Javelin Throwers Research Articles

Premature cystic lesions in shoulders of elite junior javelin and volleyball athletes: a comparative evaluation using 3.0 Tesla MRI

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the shoulders of high performance competitive junior javelin athletes and volleyball players. The hypothesis was that structural lesions already exist in young and asymptomatic overhead athletes. Thirty-one healthy high performance junior elite athletes were included. Group 1 consisted of 15 male javelin throwers (mean age, 17.7 ± 0.8 years) and group 2 of 16 male volleyball players (16.9 ± 1.0 years). Questionnaire-based interviews, comprehensive clinical examination, and shoulder scoring systems (visual analog scale [VAS] and Constant-Murley Score) were completed. Bilateral shoulder imaging was performed using a 3.0 Tesla MRI. The Constant-Murley Score of group 1 was 95.5 ± 3.6 and 94.7 ± 4.6 points for group 2. Group 1 demonstrated a mean VAS of 0.9 ± 1.6 and group 2 a mean of 0.6 ± 0.8 points. Postero-superior intraosseous cysts of the humeral head were detected in 73.3% of all javelin throwers in the dominant shoulder, but only in 13.3% in the nondominant shoulder (P = .008). In the volleyball group, such cyst formation was rarely seen in 12.5% in the dominant versus 6.3% in the nondominant shoulder (P = .66). A high percentage of junior elite athletes already demonstrate osseus signs of overloading especially in the group of javelin athletes, although none had a history of prior shoulder pathology. Therefore, junior overhead athletes might be at risk for the early development of structural lesions at the insertion of the posterior rotator cuff similar to lesions already known for adult athletes, even though they do not present clinical signs of overuse at that age.

La lanza: un arma efectiva desde la antigüedad

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The spear is perhaps man’s oldest weapon, and may even be his oldest tool. Over the hundreds of thousands of years of the weapon’s existence, it evolved from a pointed stick into an efficient hunting missile, and then became the most effective hand-held bladed weapon humans ever devised. The spear and its use is the only martial art originally devised for use against species other than our own, and more than any other weapon, the spear emphasizes the relationship between hunting and warfare. Virtually without exception, the spear is present wherever there are humans. The spear may claim to be the senior martial art, and the weapon is still in use today. Early techniques are preserved by the small number of Japanese sojutsu schools, and modern Chinese martial artists have developed elegant and impressive gymnastic routines for the spear. The javelin throw is a modern Olympic track and field event, and there are people who have resurrected the Aztec atlatl for sporting competition. Today, the spear is still used in Europe for hunting wild boar, and the continued issue of the obsolete bayonet to modern soldiers testifies to a deep, almost instinctive respect still possessed by the military for the spear.</span></span></span></p>

Material advantage?

Sprinters are running faster than ever before, but why are javelin throwers not throwing further and swimmers not swimming faster? Steve Haake explains the effects of technology and rule change on sporting performance.

My coaching style in the javelin throw

My coaching style in the javelin throw

Visual News Framing and Effects on Recipients’ Attitudes Toward Athletes With Physical Disabilities

The international media coverage of athletes with physical disabilities (AWD) shows diverse quantitative and qualitative shortcomings. This study explores what effects a specific visual framing in a print article about disability sports has on recipients’ attitudes toward a depicted AWD. In an experiment with a 3 (framed conditions) × 2 (participants’ contact with people with disabilities) betweensubjects design, 88 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 (framed) conditions. The participants read a sports news article with a photograph of a 1-armed javelin thrower with no spectators, a few spectators, or a large crowd shown in the background. After examining the participants’ responses to a questionnaire, an ANOVA showed that the participants’ attitudes toward the depicted AWD were significantly more positive when the visual frame included spectators in the background of the picture.

Development of evaluation standards for throwing motion of male javelin throwers

Development of evaluation standards for throwing motion of male javelin throwers

やり投げ競技を対象とした運動観察におけるスーパースロー映像の有効性に関する基礎的検討

Recently, video footage has been used for motion observation of primary players for sports instruction. In this paper, we analyze motion observation of an expert javelin thrower at several frame rates of attempt movie. We obtained an interview with an expert javelin instructor to investigate the effectiveness of high speed movies on motion observation with frame rates of 30, 60, 120, and 240 fps. As a result, (1) playback times, (2) pause times, (3) fast-forward or rewind times, and (4) playback order were measured. In addition, 57 of the meaningful units for instruction were obtained from the interview analysis. The results also show that the high speed movie is effective for figuring out a player's conscious of bodymotion and setting an agenda to adjust motion in dynamic postures for motor learning. The differences of the tendency of motion observation between each frame rate were also discussed.

127 複合素材ヤリの特性(スポーツ用具・材料)

In this study, the characteristics of the men's javelin were investigated in terms of its material in order to collect basic data about the required properties of the javelin. Made of various materials (composite materials: 7; steel: 5; duralumin: 8), 20 types of javelins were examined to assess the static characteristics of shape, center of gravity, and moment of inertia, as well as the characteristics of vibration and static bending stiffness. The properties of the composite javelins were clarified, and the effects of javelin material in a javelin throw competition are discussed. Although all the javelins had the same shape, for the composite javelins, wide scatter was observed in the values of the primary resonant frequency, the moment of inertia around the center of gravity, and the compliance at the position of the loop. Therefore, the composite javelins have a pattern of various mass distributions. Further, the composite javelins were stiffer than the steel and duralumin javelins, and exhibited the characteristic that their vibration was easy to damp.

2011 대구 세계육상선수권 대회에 참가한 한국 여자 창던지기 선수와 입상자들의 3차원 운동학적 비교 분석

The purpose of the study was to compare selected kinematic variables between the female medalists and a Korean female javelin thrower at the IAAF World Championships, Daegu 2011. Three medalists and one Korean javelin thrower that participated in the Championships were videotaped using three high-speed cameras (300 frames/s, EX-F1 Exilim, Casio, Japan). This study identified the performance differences between the two groups. The results showed that the Korean female javelin thrower (KFJT) clearly had a greater delivery phase time than the female medalists. In order to throw farther, a thrower must exert a greater force to accelerate their body in a short time. This study also found that the release velocity of the KFJT was lower than that of the female medalists. The KFJT showed evidence of using her extremities differently to achieve the maximum release velocity. When comparing the inclination angle of the trunk across javelin throwers, the lowest value was recorded in the KFJT. Because the trunk position at release plays a significant role in determining the release height and release velocity, the KFJT should not rely on her upper extremities to achieve as high a release velocity as possible.

2011 대구 세계육상선수권 대회에 참가한 한국 남자 창던지기 선수와 입상자들의 3차원 운동학적 비교 분석

The purpose of this study was to compare selected kinematic variables between male medalists and a Korean male javelin thrower at the IAAF World Championships, Daegu 2011. The three medalists and one Korean javelin thrower that participated in the Championships were videotaped using three high-speed cameras (300 frames/s, EX-F1 Exilim, Casio, Japan). The results showed that the release and attitude angles of the Korean male javelin thrower (KMJT) were greater than that of the medalists, whereas the attack angle of the KMJT was smaller than that of the medalists. This study also found that the KMJT clearly had a lower release height than the medalists. As a possible adaptation of his physique to the skill, the KMJT used a small trunk inclination angle and produced greater inclination angles at his upper extremities. These results may be linked to an increase in the release angle of the KMJT. There were some difference between the KMJT and the medalists in terms of the length and duration of the delivery phase. In harmony with the shorter length of the delivery phase, its duration was shorter for the KMJT in comparison to the medalists. Because the delivery stride is considered to be a primary generator of endpoint speed, this decrease in the delivery phase time would decrease the javelin velocity at release. The amount of time taken in the delivery phase may be a critical factor to enhance a javelin thrower`s performance. Thus, rhythmic movement training specifically designed for the KMJT will help him attain an optimal throwing position.

2011 대구세계육상선수권대회 운동역학 프로젝트 수행 경과보고

The purpose of this study was to find the biomechanical research project result carried out at 2011 IAAF World championship in Daegu. This project was approved by the International Amateur Athletic Federation(IAAF) and financially supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(MCST) and, Korea Association of Athletics Federations(KAAF). The total number of the project members was 20, including the members of the Scientific Committee, the Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics(KSSB) and graduate students as assistants. The objective of this project has been to analyze the performance in the track events(100 m, 110 mH) and field events(Long Jump, High Jump, Triple Jump, Pole Vault, Javelin Throw and Shot Put). This project was focused on the biomechanical research only. This kind of analysis has been carried out at major competitions for more than a decade, as it provides coaches and athletes with very useful information as an aid to training programmes and competition preparation. The biomechanical analysis of the top athletes in the world in each specialty serves as a reference for assessing technique and rationalizing the results achieved. The results will be disseminated world-wide and coaches will be in a better position to design training strategies in line with current world trends.

Paper # 197: Clinical and 3T MRI Evaluation of High Performance Junior Elite Overhead Athletes: Basis for a Preventive Shoulder Training

Asymptomatic high performance elite junior volleyball-players and javelin-athletes already demonstrate structural changes in their dominant shoulders. These early changes implicate the need of specific prevention training for shoulder function in junior overhead athletes. A posterosuperior impingement (PSI) is frequently seen in the dominant shoulder of overhead athletes. Javelin and volleyball are overhead sports with repetitive high loading patterns. This results subsequently in relevant prevalence of shoulder pathologies in the adult athlete. However, there is still a lack of clinical and imaging-based data with respect to clinical findings in a-/ oligosymptomatic junior elite athletes even though basic approaches for injury prevention should specifically focus on this age group. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and imaging findings in the dominant shoulder of high performance competitive junior javelin and volleyball athletes. This is supposed to provide the basis for the development of future preventive interventions. 30 healthy high performance junior elite athletes competing at national and international level were included. All subjects participate in high intensive sports-specific training for a minimum of 2 years. The subgroups were composed of 16 male volleyball players and 14 (9 male, 5 female) javelin throwers. The mean age of the volleyball and the javelin group was 16.8 (±1.0) and 18.7 (±2.3) years, respectively. No major trauma or surgery of the both shoulders were detected in medical history of the athlets. All subjects underwent questionnaire-based interviews, comprehensive clinical examination of both shoulders, and shoulder scoring systems (ASES, Rowe Score). A special attention was paid to the passive glenohumeral (gh) internal and external rotation in 90° abduction. Bilateral shoulder imaging data were performed using a 3T-MRI (Verio, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). The native imaging protocol included T1w coronal, T2w sagittal, T2w DESS 3D axial, PDw axial, and coronal sequences using a dedicated shoulder coil in supine position with the arm positioned in neutral position. Clinical evaluation demonstrated any specific shoulder pathology and all subjects had excellent results regarding ASES (95.2 ±8.6) and Rowe score (96.8 ±6.6). A glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) of 16.9° (±11.1°) was proven for the volleyball players and 13.2° (±9.5°) for the javelin athletes. The corresponding external rotation increase measured 16.2° (±10.5°) in the dominant shoulders of the volleyball players versus 11.1° (±9.6°) in the javelin athletes. MRI revealed bony cysts at the insertion area of the footprint of the rotator cuff in 71.5 % of the dominant shoulders of the javelin athletes in comparison of only 12.6 % in the no-dominant shoulder. In contrast, only 14.3 % of the volleyball players showed these cyst formations in their dominant and 6.3 % in their non-dominant shoulders. No rotator cuff lesions and no major chondral damage were seen. Although all athletes had no history of prior shoulder pathology, a high percentage of healthy and asymptomatic junior elite athletes already demonstrate structural changes in their dominant shoulders. This is most commonly known for adult overhead athletes. In addition the results indicate a high prevalence of GIRD in both subgroups of junior elite athletes. However a more intense occurrence was seen in the volleyball subgroup, which may be due to the different, more “hitting type” mechanism specific for volleyball. MRI evaluation showed osseous signs of overload especially in the group of javelin athletes. This may be caused by repetitive microtrauma due to heavy eccentric load. Therefore preventive strategies in young athletes may focus on specific stretching to prevent massive rotational deficits and balanced strength training for adequate muscular function specifically for each overhead sports. A individually combined prevention training is successfully applied in the daily training process and currently under evaluation on a prospective basis.

Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Javelin Throwers at a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up

Background: There are several large series of outcomes after ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction that have 1 or 2 javelin throwers included. To our knowledge, however, there are no reports that focus solely on the results of UCL reconstruction in this group of athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: We hypothesize that by using modern UCL reconstruction techniques, javelin throwers can reliably expect to return to their sport. Additionally, we review the principles behind postoperative rehabilitation in these athletes, as it differs from the usual approach used with baseball players. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 10 javelin throwers who underwent UCL reconstruction between 2006 and 2009 using the docking technique. There were 5 college and 5 high school javelin throwers. The average age was 18.5 years (range, 18-21 years). All patients, before being indicated for ligament reconstruction, failed a course of nonoperative management that included rest, physical therapy, and a structured attempt to return to throwing. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated using the Conway Scale and the Andrews-Timmerman Score. Results: Patients were evaluated at a minimum 2-year follow-up. The average follow-up was 28.9 months after surgery (range, 24-45 months). On the Conway Scale, 9 of the 10 players had excellent outcomes (90%). There was one fair (10%) outcome. Average time to return to previous level of competition was 15 months. The mean Andrews-Timmerman Score was 97 (range, 85-100). Overall, 100% (10/10) of the patients were subjectively satisfied with their clinical outcome. Conclusion: Similar to other overhand athletes with UCL insufficiency, javelin throwers can reliably expect to return to their previous level of play after surgical reconstruction. A thorough understanding of the unique demands placed on these athletes because of the different throwing motion is helpful when tailoring their postoperative rehabilitation protocol. Additionally, these athletes must be counseled that the postoperative course is associated with an extended period of time until return to previous level of competition when compared with baseball players.

Diagnosis and Management of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwers

Although ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are reported most commonly in baseball players (especially in pitchers), these also have been observed in other throwing sports including water polo, javelin throw, tennis, and volleyball. This article reviews the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the UCL with associated pathophysiology of UCL injuries of the elbow of the athlete participating in overhead throwing. Evaluation, including pertinent principles in history, physical examination, and imaging modalities, is discussed, along with the management options.

Methodical orientability of choice of the special exercises in javelin throw

Methodical orientability of choice of the special exercises in javelin throw

Results of Arthroscopic Repair of Type II Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions in Overhead Athletes

Background: The majority of the literature on surgical outcomes of superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) repairs has focused on short-term follow-up of 1 to 2 years, not allowing adequate time for full rehabilitation and return to maximum level of competition for all types of athletes. Also, previous studies have concentrated on using questionnaires that primarily evaluate patients’ activities of daily living, which do not focus on sport-specific performance. Purpose: To determine the midterm results of type II SLAP repairs in overhead athletes, focusing primarily on athletic performance as well as activities of daily living. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective review of 30 overhead athletes, who underwent an arthroscopic superior labral repair for a symptomatic type II SLAP tear between 2002 and 2007, was performed. Our study population included 22 male and 8 female patients with a mean age at the time of surgery of 24 years. Twenty-one patients participated in baseball or softball, and the remainder of patients were involved in javelin throwing or tennis. The average follow-up was 3.5 years. The outcome of treatment was evaluated using the American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) scoring system, assessing activities of daily living, and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow (KJOC) score, assessing sport-specific performance. In addition, the length of time to return to sport and the degree of successful performance were evaluated. Results: Repairs resulted in ASES scores comparable with those from prior published studies (average ASES score, 87.9). The KJOC score averaged 73.6. The athletes’ perception was that they returned to approximately 84.1% of their preinjury level of function with a mean time to return to play of 11.7 months. There was a significant drop in the ASES to KJOC score for the baseball/softball players (87.9 ± 14.94 and 72 ± 19.24, respectively; P = .006). Patients reported an overall satisfaction rate of 93.3% with the procedure, with the majority being very satisfied. Conclusion: Arthroscopic SLAP repairs show excellent results and a high rate of overall satisfaction; however, the outcomes are less reliable in throwers. The KJOC score provides a more stringent assessment of overhead athletes’ function after SLAP repair than the ASES score. Our findings also indicate that SLAP repairs lead to improved shoulder function during routine daily activities but that consistent return to elite throwing sports may still remain somewhat problematic.

Biochemistry and Physiology of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Doping

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AASs) are chemical and pharmacological derivatives of the male hormone testosterone which are widely used for increasing burst and sprinting activities in sports. Although AASs are thought to be transversal to the plurality of sports disciplines, they are principally misused by bodybuilders, weightlifters, shot, hammer, discus or javelin throwers, rugby and American football players as well as by swimmers and runners. AAS exert a kaleidoscope of effects on human biology, principally through the 5-α-reductase-mediated conversion into dihydrotestosterone, the aromatase-mediated conversion into female sex hormones, a competitive antagonism to the glucocorticoid receptors, the potential stimulation of erythropoietin secretion as well as psychoactive effects on the brain. The influence of AASs on physical performance is still undefined, since the large number of studies published so far have described discordant and often contradictory outcomes. Nevertheless, animal and human investigations support the hypothesis that the administration of AASs might increase lean body mass, muscle mass, and maximal voluntary strength especially in men, so that they would represent an appealing form of doping for increasing power capacity, sustaining intensive training periods and, last but not least, as a cosmetic muscle makeover. The aim of this article is to review the biochemistry, physiology and the ergogenic effects of AASs.

Kinematic Perturbation in the Flexion-Extension Axis for Two Lumbar Rigs During a High Impact Jump Task

The measurement of lumbar spine motion is an important step for injury prevention research during complex and high impact activities, such as cricket fast bowling or javelin throwing. This study examined the performance of two designs of a lumbar rig, previously used in gait research, during a controlled high impact bench jump task. An 8-camera retro-reflective motion analysis system was used to track the lumbar rig. Eleven athletes completed the task wearing the two different lumbar rig designs. Flexion extension data were analyzed using a fast Fourier transformation to assess the signal power of these data during the impact phase of the jump. The lumbar rig featuring an increased and pliable base of support recorded moderately less signal power through the 0-60 Hz spectrum, with statistically less magnitudes at the 0-5 Hz (p = .039), 5-10 Hz (p = .005) and 10-20 Hz (p = .006) frequency bins. A lumbar rig of this design would seem likely to provide less noisy lumbar motion data during high impact tasks.

Efficacy of The Ankyle in Increasing the Distance of the Ancient Greek Javelin Throw

Efficacy of The Ankyle in Increasing the Distance of the Ancient Greek Javelin Throw

여자 창던지기 시 기록 차이에 따른 투사요인의 운동학적 분석

This study intends to analyze the projection factors` difference on each record of women`s javelin throwing. For this purpose, the research analyzed the best record and the lowest one of athletes in top 1~7 ranks respectively, who participated in 2009 Daegu Pre-Championship Meeting. For analyze kinematic factors, we analyzed their game photos mainly shot by 3 cameras installed in side places. The used analysis program was Kwon3D 3.1. Analysis variables were the projection velocity, angle, height, trunk lean angle, and supporting leg`s knee angle. The results concluded as follows: Different record showed statistically significant differences(p