Jian Carp Research Articles

Effects of dietary methionine hydroxy analogue supplement on growth, protein deposition and intestinal enzymes activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 900 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.24 ± 0.03 g) were fed practical diets containing graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) (0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7 and 15.3 g kg⁻¹ diet) for 60 days to investigate the effects of MHA on growth, protein deposition and intestinal enzymes activities. Per cent weight gain (PWG) significantly increased with increasing levels of MHA up to a point (P < 0.05), and thereafter declined. Feed efficiency was the highest when MHA level was at 5.1 g kg⁻¹ diet. Feed intake (FI) significantly enhanced with dietary MHA level up to a point (P < 0.05), beyond which it plateaued. Patterns of differences in protein production value, lipid production value, intestosomatic index, folds height, lipase, chymotrypsin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, creatinekinase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase activities were the same as that in PWG, whereas the trend of plasma ammonia content was opposite. Hepatopancreas protein content, trypsin and amylase activities followed the same trend as that of FI. The optimal supplemental level of MHA for fish meal and miscellaneous meals-based diet (6.9 g methionine kg⁻¹ diet) for PWG was 8.2 g kg⁻¹ diet by the quadratic regression analysis.

Growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary zinc

A 6-week trial was carried out with 900 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to investigate the effects of dietary zinc on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities. Diets supplemented with increasing levels (15.3, 26.9, 40.8, 58.2, 68.9 and 92.5 mg Zn kg−1) of zinc lactate were fed to Jian carp (mean initial weight 15.7 ± 0.01 g). Results indicated that per cent weight gain (PWG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid productive value (LPV) enhanced with dietary zinc levels up to 40.8 mg kg−1 diet (P < 0.05), and plateaued thereafter (P > 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was similar to that observed for PWG. Intestosomatic index (ISI), relative gut length (RGL), hepatopancreas protein content (HPC), intestine protein content (IPC), trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), Na+, K+-ATPase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) activities were all higher by dietary zinc supplementation than zinc un-supplementation (P < 0.05). These results suggested that zinc could promote growth and increase nutrient deposition and intestinal enzyme activities. The dietary zinc requirements (use zinc lactate as zinc source) of juvenile Jian carp (15.7–42.2 g) based on PWG and serum zinc were 48.7 and 43.2 mg Zn kg−1 diet, respectively.

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Cyprinus carpio var. Jian Regarding Growth, Immunity, and Disease Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the growth performance, immune parameters and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile Jian carp. A total of 900 juvenile Jian carp (10.71 +/- 0.02 g) were randomly allocated into six groups of each three replicates, feeding isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isolipidic (7.8% crude fat) diets containing graded amounts of CLA (0, 0.5, 0.8, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0%) for 60 days. After a 60-day growth test, a challenge trial was conducted by intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila to determine the effect of CLA on disease resistance of juvenile Jian carp. The results showed that diets incorporated with a proportion of up to 2.0% CLA without effect on weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, but improved immune parameters and disease resistance of juvenile Jian carp. The dietary CLA level of optimal disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila was estimated to be 1.7% in juvenile Jian carp using broken-line analysis.

Effects of graded levels of dietarymyo-inositol on non-specific immune and specific immune parameters in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of myo-inositol (MI) on non-specific immune and specific immune defence in fish. A total of 1050 Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (22.28±0.07 g) were randomly distributed into seven groups, of three replicates each, of feeding diets containing graded levels of MI (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg MI kg−1 diet). After a 60-day growth trial, an infectious trial was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 17 days. Results showed that the red blood cell (RBC) and the white blood cell count were significantly increased with increasing MI levels up to 535.8 mg kg−1 diet (P 0.05). These results suggested that MI could enhance non-specific immune and specific immune responses in fish.

Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of myo-inositol

Abstract Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of myo-inositol (MI) (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg/kg diet) for 60 days were investigated. Total tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) content showed a downward trend to a point (P 0.05). These results indicated that antioxidant status was improved, and lipid peroxidation and protein oxidant were depressed in muscle, intestine and hepatopancreas by MI.

Effect of dietary riboflavin on growth, feed utilization, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

A total of 1050 Jian carp, Cyprinus carpio var. Jian (23.39 ± 0.06 g) were randomly divided into seven groups of each three replicates, which were fed respectively with seven semi-purified diets contained 1.25, 2.71, 4.22, 5.78, 7.23, 8.83 and 11.44 mg riboflavin kg−1 diet for 6 weeks. The results showed that riboflavin significantly improved percent weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio at the level of 4.22 mg kg−1 diet. Gross protein retention efficiency and lipid production value improved with increasing dietary riboflavin levels from 1.25 to 5.78 mg kg−1. Activities of trypsin, lipase, α-amylase, Na+,K+-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal tract were significantly improved with increasing riboflavin levels. Weight and protein content of hepatopancreas, intestine protein and intestine length index were also significantly improved.

Immune response, disease resistance and intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of pantothenic acid

This study was to investigate the effect of dietary pantothenic acid (PA) on the disease resistance, immune response and intestinal microflora on juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Seven diets (4.0, 15.5, 25.6, 36.1, 45.9, 56.1 and 65.9 mg PA kg−1) were fed to Jian carp (12.95 ± 0.03 g) for 9 weeks. After 9-week feeding trial, the challenge experiment with Aeromonas hydrophila was conducted to determine the impact of PA on fish disease resistance. Survival rate after challenge was promoted with the increasing PA levels (P < 0.05). Blood counts also significantly increased up to the dietary PA level of 25.6 mg PA kg−1 (P < 0.05). Leucocyte phagocytic activity, lectin potency, lysozyme and acid phosphatase activity, and total iron-binding capacity were improved with increasing PA levels (P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin M level and agglutination antibody titre to A. hydrophila were increased (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diets with the dietary PA levels between 56.1 and 65.9 mg kg−1. PA also promoted the growth and reproduction of Lactobacillus and depressed Escherichia coli and A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). These results suggested that pantothenic acid could improve disease resistance, immune response, and the balance of intestinal microflora in juvenile Jian carp.

Myo-inositol prevents oxidative damage, inhibits oxygen radical generation and increases antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on the antioxidant status of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). A total of 1050 Jian carp (22.28±0.07 g) were randomly distributed into seven groups of three replicates each, feeding diets containing graded levels of MI (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg kg−1 diet) for 60 days. Results indicated that the malondialdehyde content was the lowest for fish fed diets containing ≥384.2 mg MI kg−1, and the highest for fish fed the MI-unsupplemented basal diet (P<0.05). The protein carbonyl content was decreased with increasing dietary MI levels up to 535.8 mg kg−1 diet, and no differences were found with a further increase in the MI concentration. The anti-superoxide anion capacity (ASA) and anti-hydroxyl radical capacity (AHR) were increased with increasing MI levels up to 535.8 mg kg−1 diet, and plateaued thereafter. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities showed the same tendency with the ASA capacity. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reducase activities were improved with increasing MI levels up to 838.8, 384.2 and 687.3 mg kg−1 diet, respectively, and remained nearly constant thereafter. These results suggested that MI could inhibit oxygen radical generation, increase enzymatic antioxidant capacity and prevent oxidative damage of carp. Dietary MI requirements for ASA and AHR activities of juvenile Jian carp were 567.94 and 517.22 mg MI kg−1 diet respectively.

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on disease resistance, immune responses and intestinal microflora in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pyridoxine on disease resistance, immune responses and intestinal microflora of fish. A total of 1050 Jian carp (11.71 ± 0.05 g) were randomly distributed into seven groups, feeding diets containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0.2, 1.7, 3.2, 5.0, 6.3, 8.6 and 12.4 mg kg−1 diet). After 80 days of feeding, a challenge trial was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 17 days. Results indicated that with increasing dietary pyridoxine concentration up to 5.0 mg kg−1 diet, survival rate after challenge with A.hydrophila and phagocytic activity of leukocyte were improved (P < 0.05), and plateaued thereafter (P > 0.05). Red blood cell and white blood cell counts were lowest when fed the diet containing 1.7 mg pyridoxine kg−1 diet. Haemagglutination titre, lysozyme activity, acid phosphatase activity, total iron-binding capacity, antibody titre and immunoglobulin M content followed the similar pattern to that observed with survival rate. Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus counts in intestine were not affected by dietary pyridoxine concentration (P > 0.05). These results suggested that pyridoxine could enhance immune response of fish.

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp. Brown fish meal was used as the sole protein source in the present study. Six isoenergetic experimental diets containing 14.4 MJ kg−1 of digestible energy and 220–495 g crude protein kg−1 diets were fed to triplicate groups of 50 fish with a mean initial weight of 16.67 ± 0.01 g for 45 days. Per cent weight gain (PWG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) improved with an increase in the dietary protein levels up to 330 g kg−1 diet. The condition factor, relative gut length, intestinal folds height, hepatopancreas and intestine protein content improved with an increase in the protein levels up to 330–385 g kg−1 diet. Trypsin, creatinkinase, Na+, K+-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities generally followed the same tendency as that of growth parameters. Amylase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) activities were negatively correlated with increasing protein levels from 220 to 330 g kg−1 diet, and no differences were found thereafter. Lipase activity was unaffected by protein levels. Lactobacillus amount was increased with protein levels up to 275 g kg−1 diet, while Aeromonas amount followed the opposite pattern. Escherichia coli amount was not influenced by dietary protein levels. Glutamate–oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activities in the hepatopancreas and plasma ammonia concentration (PAC) were not influenced by protein levels between 220 and 275 g kg−1 diet, but significantly increased with increasing protein levels from 275 to 440 g kg−1 diet, and remained similar thereafter. Glutamate–pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities significantly increased with protein levels >275 g kg−1 diet. Based on the broken-line model, the dietary protein requirement for PWG of Jian carp (16.7–55.0 g) was estimated to be 341 g kg−1 diet with a digestible energy of 14.4 MJ kg−1 diet.

Growth, digestive capacity and intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary inositol

A 60-day feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to study the effects of myo-inositol (MI) on the growth, digestive enzyme and intestinal microbial population. Diets with seven levels of inositol (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg MI kg−1 diet) were fed to Jian carp (initial weight 22.28±0.07 g). Per cent weight gain (PWG) was improved with increasing inositol levels up to 535.8 mg MI kg−1 diet (P 0.05). The protein production value, lipid production value and ash production value were increased with increasing dietary inositol levels up to 384.2, 838.8 and 838.8 mg MI kg−1 diet respectively (P 0.05), chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase activities in intestine were the lowest for fish fed the MI-unsupplemented diet (P<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase, Na+, K+-ATPase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and creatinkinase activities in the intestine were increased with an increase in the inositol levels up to 384.2–687.3 mg MI kg−1 diet (P<0.05). Intestinal Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli decreased with an increase in the levels of dietary inositol up to 232.7 and 687.3 mg MI kg−1 diet respectively (P<0.05), while Lactobacillus in the intestine increased with an increase in inositol levels up to 990.3 mg MI kg−1 diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, inositol improved growth, digestive capacity and intestinal microbial population of juvenile Jian carp, and the dietary inositol requirement for PWG of juvenile Jian carp is 518.0 mg MI kg−1 diet.

Effect of dietary pantothenic acid supplement on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

A 9-week feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp to study the effect of dietary pantothenic acid (PA) on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities. Semi-purified diets with seven levels (4.0, 15.5, 25.6, 36.1, 45.9, 56.1 and 65.9 mg PA kg−1) of supplemental calcium d-pantothenate were fed to Jian carp (13.0 ± 0.0 g). PA improved specific growth rate (SGR), protein productive value (PPV), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid production value (LPV) (P < 0.05). Fish fed the control diet had significantly lower feed efficiency (FE) than that in any other group (P < 0.05). Body protein content increased with increasing PA levels (P < 0.05), but moisture, lipid and ash of fish carcasses were negatively related to the graded PA levels (P < 0.05). Intestine protein content (IPC), hepatopancreas protein content (HPC) and activity of α-amylase, lipase, trypsin, Na+,K+-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) were all positively affected by the dietary PA levels (P < 0.05), while intestine index (ISI) and hepatopancreas index (HSI) decreased with the increment of supplemental levels of PA (P < 0.05). These results suggested that PA could enhance fish growth and intestinal enzyme activities. The dietary PA requirement of juvenile Jian carp, Cyprinus carpio var. Jian (13.0–73.0 g), for optimal growth estimated by the broken-line analysis was 23.0 mg PA kg−1 diet.

Effect of methionine on intestinal enzymes activities, microflora and humoral immune of juvenile Jian carp (cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary methionine supplementation on intestinal microflora and humoral immune of juvenile Jian carp (initial weight of 9.9 ± 0.0 g) reared in indoor flow-through and aerated aquaria. Eight amino acid test diets (350 g kg−1 crude protein, CP), using fish meal, soybean-condensed protein and gelatin as intact protein sources supplemented with crystalline amino acids, were formulated to contain graded levels of methionine (0.6–22.0%) at a constant dietary cystine level of 3 g kg−1. Each diet was randomly assigned to three aquaria. Growth performance and feed utilization were significantly influenced by the dietary methionine levels (P < 0.05). Maximum weight gain, feed intake occurred at 12 g kg−1 dietary methionine (P < 0.05). Methionine supplementation improved hepatopancreas and intestine weight, hepatosomatic and intestine index, intestinal γ-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase activity, Lactobacillus count, Bacillus count, lysozyme activities, lectin potency, sim-immunoglobulin M content, addiment C3,C4 contents and serum total iron-binding capacity and declined Escherichia coli and Aeromonas counts. Quadratic regression analysis of weight gain against dietary methionine levels indicated that the optimal dietary methionine requirement for maximum growth of juvenile Jian carp is 12 g kg−1 of the dry diet in the presence of 3 g kg−1 cystine.

Effects of glutamine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

The present study explored the effects of glutamine on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in isolated carp enterocytes. In order to select an optimal H2O2 concentration to induce oxidative stress in enterocytes, cultures were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (0–100 μM) for 16 h. The results showed that exposure to H2O2 increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and malondialdehyde levels in a dose-dependent manner in the culture medium, suggesting increase toxicity of H2O2. Thus, 100 μM was an appropriate concentration for inducing oxidative stress. We then examined the cytoprotective effects of glutamine under conditions of oxidative stress. Cells were treated with glutamine (0–20 mM) in the presence of H2O2 (100 μM) for 16 h. The control cells were kept in the glutamine-free MEM only. Results showed that glutamine completely blocked H2O2-stimulated release of lactate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, glutamine reduced H2O2-induced increase in malondialdehyde level and protein carbonyls content to the level seen in the control culture. In addition, glutamine treatment completely prevented the decrease in Na+-K+-ATPase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase activities as well as reduced glutathione concentration and the ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione induced by H2O2. No significant difference was observed between cells incubated with glutamine in the presence of H2O2 and control cells in values for most of the markers mentioned above. Complete protection was obtained at a concentration of glutamine as small as 4 mM. The present results indicate that glutamine is effective in protecting against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in carp intestinal epithelial cells.

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Jian carp (cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Jian carp (<i>cyprinus carpio</i>var. Jian)

Effect of dietary vitamin A deficiency on growth performance, feed utilization and immune responses of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

Effect of dietary vitamin A deficiency on growth performance, feed utilization and immune responses of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

Dietary pyridoxine requirement of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian)

In a 80-day feeding trial, a total of 1050 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) with an average initial weight of 10.71 ± 0.05 g were fed semi-purified diets containing seven graded levels of pyridoxine (0.20, 1.71, 3.23, 4.96, 6.32, 8.58 and 12.39 mg pyridoxine kg−1 diet). Results indicated that with increasing dietary pyridoxine levels up to 4.96 mg kg−1 diet, percent weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were improved, and no differences were found with further increase of pyridoxine levels. Feed intake also followed the similar pattern to that observed with PWG and SGR when dietary pyridoxine levels were ≤6.32 mg kg−1 diet. But feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were not affected by pyridoxine levels. Crude protein of carcass, productive protein value and plasma ammonia concentration were improved with increasing dietary pyridoxine levels up to 4.96 mg kg−1 diet. Amylase activities in the intestine were improved with increasing dietary pyridoxine levels up to 4.96 mg kg−1 diet, but protease and lipase activities in the intestine were not affected by pyridoxine levels. Na+, K+-ATPase and Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in proximal intestine, mid intestine (MI) and distal intestine (DI) were lowest when fed the diet containing 1.71 mg pyridoxine kg−1 diet. The alkaline phosphatase activities in MI and DI followed the same pattern. The dietary pyridoxine requirement of juvenile Jian carp based on PWG estimated by broken line model was 6.07 mg pyridoxine kg−1 diet.

Compare the effect of diet supplementation with uncoated or coated lysine on juvenile Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio Var. Jian)

This study was designed to determine the effects of diet supplementation with uncoated lysine (UCL) or coated lysine (CL) to juvenile Jian carp Cyprinus carpio Var. Jian. 330 juvenile Jian carps (initial weight 7.89 ± 0.04 g) were randomly allocated to two groups, feeding a diet containing UCL or a CL for 80 days. Weigh gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio were higher in group CL than group UCL, indicating the effect of CL to be better than UCL. Hepatopancreas weight and protein content, intestinal weight, length and protein content, intestinal folds height, activity of intestinal protease, lipase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), Na+, K+-ATPase were positively affected by CL. Moreover, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in muscle, and plasma ammonia, tended to be lower for CL, which means that the improvement of digestive organ development and function may be the possible reason why CL was better than UCL.

Dietary glutamine supplementation improves structure and function of intestine of juvenile Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on juvenile Jian carp growth performance, structure and function of intestine. Six experimental diets supplemented 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0% l-glutamine were fed to three-replicate groups of fish (mean weight: 7.78 ± 0.02 g) for 80 days. Glutamine supplementation improved weight gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, intestinal weight, fold height and digestive enzyme activities ( P < 0.05). These results provide an experimental basis for use of glutamine in improving growth performance, intestinal structure and function of juvenile Jian carp.

Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp ( Cyprinus carpio var . Jian)

The influence of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation from Astragalus Root ( Radix astragalin seu Hedysari) and Chinese Angelica Root ( R. Angelicae Sinensis) at a ratio of 5:1 (w/w) on non-specific immunity of Jian carp, Cyprinus carpio var . Jian was investigated. The number of NBT-positive cells in the blood and lysozyme and complement activities in the serum of Carp fed with commercial feed supplemented with 1.0% (diet 1) and 1.5% (diet 2) TCM at 10 day of post-feeding were not different from those of the control group fed with feed unsupplemented TCM 10 days post-feeding ( P>0.05), but at 20 and 30 days they increased significantly ( P<0.05). The values of diet 1 group and diet 2 group at 20 day and at 30 day were not significantly different ( P>0.05) from each other. In addition, the TCM formula increased body weight of experimental fish by about 16.84% (diet 1) and 19% (diet 2) above that of the control group. Therefore, these data suggest that the TCM formula could elevate the function of non-specific immunity of Jian carp. The optimal dosage added to commercial carp feed was 1.0% (w/w) and the oral administration time as a course of treatment was 20 days.