective of ecosystem health management is to preserve the capacity of ecosystems to respond to disturbances and future changes. We proposed a set of ecological indicators for coastal ecosystem health assessment using physical stressors such as total suspended matter, chemical stressors including nutrients and heavy metal pollutants, community structure metrics including species richness, diversity and evenness, and ecosystem level eco-exergy indicators. The results of our case study indicate that the health status of the Jiangsu coastal ecosystem is limited by environmental stressors and factors that affect the community species diversity. The health status of nektonic and benthic communities is reflected by water quality and sediment physicochemical properties, respectively. The results of our case study demonstrate that the integrated ecological health indicator system can provide a comprehensive assessment that corresponds with the current health of coastal ecosystems and a reliable theoretical basis for regional coastal management.

The Agglomeration Effect of Chinese Wind Power Industry and Empirical Study

Wind power industry development is one focus of clean energy. From the perspective of industrial agglomeration effect, this paper studied the development of Chinese wind power industry chain. The location quotient (LQ) was used to research the wind power industry agglomeration in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Jiangsu coastal areas, and it proves that wind power industry agglomeration is existented in the four regions. The concentration ratio (CR) was used to research the market concertration in these regions, and it proves that the different industial agglomeration degree may lead to different characteristics of wind power industry. The result is that we should connect wind power industry chains in China to promote national industrial development, like the power transmission from west to east.

Genius Loci Oriented Tidal Flats Landscape Planning and Design

Vast tidal flats in Jiangsu coastal areas boast bright prospects for development. Developing and exploiting tidal flats in a scientific and efficient manner will help promote the sustainable development of the environment. In conformity with the requirement of modern tidal flats landscape design, the paper discusses the significance of genius loci and explores the interactions among humans, nature and place to realize sound interaction between humans and nature on both physical and spiritual level and enable space user to develop a sense of belonging to the place that can truly become humane environment desired by humans and fully realize the essential value of genius loci.

Hydrological and Sediment Characteristics of Sand Ridge Field in Jiangsu Coastal Area of China

The sand ridges field in Jiangsu coastal area has been the key region of tidal flat reclamation, waterway regulation and port construction. Adopting the hydrological and sediment data in winter, the tidal patterns were revealed. In addition, the depth-averaged velocity, sediment grain size and sediment concentration in each station were analyzed and compared in detail. The result shows that the tidal in study area is regular semidiurnal and diurnal inequality. The velocity has a decreasing tendency with the Tiaozini water area being centered towards the surrounding areas. The grain size gradually decreases and then increases from north to south, while the sediment concentration gradually increases and then decreases from north to south.

Application of Rouse Equation in Coastal Engineering

The method to analysis the applicability of Rouse equation in Jiangsu coastal engineering is presented in this paper. The hydrological and sediment data in northern Jiangsu coastal area in August 2006 were adopted. Figure of sediment concentration changing with the relative water depth were made and analyzed. The result shows that the vertical profile of sediment concentration is similar with that under the conditions of equilibrium sediment transport in two-dimensional constant flow (exponential distribution). It can be concluded that the Rouse equation can be applied in the northern Jiangsu coastal engineering. In addition, the Rouse number and settling velocity are calculated in this paper.

SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRIOPLANKTON IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF JIANGSU

Viruses are recognized as ubiquitous and numerically abundant components of marine ecosystems.To study the spatiotemporal distribution and seasonal variation of virioplankton and bacterioplankton,the relationship among virioplankton,bacterioplankton and Chl-a in the coastal waters of Jiangsu,four cruises of oceanographic survey were conducted in July and December,2006 and April and October 2007.Virioplankton and bacterioplankton were stained with SYBR Green I and analysised by epifluorescence microscopy,and Chl-a was analysised by TD-700 fluorescence analyser.The highest virioplankton abundance was 47.90×106/mL occurred along shoal of north of Jiangsu,the lowest was 0.03×106/mL occurred in Lusi waters,and the highest value was more 1000 times than the lowest.The average abundance of virioplankton was the highest in winter,higher in summer,and the lowest in spring and autumn.Horizontal distribution showed the virioplankton abundance was higher in the central section of coastal of Jiangsu than in two sides.Meanwhile,it got decreasing along the vertical shore direction.Vertical distribution also showed temporal variations,and there were higher abundance in surface water than in bottom in spring,summer and autumn.The virus-bacteria abundance ratio(VBR) was 0.30—180.08,on average was 18.35,the highest VBR occurred in winter,and the lowest in spring.Seasonally,the average VBR was summer(28.82) winter(20.41) autumn(12.89) spring(11.26).VBR was explained the relationship between viruses and prokaryote cells(bacteria).The coefficient between VBR and bacterioplankton was negative correlation,and the correlation coefficient was –0.19,–0.42 and –0.39(P0.05) in spring,summer and autumn.However,there was no clear correlation in winter.Otherwise,the correlation between VBR and bacterioplankton could not be indicator as hosts bacterial diversity in Jiangsu coastal area,although it was believed to be common in open sea.Strong relationship existed between virioplankton and Chl-a,virioplankton and bacterioplankton in spring,and the correlation coefficient was 0.79 and 0.74(P0.01),respectively,and only obvious correlation between virioplankton and bacterioplankton occurred in autumn,the correlation coefficient was 0.79(P0.01).However,there were no marked correlation in summer and winter among them.These results implied that there were different hosts for marine viruses to infect,and the virus-bacteria population dynamics seemed to be complex in different seasons.In one word,the results suggested that marine viruses were import components in the coastal waters of Jiangsu.

Palaeogeographic evolution of the Nazaré-Salgado coastal zone (Portugal) during the Holocene

A detailed analysis of the Chirp (2–7 kHz) profiles, core sediments and 14C ages from an isolated mound and adjacent area in the southern Yellow Sea off the Jiangsu coastal area reveals a highly complex development of transgressive and highstand deposits during the last postglacial sea-level rise. In water depths of 50–60 m, the terrace consists of thin transgressive sediments directly above transgressive surface. The isolated mound (40.7 km long and 29.6 km wide) occurs above 40–50 m in water depth, and is detached from the Jiangsu and East China Sea tidal sand ridges. It comprises the SSE-ward prograding sandy unit (PU) and the overlying muddy flank unit (FU) at the outer margin. The terrace with thin transgressive sediments was most likely formed when sea level rose rapidly from −58 to −45 m around about 11.6 ka. As rate of sea-level rise was attenuated from −45 to −36 m between ca. 11.6 and 9.6 ka, the nearly flat lower boundary of the PU was produced at water depths of 37–42 m by a ravinement process. Subsequent rapid sea-level rise from −36 to −16 m between ca. 9.6 and 9.1 ka created accommodation for deposition of the PU. Sea-level rise stagnated from −16 to −10 m between ca. 9.1 and 7.5 ka during which the Huanghe River apparently shifted south of the Shandong Peninsula and discharged directly into the western Yellow Sea. The combination of slow sea-level rise and sediment supply from the early Holocene Huanghe delta by the southward-flowing coastal currents most likely favoured the formation of the SSE-ward prograding transgressive sandy PU. The highstand muddy FU overlying the PU was accumulated after ca. 7.5 when sea level approached its present position and the Huanghe River shifted back to the north. Development of transgressive and highstand deposits in the study area during the last postglacial sea-level rise was highly variable in time and space in response to changes in rate of sea-level rise together with variations in sediment supply caused by the shifting of the Huanghe River.

Characteristics of pollutant sources and control measures in Guanhe River Basin, Jiangsu Province

基于2008年江苏省沿海地区灌河流域各城市污染源统计及调查数据,分析灌河流域主要污染物来源构成和污染特征,对污染物入河量进行计算及修正.结果表明:灌河的COD_Mn入河总量为36944.2 t/a,氨氮入河总量为4366.5 t/a,总氮和总磷入河总量分别为6507.4 t/a、444.6 t/a,各污染源均主要来源于农业污染.同时,针对灌河流域的污染特征,明确各类污染源的治理重点,提出了污染控制对策,为有效保护灌河水环境质量,支撑灌河口和灌河沿线的开发提供依据.;Based on municipal pollutant sources data of Jiangsu coastal area in 2008, the main pollutant source composition and pollution characteristics of Guanhe River, the total amount of pollutants into the river was calculated and corrected. Results showed that the total input amount of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus to Guanhe River was 36944.2, 4366.5, 6507.4 and 444.6 t/a, respectively, all of which were mostly originated from agricultural pollution. According to the pollution characteristics of Guanhe River, various pollution sources were clarified. Therefore we put forward countermeasures to control the pollution, which provide a foundation for effectively protecting the Guanhe River water quality and supporting the development of the region.

Numerical Simulation of Wind Energy Characteristics in Jiangsu Coastal Area

In order to explore the surface layer wind energy characteristics in Jiangsu coastal area, MM5 model and CALMET model and wind observations data are used in this paper. The comparison of simulated wind speed and observed wind speed shows that the MM5 and CALMET model can well simulate wind resource distribution and the simulated result is well agreed with observation. The results show that (1) Wind Resource in coastal area is more abundant than other area in Jiangsu Province;(2) Wind speed and wind power density in winter and spring are higher than that in summer and autumn;(3) predominant wind direction is NNW-N and SE-SSE.

Study on the seasonal dynamics of zonal vegetation of NDVI/EVI of costal zonal vegetation based on MODIS data: A case study of Spartina alterniflora salt marsh on Jiangsu Coast, China

The temporal and spatial variation of vegetation index is a hot issue in global change research currently.Spartina alterniflora salt marsh in Jiangsu coastal areas is taken as an example in this study, MODIS data is used to research NDVI/EVI seasonal variation laws of coastal zonal vegetation. The results show that the major phenological periods of S. alterniflora, such as turning green (seedling emergence), heading and seed maturity, could be well reflected with VI curves. This study provides basic data for monitoring expansion trend of S. alterniflora salt marsh, strengthening management, drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages, as well as supplying references for monitoring of other zonal vegetation in coastal areas. Key words: Spartina alterniflora, seasonal dynamics, zonal vegetation.

Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone

Using satellite images taken on different dates, GIS analysis of aerial photos, bathymetric maps and other field survey data, tidal troughs and major sand ridges in the northern Jiangsu coastal area were contrasted. The results show that there have been three types of movement or migration of tidal trough in this area: (1) Periodic and restricted, this type of trough usually developed along the beaches with immobile gully head as a result of the artificial dams and the swing range increased from gully head to the low reaches, so they have been obviously impacted by human activity and have longer swing periods; (2) Periodic and actively, this kind of trough, which swung with a fast rate and moved periodically on sand ridges, were mainly controlled by the swings of the host tidal troughs and hydrodynamic forces upon tidal sand ridge and influenced slightly by human constructions; (3) Steadily and slowly, they are the main tidal troughs with large scale and a steady orientation in this area and have slow lateral movement. The differences in migration mode of tidal trough shift result in different rates of migration and impact upon tidal sand ridges. Lateral accumulation on current tidal trough and deposition on abandoned tidal troughs are the two types of sedimentation of the tidal sand ridges formation. The whole radial sand ridge was generally prone to division and retreat although sand ridges fluctuated by the analysis of changes in talwegs of tidal troughs and shorelines of sand ridges.

Depositional development of an isolated mound and adjacent area in the southern Yellow Sea during the last postglacial sea-level rise

A detailed analysis of the Chirp (2–7 kHz) profiles, core sediments and 14C ages from an isolated mound and adjacent area in the southern Yellow Sea off the Jiangsu coastal area reveals a highly complex development of transgressive and highstand deposits during the last postglacial sea-level rise. In water depths of 50–60 m, the terrace consists of thin transgressive sediments directly above transgressive surface. The isolated mound (40.7 km long and 29.6 km wide) occurs above 40–50 m in water depth, and is detached from the Jiangsu and East China Sea tidal sand ridges. It comprises the SSE-ward prograding sandy unit (PU) and the overlying muddy flank unit (FU) at the outer margin. The terrace with thin transgressive sediments was most likely formed when sea level rose rapidly from −58 to −45 m around about 11.6 ka. As rate of sea-level rise was attenuated from −45 to −36 m between ca. 11.6 and 9.6 ka, the nearly flat lower boundary of the PU was produced at water depths of 37–42 m by a ravinement process. Subsequent rapid sea-level rise from −36 to −16 m between ca. 9.6 and 9.1 ka created accommodation for deposition of the PU. Sea-level rise stagnated from −16 to −10 m between ca. 9.1 and 7.5 ka during which the Huanghe River apparently shifted south of the Shandong Peninsula and discharged directly into the western Yellow Sea. The combination of slow sea-level rise and sediment supply from the early Holocene Huanghe delta by the southward-flowing coastal currents most likely favoured the formation of the SSE-ward prograding transgressive sandy PU. The highstand muddy FU overlying the PU was accumulated after ca. 7.5 when sea level approached its present position and the Huanghe River shifted back to the north. Development of transgressive and highstand deposits in the study area during the last postglacial sea-level rise was highly variable in time and space in response to changes in rate of sea-level rise together with variations in sediment supply caused by the shifting of the Huanghe River.

Spatial distribution features and environment effect of heavy metal in intertidal surface sediments of Guanhe estuary, Northern Jiangsu Province

In northern Jiangsu coastal zone area, Guanhe River is the biggest river and has the best navigation conditions among rivers which flow into the Yellow Sea. The grain sizes show gradual increase from the high intertidal zone to lower intertidal zone. The heavy metal values have slight changes along both sides of the river mouth, but show an evident change perpendicular to the tidal flat. In the latter case, they show a good correlation with grain size fluctuation, that is, the heavy metal values gradually decline when the grain size increases from the high intertidal zone to the lower intra-tidal zone. Analyses of the heavy metal elements show that on the Guanhe estuary surface sediment, the content of the elements Hg, As and Cu is above background values; Pb and Zn contents are rather close to the background values; and Cd content is less than the background values. The element Hg comes out to be harmful in a medium level to ecological environment, while the elements of Cr, As, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd fall in a safe range of MPL. On the whole, Guanhe estuary tidal flat is not very harmful to the ecology in terms of the heavy metals.