Jean Nicot Research Articles

Le vocabulaire de l’architecture dans le Dictionnaire de l’Académie française (1762) : après les traces de Nicot

Studies on the lexicographical treatment of technical architectural terms in general language dictionaries are scarce. Our article shows how architectural technical terms were treated by the French Academy in the fourth edition of its dictionary (1762) through the study of a series of specific terms related to architecture and building. Jean Nicot's Thresor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne que moderne (1606) is considered to be one of the first dictionaries to have identified a large number of architectural terms. In this work, we trace the presence or absence of these terms in the Dictionary of the French Academy (1762) and study whether they have become part of the common language or whether they continue to be regarded as specialized terms. Les études sur le traitement lexicographique des termes techniques d'architecture dans les dictionnaires de langue générale sont rares. Notre article montre comment les termes techniques concernant l’architecture ont été traités par l'Académie française dans la quatrième édition de son dictionnaire (1762) à travers l'étude d'une série de termes spécifiques liés à l'architecture et au bâtiment. Le Thresor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne que moderne de Jean Nicot (1606) est considéré comme l'un des premiers dictionnaires à avoir identifié un grand nombre de termes architecturaux. Dans cet ouvrage, nous retraçons la présence ou l'absence de ces termes dans le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1762) et étudions s'ils sont devenus partie intégrante de la langue commune ou s'ils continuent à être considérés comme des termes spécialisés.

Tobacco still a major killer-will we achieve the end game?

The game of tobacco use began in Europe in 1560 when the first tobacco seeds were sent from Lisbon to the king of France, by Jean Nicot. From kings' and nobles' exclusive use, it gradually and progressively became popular among the public, as a new player. Eighty-eight years ago (1929), Fritz Linkint, an extraordinary researcher in Germany, while reviewing existing evidence regarding a wide range of cancers potentially caused by smoking, indicated that smoking was a cause of respiratory disease. Despite the overwhelming accumulated evidence of the negative effects of nicotine intake, the prevalence of tobacco use is not expected to decline in the near future. What have we missed thus far in the game that claims more than seven million deaths annually worldwide? Although tobacco use is recognized as a major health problem, the persistent habit creates a dissonance between public health initiatives to reduce tobacco consumption and the choices citizens are making. To understand this dissonance, consideration first must be given to the social meaning attributed to smoking. Second, the political dissonance between health imperatives and social agendas is discussed with regard to relevant theory. Third, health promotion strategies can make a strong contribution to win the game from a negentropic perspective, that is to say, a public health vision that is structured towards an overarching goal.

The tobacco in the light of history and medicine

Super trajectory is reported of tobacco from his first meeting with the European man October 15, 1492. This plant was known in Europe by the publications of the Sevillan physician Nicolas Monardes (1574), the relations of friar Andrés Thevet (1575) and the famous botanical treatise of Charles de l'Écluse (1605). The Swedish botanist Karl Linnaeus inclused tobacco plant in the family Solanaceae and deleted from this group other plants that were intermixed with it. Its botanical name (Nicotiana tabacum) derived from the surname of the French ambassador to Portugal, Jean Nicot of Villemain, who in 1560 sent it to the Queen Mother of France Cathérine de Medicis. The use of snuff quickly spread throughout Europe, were it became common in the seventeenth century. By the late eighteenth century in New Spain, in addition to cigars, cigarettes and due in packs of different content the tobacco is concocted and price. The preparation of the different presentations of snuff, tobacco made in factories in the capital and several provincial cities, originated in 1796 the creation of the first kindergartens for the children of those working in them. This thanks to the successful initiative of then viceroy Marquis of Branciforte. But contrary to the forecasts of Father F. J. Clavijero and Mrs. F. Calderón de la Barca, wife of the first Spanish diplomatic representative to the government of Mexico, the use of tobacco, with the passage of time, far from waning has been increasing in every social class. And now, more than men, women are smokers.

Effects of Dermal Exposure to Nicotiana tabacum (Jean Nicot, 1560) Leaves in Mouse Evaluated by Multiple Methods and Tissues

Tobacco farmers are routinely exposed to complex mixtures of the compounds present in tobacco leaves, including organic and inorganic pesticides. Penetration through skin is the most significant route of uptake in occupational exposure to chemicals, including dust and liquids containing toxic and carcinogenic substances. This study evaluates the genotoxic effect of tobacco leaves with and without dermal exposure to flumetralin in Mus musculus, determining cell damage by the micronucleus test and the Comet assay as well as antioxidant enzyme activities and hematologic parameters. Nicotine was used as positive control. Blood samples were collected for 0, 3, 24 and 48 h exposure periods, and DNA damage by Comet assay and micronucleus test was evaluated for all these periods. Bone marrow and liver cells were also evaluated for the 48 h exposure period. Significant differences between Comet assay results in blood cells from animals exposed to tobacco leaves with and without pesticide were found in 24 and 48 h exposure periods in relation to negative control. Bone marrow cells from the group exposed to leaves with pesticide (48 h) also demonstrated significant increase in DNA damage. Concerning the micronucleus test, only animals exposed to tobacco leaves without pesticide (24 h) showed increase in frequency of micronuclei when compared to the negative control. Oxidative stress activities also were demonstrated for different groups. The results demonstrate the injury effect caused by tobacco leaves in different Mus musculus tissues, suggesting that the effects of dermal exposure to tobacco leaves are caused by complex mixtures present in the plant, but mainly by nicotine.

Satirical Dialogism in the Paratext of Bonaventure Des Périers' Nouvelles Récréations et Joyeux Devis

We know very little about Bonaventure Des Periers' life. At a fairly young age he became valet de chambre of Marguerite de Navarre. In 1537, he published the Cymbalum mundi, four dialogues that attack Catholicism, which were almost immediately outlawed by the Sorbonne. As a consequence, Des Periers could no longer remain Marguerite's servant. He died in 1544, most likely through suicide. (1) The Nouvelles Recreations et joyeux devis were published fourteen years after the author's death, in 1558. Although some of the tales were most likely added after Des Periers' death, the vast majority was written in the 1530s, beginning around the time when Rabelais published his Pantagruel. (2) It has frequently been argued that, due to its prominent position and status, the paratext seems predestined to shed some light on the overall orientation of a literary work. Gerard Genette, for example, refers to the different manifestations of the paratext--prefaces, prologues, dedicatory poems and epistles--as un des lieux privilegies de la dimension paradigmatique de l'oeuvre, c'est-a-dire de son action sur le lecteur. (3) I will therefore attempt to analyze the relationship between the narrator and his readers in a paratext that comprises three separate texts: (4) a sonnet, a printer's greeting, and a first tale in the form of a preamble (premiere nouvelle en forme de preambule), a curious mixture that underlines the ambiguous status of an introductory apparatus that cannot be neatly separated from the actual text. As was so often the case in early modern texts, the fiction asserts itself from the very beginning of the book and the development of theoretical concerns is not limited to forewords and introductory poems. Following the example of Rabelais's prologues, the paratext is therefore already part of the fiction instead of merely preceding it. The ambivalence is even heightened in Des Periers as he blends a a discourse which usually precedes the actual text, with the chapter of the text itself. The following pages will focus on three main aspects: I will begin with a few comments on the concept of dialogism, especially as it pertains to satirical texts, a concept that seems central to many early modern texts. These comments will then provide the basis of an analysis of the narrator/reader relationship in the preamble, crucial, in my view, to the orientation of Des Periers' text as a whole. Finally a brief comparison to Rabelais's prologues will put this reading into a larger context. The objective of these observations is twofold. First, Jean Nicot's distinction between sotise rustique (translated into Latin as ineptia or rusticitas) and sotise subtile (translated as satyra figurata), in his Thresor de la langue francoise (1606), probably the most authoritative dictionary of the time, seems the most promising gauge of the category in which Des Periers' collection belongs. Nicot provides a theoretical framework to my analysis that will attempt to show that, as early as the preamble, Des Periers' rhetoric transgresses the boundaries of his obvious and well-documented model, the facetie, inaugurated by Poggio's Liber Facetiarum and illustrated in the collection's ostensibly exclusive leitmotif, bene vivere et laetari. (5) Without abandoning the tales' farcical qualities, he adds a more complex layer to his text's comical mixture, thus transforming the rather straightforward, univocal, and facetious sotise simple into a subtle and quite provocative satirical work. These observations might then elucidate the hierarchy between narrator and reader, who appear to be equals, judging by the narrator's tone and demeanor. After all, the latter addresses his reader as a friend (amy) at the beginning and the end of the preamble. The dichotomy monologism/dialogism seems crucial for a better comprehension of early modern satirical texts in general (and Des Periers' collection in particular), from the most explicit farce to extremely subtle, erudite, or allegorical versions, such as Menippean satire. …

No tradition, no civilization

Having lived in Europe for the last forty years, I have enjoyed the experience of my historical and cultural roots. My residence of the last thirty-five years, for example, was constructed the year that the Church of Scotland was founded, that Madrid became the capital of Spain, and the tobacco plant was imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot. The buildings in my immediate Roman neighbourhood are much older. The Colonna Palace, half a block away from my front door, was described by the Italian humanist Petrarch (1304-1374). The final discovery-scene of ‘Roman Holiday’ was filmed there.Living in Europe is living in a place where the stones speak; however, if you have not done your homework, you will not understand what they are saying. Returning annually for three months to the United States, I have the experience of what the anti-Western-Civilization lobby would call ‘freedom’ from the obscurantism and oppressive burdens of a democratic Christian—especially Roman Catholic—tradition. I can enjoy the ‘freedom’ of a world without history, tradition and roots, the world of what Vance Packard called ‘fun culture,’ the realm of a superior and untethered virtual reality. In short, I return to a place where both the educational system and mass media assiduously avoid the ‘homework’ without which we cannot hear or understand what the stones of our European heritage have to tell us.An expatriate American author and actor living in Rome expressed his dismay to me, as far back as the early sixties, about the cultural tabula rasa that radically handicapped young Americans for understanding or appreciating their Roman experience in churches where they had no idea of what the religious paintings and sculpture represented because they were culturally un-equipped for any meaningful experience.

Qui, Que, Quoy dans Le Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne de Jean Nicot et L'Acheminement de Jean Masset

Roger Bellon, « Qui, Que, Quoy in Jean Nicot's Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne and Jean Masseťs Acheminement ». This study bears on both Le Thresor de la langue française by Nicot and the bilingual grammatical booklet inserted in it and attributed to Jean Masset. Every modern reader will be struck by the persistence of the Latin model, as exemplified in the work of R. Estienne, in Nicot's dictionary, as well as by the variation in the amount of categorization. With Masset, it is the complete heterogeneity of grammatical terms as well as the absence of categorization that stands out. Masset's pedagogical method forces him to start from forms, of which he gives a complete array, before he indicates the correct use for each of them. His analysis rests on case morphology, not on syntactic functions. variation in the amount of categorization. With Masset, it is the complete heterogeneity of grammatical terms as well as the absence of categorization that stands out. Masset's pedagogical method forces him to start from forms, of which he gives a complete array, before he indicates the correct use for each of them. His analysis rests on case morphology, not on syntactic functions.

Tobacco: a reference handbook

Tobacco addresses the many interrelated controversies surrounding the historical and current use of tobacco and presents a clear, objective, and thorough treatment of this contentious public health and legal issue. The American Indians valued tobacco as a wonder drug. When Rodrigo de Jerez, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his maiden voyage of 1492, returned to Spain with tobacco, he was accused of associating with Satan and imprisoned when his compatriots saw smoke coming out of his nose. This book covers everything from the history of tobacco to health and social issues such as targeting children. Biographical sketches of key personalities associated with tobacco range from Thomas Edison, who refused to hire anybody who smoked cigarettes, to Jean Nicot, the French Ambassador to Portugal in the mid-1500s, from whose name the word nicotine is derived. This title takes the reader through the myriad of issues that make up the tobacco debate in a clear and unbiased way. A chronology of developments in the history of tobacco use from 1570, when Belgium, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and England were already growing tobacco, to the March 27, 2000 legal decision awarding $10 million to a woman who had smoked for 25 years despite warning labels on cigarette packaging A selection of primary source documents from the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Bank, tobacco companies, and antitobacco activists

Tobacco

Tobacco

Natural Substances and Artificial Products

One of the defining features of the modern age is the apotheosis of natural history. Natural History is, of course, the title of Buffon's monumental work, written in the second half of the 18th century. Also, until the rise of the Industrial Revolution, natural history provided an integrated technology, stretching from the voyages of discovery to the establishment of colonies devoted to the cultivation of the resources discovered there, whether one considers sugar cane in its migration west, or vanilla plants on Reunion Island. Beginning in the 16th century, and in such works as Jean de Léry's The Singularities of the French Antarctic, voyagers described, in written accounts of what they saw in far-off lands, exotic substances with singular properties. Jean Nicot returned with tobacco. Parmentier took it upon himself to introduce the cultivation of the potato to France. From both Madame de Sévigné and a secular cantata of Bach we know of the immediate vogue that coffee enjoyed from its introduction in Europe. Later, in the 18th century, after his disastrous expedition to measure the meridian at the equator, La Condamine returned from the Amazon with two substances that would prove crucial to the technical development of the West: rubber and curare.

Nicotine Dependence: Diagnosis, Chemistry, and Pharmacologic Treatments

Columbus brought tobacco to the Old World, and in the following centuries, tobacco smoking spread throughout the world, despite vigorous opposition. The tobacco plant was named Nicotiana tabacum after Jean Nicot, who promoted his belief that the plant had medicinal value. Nicotine, the basic addicting drug contained in cigarettes, may be the deadliest drug known to humans in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine addiction is greater than that from World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and heroin and cocaine addiction combined. Tobacco use is linked to more than 390 000 deaths per year in the United States alone. The powerful lobbying forces of the tobacco industry have managed to keep supplies of nicotine available to the public despite efforts from medical and legal bodies to reduce advertising and educate the public about the adverse consequences of nicotine use. The addictive potential of cigarettes and the extent to which nicotine is the active ingredient in generating and sustaining addiction has been debated. The reasons for the resistance to considering whether nicotine is addictive have origins in attitudes toward addiction. Free will and personal choice have prevailed as explanations for why a 20-cigarette per day smoker will receive more then 70 000 boluses of nicotine per year despite the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this drug.

Nicotine dependence: diagnosis, chemistry, and pharmacologic treatments.

Columbus brought tobacco to the Old World, and in the following centuries, tobacco smoking spread throughout the world, despite vigorous opposition. The tobacco plant was named Nicotiana tabacum after Jean Nicot, who promoted his belief that the plant had medicinal value. Nicotine, the basic addicting drug contained in cigarettes, may be the deadliest drug known to humans in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine addiction is greater than that from World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and heroin and cocaine addiction combined. Tobacco use is linked to more than 390 000 deaths per year in the United States alone. The powerful lobbying forces of the tobacco industry have managed to keep supplies of nicotine available to the public despite efforts from medical and legal bodies to reduce advertising and educate the public about the adverse consequences of nicotine use. The addictive potential of cigarettes and the extent to which nicotine is the active ingredient in generating and sustaining addiction has been debated. The reasons for the resistance to considering whether nicotine is addictive have origins in attitudes toward addiction. Free will and personal choice have prevailed as explanations for why a 20-cigarette per day smoker will receive more then 70 000 boluses of nicotine per year despite the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this drug.

Tobacco

WHEN Columbus landed in 1492 in the West Indies he found the natives smoking a herb wrapped in a maize leaf, and the name of the herb was Tobago. In 1560 Jean Nicot distributed plants raised from seed to various parts of Europe. These two events give us the clue to the popular and scientific names of a drug the cultivation and preparation of which have now attained such enormous importance that Governments are supported by the revenue derived from its taxation, and colossal fortunes are made by its sale. Some idea of the scale on which the industry is carried on may be gathered from the statistics recently published in the “Year-book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1899,” where we read that during that year 266,661,752 pounds of tobacco, 4,542,016,570 cigars and 4,590,388,430 cigarettes were prepared in the United States alone, yielding a revenue to the Government of 52,643,859.05 dollars.