Jharkhand Research Articles

Ict Based Teaching Competency Of Teacher Educators At B.Ed. College Of Jharkhand State

Ict Based Teaching Competency Of Teacher Educators At B.Ed. College Of Jharkhand State

Coal mine explosions in India: Management failure, safety lapses and mitigative measures

This paper critically analyzes data on major explosions that have occurred at Indian coal mines over the past 120 years (1900-2020). An estimated 71.79% of mine explosions and 90.68% of associated casualties in India have occurred in Jharkhand and West Bengal states. However, the number of mine-related accidents and casualties attributable to explosions have significantly reduced overall in the last few decades, most noticeably since nationalization of the coal industry. Approximately 92.31% of explosions at Indian coal mines during this period were triggered by methane gas. The use of defective safety lamps and naked lights are identified as the most prominent sources of ignition accounting for 28.21% of total explosions and 53.09% of casualties. Recommendations for improved mine safety are presented which, if adopted, could go a long way toward minimizing even further the possibility for explosions at coal mines in India.

Challenges in the operational performance of six 15-19kWp photovoltaic mini-grid power plants in the Jharkhand State of India

Solar photovoltaic (PV) based mini-grid systems are effective solutions for the supply of clean electricity in areas where the electricity supply is erratic or inadequate. About 14,000 mini and microgrid systems installed in India are operated and maintained by the government, companies, and not-for-profit organisations. The objective of the present study is to investigate the performance of PV mini grids to ascertain technical design, system utilization, and consumer requirements to identify the potential barriers and technical and operational challenges. In this study technical and management concerns related to six functional mini grids of capacity 15 kW to 19 kW in the Indian state of Jharkhand are presented. A detailed analysis is carried out considering sizing, system utilization, operation and maintenance (O&M), safety, and plant management, required skill and training of manpower. These issues are then compared with different developer types. The results of mini-grid user feedback survey are also presented. The study shows that the operational and commercial success of mini-grid projects can be achieved through optimal system design and utilization, effective operation, and maintenance and by addressing technical, commercial, and social issues.

Abstract Number ‐ 274: Multi‐Tiered Approach to Stroke and Thrombectomy Care in India

Introduction Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality and healthcare expenditure in India. Acute management of ischemic stroke is a complex, multidisciplinary endeavor that has roots in medical education. However, there is a paucity of data addressing the issue of stroke awareness among the college student population in India. This study was performed as a baseline measure to determine the understanding of stroke and thrombectomy care among both medical and non‐medical college students. Methods Medical and non‐medical college students were randomly selected from Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu states in India to participate in a created survey. The questionnaire was distributed to hundreds of students to assess ability to identify stroke symptoms, knowledge of stroke risk factors and stroke‐related neurointerventional procedures. Results A total of 106 survey responses were collected from 59 medical and 47 non‐medical students across various states in India. 61 (57.5%) participants with only 6.6% non‐medical students responded that they were able to recognize a stroke. 45 (42.5%) students with a majority (76.6%) of non‐medical participants reported no prior contact with a stroke patient. Overall, 27 (25.5%) students with 40.7% medical and 6.4% non‐medical participants were able to identify the symptoms of stroke. 59.3% of medical and 14.9% of non‐medical students could recognize associated risk factors. Only 10.6% of non‐medical participants had exposure to stroke education at their institution. 36 (34.0%) participants with 54.2% medical and 8.5% non‐medical students reported prior exposure to neuro intervention. 93.2% of medical and 21.3% of non‐medical students were aware of the time window for administering thrombolysis. 72.9% of medical and 27.7% of non‐medical students were aware of the indication and time window for mechanical thrombectomy. A total of 89 (84.0%) participants responded that the collective efforts of medical society and government would improve stroke awareness and outcomes. Overall, 96 (90.6%) respondents believed there should be more effort to promote stroke awareness. Conclusions Our data provides a snapshot of the general awareness of stroke and thrombectomy care in medical and non‐medical student participants. Based on this study, the need to educate the younger generation about stroke is indeed clear. Further, most respondents indicated that increased collaborative effort from medical society would be instrumental in improving access and outcomes. We propose a basic multi‐tiered approach incorporating public health interventions to improve stroke and thrombectomy care in India.

Impact of New Living Environment on Reactive Stress Tolerance in Preadolescent Sports Trainees of Jharkhand

Study purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of background experience related to family demography on the selected parameters of reactive stress tolerance in athletes who strictly lived in a training academy for a minimum of two years. Materials and methods. A total of 200 male sports cadets were chosen by the Jharkhand State Sports Promotion Society in Ranchi, with chronological age ranging from 11 to 14 years and 4 years of training. The demographic information (the size of the family, the type of family, the order of birth, the family monthly income, and the location of the home) were considered as independent variables. Stress tolerance parameters (PR correct, PR incorrect, PR omitted, and median reaction time) were chosen as dependent variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine data normality, while Levene's test was used to determine homogeneity. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to draw comparisons. For post-hoc comparison, Dunn's test with Holm correction was employed. The threshold for significance was set at p = 0.05. Results. The percentile rank of correct responses (p = 0.005) and median reaction time (p = 0.033) related to birth orders showed significant results. Other factors related to family information and reactive stress tolerance were not significant. Conclusions. According to the findings, it was concluded that being in new environment for a long duration reduced the early living experience related to family demography but effect of birth order still continued.

Socio-Cultural Lifestyle of Tri-Natives: Gond, Bhil and Santhal

Tribal lifestyle is deeply associated with their culture, art and craft. A larger mass of tribal people live in rural areas. In central India, the area of Vindhya, Satpuda and Aravali Mountain ranges, starching from east to west in the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan form a big tribal belt. Gond, Bhil and Santhal are the three biggest tribal communities residing in this central tribal region of India. These three dominating groups are comparatively developed then other tribal groups of the area, though their overall economy is still based on agriculture and labor work resulting in economic backwardness. But, new generation is gradually, getting educated and exposed to salaried jobs and modern technology. Due to better communication, exposure, marketization and modernization their culture is changing with time and need. Though, they have strong bond with their indigenous culture, religion and art, which has kept their tradition and lifestyle intact with relevant changes. But, changing lifestyle and economy has affected their art and craft. Themes, raw material and technology are changing their forms, symbols and patterns. Paintings have shifted from walls to canvas and taken professional shape. Festive and regular enjoyment with dance and music had developed as stage performance. But, they have not at all lost touch with their roots and cultural awareness is again revitalizing their bond with traditional dance, music and other art and craft forms. Celebrations are still celebrated with tribal songs and dances within the village's open courtyard. There are also several cultural and culinary habits, languages, social structures inclusive of marriage, and varieties of consciousness.

Digital health for all: The turn to digitized healthcare in India.

In India, the use of digital technologies has become the key to the everyday operation of the welfare state in terms of accessing essential and life-sustaining entitlements. In this context, our article explores the genesis of India's digital turn in healthcare and maps the characteristics of a 'digital health for all' policy, based on empirical analysis of India's first digital-based universal health coverage programme - Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) - with fieldwork material from the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Being a smart-card-centred programme, RSBY marks the genesis of a digital approach to healthcare in India. The experiences of this scheme hold crucial implications for the digital healthcare landscape in India, as in the past its promoters pitched for its use to provide quality healthcare at lower cost. The technological design of the programme illustrates the construction and politics of a digitalized public-private welfare policy intended to meet the health needs of the poorest. By examining data on digital access to healthcare in the RSBY programme, as propounded and sustained by public health policies and a public-private model of governance, our article raises questions about the construction of new digital health policies and their contribution to private health markets. In doing so, it explores the key question of how digital technologies are transforming access to healthcare in India.

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Surface Water Quality Assessment in and around Selected Dams of Jharkhand using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS)

Abstract Surface water quality deterioration is mainly occurring due to anthropogenic activities at an alarming rate in developing countries. Jharkhand has been undergoing exponential urbanisation and mining, causing immense surface water pollution and water stress. The state is heavily dependent on artificial dams for its daily water supply demands. Therefore, an effort is made to monitor and ascertain the surface water quality and the influence of nearby land use pattern on water quality, in the selected five dams, namely, Hatia dam, Kanke dam, Getalsud dam, Galudih barrage, and Chandil dam are done. These dams are built on the Subarnarekha river basin, located in the Jharkhand state on a seasonal basis and associated land use land cover (LULC) changes, changes in vegetation cover using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and water body changes using normalised difference water index (NDWI) that have occurred in a 5-year gap i.e. 2016 and 2021. The secondary data for the year 2016 was obtained from the Jharkhand pollution control board report published by the government of Jharkhand, India. For the year 2021, the samples were collected from sampling sites for pre, post and monsoon seasons. The chemical analysis of collected water samples was done in the laboratory for parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total calcium and magnesium, hardness, total dissolved and suspended solids, alkalinity, chlorine etc. and compared with the standard values prescribed by world health organisation (WHO) and Indian standards (IS) 10500:2012. The seasonal water quality status was analysed using the water quality index (WQI) for the pre, post and monsoon seasons of 2016 and 2021. Then, the use of supervised classification method for land use land cover (LULC), normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalised difference water index (NDWI) was opted to understand the relation between the change in water quality and quantity concerning its land use and land cover, by comparison of results from the year 2016 to 2021. LULC were found using the supervised maximum likelihood classification method in ArcGIS and its accuracy was checked using the kappa accuracy method, which was found to be varying from 87 to 95% for all sites. The results showed that the overall water quality varied from good to poor indicating that it can be used for human activities but may need pre-treatment before drinking. NDWI showed a massive increase in severe drought areas for Hatia, Kanke, Chandil and Galudih barrage, whereas moderate drought regions increased for Hatia, Getalsud, and Kanke. NDVI showed dense and moderate vegetation both decreased massively for all the dam sites indicating an alarming situation and the need to adopt better land management practices.

Delineation of groundwater potential zone for sustainable water resources management using remote sensing-GIS and analytic hierarchy approach in the state of Jharkhand, India

Groundwater abstraction in many parts of India is highly unregulated which has caused a gradual decrease in groundwater levels over the years. Normally surface water storage structures or recharge zones are developed without knowing if all the groundwater is getting recharged. The issue becomes serious in the plateau region where most of the rainfall goes as surface runoff. Here an effort was made to identify the groundwater potential recharge zones of the entire Jharkhand state using Remote Sensing, GIS, and Analytic Hierarchy Approach techniques. Thematic layers which could contribute to the successful recharge of groundwater were prepared. The whole region was classified into four prospective groundwater potential zones: extremely low, low, moderate, and high. The results showed that approximately 3.28 and 77.34% of the total area falls under the High and average groundwater potential zones and the rest are under Low and Very low. Most of the high potential area is located in eight districts due to the alluvial plain region or a few mountains in that region namely Godda, Sahibganj, Pakur, Dumka, Purbi, Singhbhum, Saraikela-kharsawan and part of the Ranchi. The discharge data of 28 existing bore wells were used to endorse the groundwater potential zones. The further validation was made with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 83%. According to the validation, the applied method produces a fairly dependable outcome for the state of Jharkhand.

Varietal Improvement and Weed Management for Aerobic Rice Cultivation in the Drought-Prone Jharkhand State

Aerobic rice varietal and weed management trials under direct seeding were carried out at Birsa Agricultural University Rice Experimental Area, Kanke, Ranchi in the wet seasons of 2017 and 2018. Efforts were made to select better high-yielding varieties and improved production technology for aerobic rice cultivation. Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and urd bean (Vigna mungo) were grown along with direct seeded rice, uprooted and used as a green mulch, 25 days after seeding. Six varietal trials were conducted under aerobic conditions during the 2017 and 2018 wet seasons in which the entries RP 6191-HHZ1-Y4-Y1-Y1 (6.90 t ha-1), PA 6129 (hybrid) (6.45 t ha-1), RP 6273-HHZ4-DT3LI1-LI1 (6.10 t ha-1), CR Dhan 201 (5.185 t ha-1), US 380(hybrid) (5.28 t ha-1), NVSR 2107 (4.73 t ha-1), IIRRH 124 (hybrid) (4.70 t ha-1) with early maturity were found promising. In varietal trials, intermediate plant height (100 to 110 cm), non-lodging and high yield (>4.0 t ha-1) were major criteria for selection. Two to three irrigations were applied as per the requirement. Naveen variety under aerobic conditions produced maximum yield with 125 kg N per hectare in both years. Among weed control methods, rice+ dhaincha+ pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 g a.i. per hectare in 2017 and rice+ dhaincha+2,4 D @ 0.8 kg a. i. per hectare as post- emergence application produced maximum yield with weed control efficiency of 61.4% in 2018.

Multivariate framework for integrated drought vulnerability assessment – An application to India

Drought is one of the intricate hazards with multifaceted impacts that distress the social well-being of a country. Due to climate change, the Indian monsoon is becoming aberrant with an anomalous spatiotemporal pattern of rainfall; hence, along with mismanagement of water resources, India faces increased vulnerability to drought. Such vulnerability is contingent on multiple factors that comprise water availability, socioeconomic conditions, and existing policies for mitigation and adaptation to drought. Limited literature is available on studies that focus upon either the spatiotemporal dynamics of drought vulnerability from a science-policy perspective or an integrated approach to all four types of droughts, namely, meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and socioeconomic. Hence, this study proposes an indicator-based framework to assess integrated drought vulnerability that considers all these droughts. The various statistical methods used to construct vulnerability indices include the variance inflation factor (VIF), Shannon entropy weightage, and principal component analysis (PCA). The proposed framework is demonstrated for India to classify its states and union territories based on vulnerability to drought. Results of the study indicate that the central regions of India show high meteorological drought hazard. States of Jharkhand, Telangana, Odisha, West Bengal, and Himachal Pradesh are highly vulnerable to agricultural drought. Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Haryana have lower reservoir storage, indicating high vulnerability to hydrological drought. Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, and northeast states show high socioeconomic drought vulnerability. Hence, this study on integrated drought vulnerability assessment can support science-informed policy formulation and model development for drought management.

The continued effects of COVID-19 on the lives and livelihoods of vegetable farmers in India.

India experienced a rapid rise in COVID-19 infections from March 2021. States imposed varying levels of lockdowns and curfews to curb the spread of the disease. These restrictions severely affected the functioning of food systems. The objective of this study was to analyze how COVID-19 continues to affect agricultural production, food security and household diets of vegetable farmers. A phone-based survey was conducted with 595 vegetable farmers in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Odisha, 60% of whom had been interviewed a year earlier. Overall, 60% of farmers experienced decreased vegetable production; over 80% reported a reduction in consumption of at least one food group; and 45% reported some level of food insecurity between May 2020 and May 2021. Farmers who reported decreased staples production, difficulty accessing seeds/seedlings, or reduced their household spending were more likely to report decreased vegetable production. Vegetable consumption was positively associated with receipt of COVID-19 relief benefits, borrowing money, or having home gardens. Farmers who received public agricultural assistance, or had reduced expenses, were more likely to have lower vegetable consumption. Greater severity of food insecurity was associated with farmers belonging to underprivileged social groups, non-Hindus, or those who experienced decrease in livestock production, weather related disruptions or received COVID-19 assistance. This is one of few studies that have conducted a longitudinal assessment of the impacts across multiple waves of COVID-19. COVID-19 is seen to be one among several shocks experienced by farm households, and exacerbated existing issues within agriculture and food security. There is a need for public policy support to strengthen both production and consumption of vegetables.

Factors associated with inadequate receipt of components and non-use of antenatal care services in India: a regional analysis

BackgroundFailure to use antenatal care (ANC) and inadequate receipt of components of ANC pose a significant risk for the pregnant woman and the baby. This study aimed to examine a regional analysis of factors associated with receiving no ANC and inadequate receipt of components of ANC services among Indian women.MethodInformation from 173,970 women of reproductive age 15–49 years from the 2019–21 India National Family Health Survey (NFSH-5) was analysed. Logistic regression analyses that adjusted for cluster and survey weights were conducted to assess the socio-demographic and other factors associated with receiving non-use of ANC and inadequate receipt of components of ANC, respectively, in the six regions and 28 states, and 8 union territories in India.ResultsAcross regions in India, 7% of women reported no ANC, and the prevalence of inadequate and adequate receipt of components of ANC in all six regions ranged from 67 to 89% and 8% to 24%, respectively. Of all the 36 federated entities, the prevalence of inadequate receipt of ANC components was less than two-thirds in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and the Nicobar Islands, Odisha, and Gujarat. Our analyses revealed that associated factors vary by region, state, and union territories. Women from poor households reported increased odds of receiving no ANC in North, East and North-eastern regions. Women who reported no schooling in South, East and Central regions were associated with increased odds of receiving no ANC. Women from poor households in Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh states reported significantly higher odds of inadequate components ANC than women from rich households. The receipt of inadequate components of ANC was significantly higher among women who never read magazines in Delhi, Ladakh, Karnataka, Telangana, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Mizoram states in India.ConclusionA better understanding of the factors associated with and incorporating them into the short- and long-term intervention strategies, including free financial support from the Indian government to encourage pregnant women from lower socioeconomic groups to use health services across all regions, states and union territories.

Deformation Episodes in Iron Formation of Eastern Province of North Odisha Iron Ore Craton, Eastern India

Banded Iron Formation (BIF), a bi-component rock of the Precambrian period is exposed along with iron ore in distinct geographical entities encircling the North Odisha Iron Ore Craton (NOIOC) in Odisha – Jharkhand states, eastern India. Iron formation of the eastern province is confined to Badampahar-Gorumahisani-Sulaipat belt. The litho assemblages belonging to this Iron Ore Group comprise of banded cherty quartzite, banded magnetite quartzite, banded magnetite grunerite quartzite, tremolite-actinolite schist and fuchsite quartzite. Deformations in phases affected the BIF members and associated rocks of the area resulting in successive fold structures. The first generation folds (F1) are characteristically tight and isoclinal having NE plunging axes. The second phase fold (F2) structures in the area with reference to first fold are co-axial, upright and tight to open in nature profusely overprinting the F1 folds are parallel to the general trend (NE-SW) of the belt. Axial plane of the third phase folds (F3) are gentle and broad warps having NW-SE trending axial planes and are found to be the last traceable ones in the area. trending in NW-SE direction are found to be the last traceable ones in the area having gentle and broad warps. The co-axial F1 and F2 folds along the general trend (NE-SW) of the belt are superposed by NW-SE trending F3 fold, which exhibits a geometric configuration as F1 // F2 F3. Such type of multiphase deformed terrain has produced many interference fold patterns in minor scale out of superposition i.e. dome and basin structures, hook shaped patterns, eyed fold and S, Z, and M shaped folds. The paper discusses the episodes of structural events and their signatures in the interference fold patterns in the eastern province of the NOIOC. Keywords: Banded Iron Formation, Badampahar-Gorumahisani-Sulaipat Belt, Deformation Episodes, NOIOC

Role of micro finance and small financing schemes on entrepreneurship and economic development in Jharkhand state

Role of micro finance and small financing schemes on entrepreneurship and economic development in Jharkhand state

Education and its impact on economic growth in Jharkhand State

Education and its impact on economic growth in Jharkhand State

Riverscape Approach and Forestry Interventions for Ganga River Rejuvenation

Rivers have been degraded globally due to various reasons over centuries and limiting their ecological health and value, including Ganga River in India. Riverscape approach can provide relevant information on riverine resources needed in river restoration programmes. We propose a conceptual riverscape model to rejuvenate the holy river Ganga in India through forestry interventions after due consideration of ecological processes, mosaic of landforms, communities and environment within the large landscape of Ganga basin. The select riverscape area includes the area of 5 km and 2 km on either side of the river Ganga and important tributaries, respectively, all along the rivers in five stakeholder states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal in the country. The width of the riverscape was taken from the maximum bank line in recent years on either side of river in the concerned state. However, all micro-watersheds in the hills of Uttarakhand state, being the origin place of river, have been included in riverscape area up to Haridwar. Here riverscape is a mosaic of different land uses viz., natural ecosystems, rural and agricultural ecosystems and built-up urban environment including flood plain and is an ecologically sustained system developed during the last 30 years due to river meandering all along the river. Geospatial modelling and GIS data on land use pattern, soil erosion rates, slope of the topography, etc. were used to classify riverscape area into high, medium and low priority areas to implement forestry interventions in delineated riverscape. Thereafter, forestry interventions were planned and carried out in three identified landscapes viz., Natural (forests), Agriculture (agroforestry), and Urban along with conservation activities. Forestry interventions in delineated riverscape are expected to increase water recharge and decrease the sedimentation load in the Ganga River and its tributaries.

Coverage of mass drug administration (MDA) and operational issues in elimination of lymphatic filariasis in selected districts of Jharkhand, India.

Despite annual rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) being carried out every year since 2004 to break the transmission of lymphatic filariasis, India has not achieved elimination status in many areas of country. This study was conducted to determine the operational issues in the implementation of MDA for elimination of lymphatic filariasis in selected districts of Jharkhand. Two districts of Jharkhand state were selected for present cross-sectional study. Multi-staged cluster sampling was adopted to select study participants. Data were collected with use of prescribed questionnaire of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) from the study participants. Data related to socio-demographic details, coverage and compliance of MDA and operational issues were collected. Findings of independent assessment show that percentage of MDA coverage and compliance for Hazaribag district was 96.02% and 88.90%, respectively. On the other hand, percentage of MDA coverage and compliance was found to be only 67.06% and 48.44% in Chatra district. Overall drug consumption was significantly associated with age group (p-value = 0.045), educational status (p-value = <0.0001) and socio-economic status (p-value <0.0001) of eligible population. Most common reason for not swallowing the drugs was found to be absence of family members at the time of MDA rounds followed by no visit of house by drug distributors. Coverage and compliance of MDA was better in Hazaribag district as compared to Chatra district. In order to increase compliance, socio-demographic factors must also be addressed apart from other operational issues.

Threat to the Sustainable Production of Natural Resins: A Case of Rangeeni Strain of Kerria lacca (Kerr) in Eastern Plateau &amp; Hills Region of South East Asia

The study conducted to examine the trends, growth and instability in the production of an insect-based natural resin in India. Study is designed with sampling and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) based primary data as well as secondary data. District-level time-series data of Jharkhand state for 50 years from 1970-71 to 2019-20 was used. Time series analysis revealed the variation in lac production levels in different levels of geo coordinates. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was worked out by fitting the exponential function. The instability indices worked out by using the method suggested by Cuddy and Dell. The growth in lac production and export of lac-based value-added products has decelerated in the post-liberalization period, while yield growth has accelerated. The overall decline in the production level of rangeeni crop ranged from -5.54% in Western Plateau Sub Zone V to -6.98% in South Eastern Plateau Sub Zone VI. Utilization of the existing natural endowment of Butea monosperma in major rangeeni lac-producing districts in Western Plateau Sub Zone V could be a promising strategy to minimize the variation in the production of rangeeni crop. A paradigm shifts from rangeeni lac cultivation during previous decades coupled with climate change issues may be another possible reason for the regional disparity in the level of rangeeni lac production.&#x0D; The overall scenario in Jharkhand state depicts the alarming situation for katki crop (Rainy season rangeeni crop) having the highest instability index (49.69), particularly with significant negative growth rates from 2000 to 2020. The magnitude of decline for katki crop was found highest and most significant during the 2001-2010 period. Although, the production of rangeeni strain was affected adversely in Jharkhand (-21.60%) during the Ninth Five Year Plan coupled with shifting from rangeeni to kusmi lac cultivation due to boosting through capacity building and skill development programs which influenced the awareness and knowledge level of the stakeholders. However, COVID-19 could break the momentum, and functionaries including the institutions and facilitators shifted to manage the disrupted supply chains during 2019-20 and 2020-21. Post COVID-19 scenario, emerged with new ICT-enabled interventions with greater scope for extension and awareness programs. However, there is a huge technological gap in the existing lac industry with poor automation and dependency on local labor. Policy interventions including market initiatives like Minimum Support Prices (MSP), Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs); and Institutional initiatives like FPOs, SHGs, JLGs, etc. may play a key role in strengthening the sector. New host plants like Flemingia semialata may be promoted to reduce instability indices in the long run.

MAHLI TRIBES OF JHARKHAND

The state of Jharkhand is famous for the mineral material in the world map as well as the ancient inhabitants of India, it is called the tribal region. Among the thirty-two tribes of Jharkhand, The Mahli Tribes or bamboo-craftsman is a subject which did not gain much attention or attraction. In recent times few attempts have been made to unfold the mystery regarding their origin. Though the tribes remain endangered. Each of the tribal groups are culturally different and having their own identities, the problems faced by them are more or less same. It makes us believe that probably at the level of understanding the tribal and social culture, and also at the level of making intervention while implementing the development programs for the tribal. In this paper few attempts have been made to uncover the mystery of Mahli Society in the Land of Tribes “Jharkhand”.