JavaScript API Research Articles

FP-tracer: Fine-grained Browser Fingerprinting Detection via Taint-tracking and Entropy-based Thresholds

Browser fingerprinting is an effective technique to track web users by building a fingerprint from their browser attributes. It is also stealthy because the tracker uses legitimate JavaScript API calls offered by the browser engine, which can be obfuscated before they are sent to a (third-party) server. Current browser fingerprinting methodologies employ coarse-grained collection and classification techniques, such as binary classification of fingerprinters based on the number of non-obfuscated exfiltrated attributes. As a result, they produce inconsistent findings. Meanwhile, the privacy of millions of web users is at risk daily. We address this gap by presenting FP-tracer, a novel methodology to detect and classify browser fingerprinters based on dynamic taint tracking and joint entropy classification. Our methodology enables detecting first- and third-party fingerprinters even when they use obfuscation by tainting attributes, propagating them, and logging when they are leaked (via 62 sources and 25 sinks). Moreover, it discriminates the invasiveness of fingerprinting activities, even from the same service, by measuring the joint entropy of the collected attributes and clustering them. We implement FP-tracer by extending Foxhound, a privacy-oriented Firefox fork with numeric type tainting, more taint tracking sources and sinks, support for multiple sources, and better logging capabilities. We embed our implementation in our automated crawling infrastructure, which is capable of testing websites in parallel using programmable and reproducible logic. We will open-source our implementation. We evaluate FP-tracer by performing a large-scale crawl over the Tranco Top 100K, and detect, amongst others, audio, canvas, and storage fingerprinting on the web. Among others, we find high fingerprinting activities in 8% of domains, with more moderate activity reaching 75%. Notably, fingerprinting is almost five times more likely to be performed by third-party scripts for high activity levels. In addition, we measure that the most severe category of fingerprinting obfuscates 46% of transmitted attributes, and 38% of fingerprinters involve two or more domains. Finally, we find that existing consent banners do not provide an effective defense against browser fingerprinting

Designing a Weather Forecasting Application using API

A web-based tool called Weather Forecasting App gives users precise weather information according to their location. Numerous characteristics are employed in the proposed online application, including temperature, humidity, wind pressure, wind speed, dawn, and sunset times for the area. The precise locations of a forested and hilly environment can be found in this. All of the weather's parameter data was retrieved for this web application using a JavaScript API. To retrieve weather information specific to the user's location, the open weather map API is utilized in the suggested app.This web-based project is also a very responsive app that can provide a very interactive easy-to-use interface to the user on all their devices. Mean this app is a dynamic site that can change its orientation and size depending upon the user's devices. The purpose of weather forecasting is to provide individuals and organizations with information they can use to reduce climate-related losses and grow the community benefits, which include health and property protection, public health and safety, and support economic prosperity and a standard of living

Performance Evaluation of WebRTC-Based Video Conferencing: A Comprehensive Analysis

In an ever-evolving technological landscape, addressing the performance challenges of real-time communication protocols is crucial. Real-time communication, facilitated by streaming media protocols, utilizes peer-to-peer or client-server models to enhance Quality of Service (QoS). WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) stands as a widely adopted, browser-based, open-source, peer-to-peer protocol, offering real-time media transmission through JavaScript APIs without third-party plugins. This paper presents an in-depth performance evaluation of a WebRTC-based video conferencing system using Socket.io services on a Node.js server. Our research expands on recent studies by introducing a comprehensive set of performance parameters, including Processing delay, CPU Utilization, Latency, Jitter, and Packet Loss, and packet delay. Our findings indicate that WebRTC performs exceptionally well within specific latency thresholds. However, scalability concerns emerge when a large number of clients are introduced, especially in bandwidth-constrained environments.

Toward the flow-centric detection of browser fingerprinting

Browser fingerprinting has become a prevalent technique employed by websites for advertising and analytics. It utilizes JavaScript objects and APIs to gather traditional and non-traditional browser attributes and creates unique identifiers for online user tracking. While previous research has examined the invocation of the browser's built-in JavaScript objects and APIs to retrieve browser attribute values, it overlooks the use and flow of those values within scripts.In this paper, we define browser fingerprinting behavior as the aggregation of different types of browser attributes, and reduce the detection of browser fingerprinting to a joint analysis of the data flows of browser attribute values in JavaScript code. FProbe, our proposed framework for the flow-centric detection of browser fingerprinting, performs context-sensitive static data flow analysis on JavaScript code. Given the complexity and dynamic features of the JavaScript language, achieving soundness in static analysis of JavaScript code is extremely challenging or even impossible. Consequently, FProbe aims to be a practical and accurate tool for detecting browser fingerprinting. We implemented FProbe in Java and evaluated its performance using 4,296 fingerprinting scripts from recent work and 2,335,317 pieces of JavaScript code on 988,220 websites. FProbe achieved F-measures of 97.81% and 96.31% on these datasets, respectively. It identified browser fingerprinting behavior on 0.78% of the 988,220 websites, with the use of the toDataURL method observed in 4.26% of the fingerprinting scripts. Notably, only 72 fingerprinting scripts and 10 fingerprinting providers identified by FProbe were reported in previous work. These results highlight the effectiveness of FProbe in detecting browser fingerprinting and its complementarity to existing detection tools. Additionally, our comprehensive study demonstrates that fingerprinting with traditional browser attributes can achieve a 96.6% F-measure.

Dot Distribution Maps to identify Part-Time Distance Learning Programs(iCEPS) Campuses in Universiti Teknologi MARA

The existing iCEPS webpage continues to display program information in a list format, requiring users to manually scroll through the list to access all the available UiTM programs. This presentation of data in a list format is inefficient for analysis as it necessitates users to imagine and visualize the geographical location of the campuses themselves. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a dot distribution map to assist users (candidates) in their search and selection of campuses for pursuing part-time distance learning at the diploma or degree level, as offered by the Institute of Continuing Education and Professional Studies (iCEPS) at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). In this study, a methodology to enhance the user experience in selecting campuses for part-time distance learning programs at the diploma or degree level was implemented. This includes initializing a map using the Google Maps JavaScript API, generating markers on the map to represent campus locations, and implementing tooltips to provide essential information when users interact with the markers. The webpages with the dot distribution maps are presented as the findings of study. It is effectively visualizing the locations of iCEPS campuses across various branches in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. These dot distribution maps offer an interactive and user-friendly platform that allows users to access detailed information about the courses offered at each campus. The implications of this study point to a significant reduction in the time, costs, and health-related concerns associated with users’ travelling. By providing an efficient means of campus selection through dot distribution maps, prospective learners can minimize the time spent commuting, reduce expenses on accommodation, food, and travelling thus promoting convenience, financial savings, and well-being.

Web Real Time Communication (RTC)

Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) is an open-source challenge that allows real-time communique talents immediately within internet browsers and cellular applications. It permits peer- to-peer communique, which includes audio, video, and information sharing, without the want for any extra plugins or 1/3-party software program. WebRTC abstracts the complexities of organising direct communique channels among devices, allowing developers to integrate seamless real-time conversation functionalities into web applications. It leverages a aggregate of standardized protocols, such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE), and JavaScript APIs to allow steady and efficient conversation among customers, enhancing the general person enjoy for diverse online collaboration, conferencing, and conversation programs.

Implementasi Sistem Informasi Geografis pada Pemetaan Lahan Aset Desa Palembon menggunakan Google Maps API

Village assets are assets owned by the village. It is necessary to collect, record, and report the data. The village assets consist of several types, one of which is buildings and land. To collect data on building and land assets, a mapping is needed to describe the condition of the distribution area of these assets. Therefore, a web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) design, using the Laravel Framework utilizing the Google Maps Javascript API as a digital map provider and MySQL as a database. This system is used to fix the problems with data collection, recording, and reporting the asset data.

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis Using Google Earth Engine in Manamati Watershed of Kathmandu District, Nepal

Understanding the changes in land use and land cover (LULC) is essential in managing and monitoring the resources and planning. This study has analyzed the LULC changes in the years between 1992 and 2017 in Manamati watershed, Kathmandu district. Google Earth Engine Java Script API has been used to prepare LULC database. The supervised classification of a maximum likelihood algorithm is also used to prepare LULC database. The result shows that more than 6% land of the cultivated area has been converted into built-up area from 1992 to 2017, and 2.43 km2 area has increased in built-up area. The forest-covered area seems to be constant, and it is not a significant change over the last 25 years. However, proper watershed management practice and land use planning require to control the threats to watershed resources. The results of this study could be a reference to the future planning of watershed resource management.

“I just looked for the solution!”On Integrating Security-Relevant Information in Non-Security API Documentation to Support Secure Coding Practices

Software developers build complex systems using plenty of third-party libraries. Documentation is key to understand and use the functionality provided via the libraries’ APIs. Therefore, functionality is the main focus of contemporary API documentation, while cross-cutting concerns such as security are almost never considered at all, especially when the API itself does not provide security features. Documentations of JavaScript libraries for use in web applications, e.g., do not specify how to add or adapt a Content Security Policy (CSP) to mitigate content injection attacks like Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). This is unfortunate, as security-relevant API documentation might have an influence on secure coding practices and prevailing major vulnerabilities such as XSS. For the first time, we study the effects of integrating security-relevant information in non-security API documentation. For this purpose, we took CSP as an exemplary study object and extended the official Google Maps JavaScript API documentation with security-relevant CSP information in three distinct manners. Then, we evaluated the usage of these variations in a between-group eye-tracking lab study involving N=49 participants. Our observations suggest: (1) Developers are focused on elements with code examples. They mostly skim the documentation while searching for a quick solution to their programming task. This finding gives further evidence to results of related studies. (2) The location where CSP-related code examples are placed in non-security API documentation significantly impacts the time it takes to find this security-relevant information. In particular, the study results showed that the proximity to functional-related code examples in documentation is a decisive factor. (3) Examples significantly help to produce secure CSP solutions. (4) Developers have additional information needs that our approach cannot meet. Overall, our study contributes to a first understanding of the impact of security-relevant information in non-security API documentation on CSP implementation. Although further research is required, our findings emphasize that API producers should take responsibility for adequately documenting security aspects and thus supporting the sensibility and training of developers to implement secure systems. This responsibility also holds in seemingly non-security relevant contexts.

Assessment of reduced respiratory diseases in the Moscow population morbidity as a result of the implementation of the best available technology

AIM: To examine the potential for lowering respiratory diseases in the Moscow population as a result of the implementation of the best available technology at objects of the I and II categories of negative environmental impact.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The source data array was created by the authors using a parser script written in the Python computer language. The determination of the geographical coordinates of the location of industrial facilities and their territorial linkage to the administrative districts of the city of Moscow was carried out using the JavaScript API of the Yandex Geocoder. Regression and correlation analysis were used to determine the relationship between the morbidity indicators of the population of the city of Moscow and the indices of comparative non-carcinogenic danger. The mathematical processing of statistical data was carried out using the interpreted programming language R and the spatial territorial binding of negative impact on the environment objects was carried out using the ESRI ArcGIS Online geoinformation system.
 RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between the values of the comparative non-carcinogenic danger indices to the respiratory system (arising from the volume of emissions from objects in the I and II categories of negative environmental impact) and respiratory diseases for various age groups of the population of the city of Moscow (children up to 14 years old, adolescents from 15 to 17 years old, adults over 18 years old). The spearman's sp coefficient was 0.84 (p 0.05), indicating a significant correlation on the Chaddock scale. The Student's t-test index was higher than the critical one at the significance level =0.05. This study identified the potential for lowering the number of respiratory diseases in the population of Moscow, which varies in the range of 1.1%2.2% for children, 1.2%2.5% for adolescents, and 1.02.0 for adults, depending on the scenario for the implementation of the best available technologies at the facilities of the I and II categories of the negative environmental impact.
 CONCLUSION: As a result of the research, a mathematical model has been developed, which allows determining the values of the potential for reducing the incidence of the respiratory system with the implementation of the best available technologies. This can be used in the formation of regional and federal programs for socio-economic development.

Determination of pedestrian accessibility for urban public transport stops

Introduction. This article is devoted to the problem of determining the territorial (pedestrian) accessibility of stopping points in large cities, which is one of the indicators of the quality of transport services for the population.The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for determining the territorial (pedestrian) accessibility of stopping points of a large city with a thousand or more stopping points, based on publicly available data. The cause of the study was the dificulty of solving this problem, due to the large number of both stopping points and residential facilities, the straightforwardness of the shortest pedestrian approach, the lack of detailed instructions for performing calculations, etc. Based on the review of Russian and foreign scientific sources, approaches to determining the territorial accessibility of stopping points were considered, taking into account various additional parameters, such as the number of routes passing through a stopping point, the intensity of passenger exchange, the availability of socially significant objects, etc. The existing difficulties and peculiarities in determining the availability of stopping points for individual and multi-apartment residential buildings are given. In the framework of the System-wide measures for the development of road facilities federal project and the Safe and high-quality roads national project when preparing an application for the purchase of passenger transport rolling stock for Omsk, the authors carried out scientific and practical work, as a result, a methodology has been developed to overcome some difficulties in determining the transport accessibility of stopping points in a large city by using a partially automated approach at its individual stages.Materials and methods. In particular, tools such as Yandex Map Designer, Table Excel Editor, Xtools Add-in for Excel, QGIS program, Macro in Excel using JavaScript API and HTTP geocoder were used.Results. The calculation of territorial accessibility of stopping points using the developed methodology was carried out for Omsk. The application of this technique allows to reduce labour intensity of calculations up to 10 times. Discussion. The discussion of the results presented guidelines for further improvement of the developed methodology

Cloud-based applications for accessing satellite Earth observations to support malaria early warning

Malaria epidemics can be triggered by fluctuations in temperature and precipitation that influence vector mosquitoes and the malaria parasite. Identifying and monitoring environmental risk factors can thus provide early warning of future outbreaks. Satellite Earth observations provide relevant measurements, but obtaining these data requires substantial expertise, computational resources, and internet bandwidth. To support malaria forecasting in Ethiopia, we developed software for Retrieving Environmental Analytics for Climate and Health (REACH). REACH is a cloud-based application for accessing data on land surface temperature, spectral indices, and precipitation using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. REACH can be implemented using the GEE code editor and JavaScript API, as a standalone web app, or as package with the Python API. Users provide a date range and data for 852 districts in Ethiopia are automatically summarized and downloaded as tables. REACH was successfully used in Ethiopia to support a pilot malaria early warning project in the Amhara region. The software can be extended to new locations and modified to access other environmental datasets through GEE.

ANALISA PENCAPAIAN PROGRAM KAMPUNG KB DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN DENGAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS

Efforts to realize quality family planning one of them by living in a healthy environment and also regulate natality, ideal age of childbirth and distance. Planning and Activities Programs are coordinated by representatives of the Provincial BKKBN by involving all elements in the Organizational Structure of Kampung KB (in accordance with the Decree of the Regent / Mayor) through the Forum of Deliberation or inserting in other appropriate forums. A form of realization of program planning is by the form of geographic information systems. Information about the location or place of an object located on the earth's surface and includes information on the location of geographical locations to be analyzed and made decisions. By using the Google Maps API, it is possible to use Google Maps from the geographic information system created. In its early development, the Google Maps API was limited to the Java Script API. Maps API expanded to include an infographic that makes it easy to store and interpret map-shaped data. The problem of the Department of Population Control and Family Planning related to the Kampung KB Program is that they cannot provide information anywhere where the distribution of KB Village is and what achievements have been achieved after the selection of the village into Kampung KB. The presentation of information with spatial data can be facilitated with Geographic Information System. So far, government only receives data in the form of reports of general nature, and government cannot see the distribution of Kampung KB visually. With this information can be presented Geographic Information System. In this study will be developed Geographic Information System distribution and achievement of kampung kb program. Web-based system to visualize the mapping of kb villages into the form of maps, as well as provide information about areas that have been registered as kb or non-kb villages in South Lampung Regency. The system is created using the programming languages PHP, HTML, Javascript and MySql as a system database.

Multilevel Supporting System for Special Forms of Learning

We created this system, because meanwhile another similar system does not exist. For the first usage and testing, multilevel supporting system for special forms of learning is being developed as a web-based support for teaching music theory. First part of the article is focused on basic description of the project. Main parts of multilevel supporting system for special forms of learning is described and described are using technologies for development of system too. In the next part of the article are described some CMS communications with publication and presentation. System is based on web technologies such as PHP, MySQL and HTML with fully featured java-script jQuery API and WYSIWYG editor TinyMCE with useful plugins. Last part is aimed to refer about all developed modules for the Multilevel supporting system for special forms of learning. We established the data-base structure of composers, music genres and music samples. It was necessary to create administration system where will be the teacher able to form the music staves and present them on the web portal. Everything is connected with the learning portal, which allows students to register, to apply for entry into the classes, receive the information, training and test their knowledge through the test module.

Drone-based Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping of Cassava Pythoplasma Disease (CPD) for Precision Agriculture

The development of Drone-based Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping of Cassava Pythoplasma Disease (CPD) for Precision Agriculture is intended to detect Cassava Phytoplasma Disease. Cassava phytoplasma disease (CPD) is a major danger to the country's cassava sector right now. The Philippines is one of the Asian countries that grow cassava as an agricultural commodity. This initiative delivers unique solutions to help Cassava farmers in the region solve their challenges. The researchers developed the system using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology as a guide. The system's process flow was conceptualized using Data Flow Diagramming. The methods used in the detection process are Pixel Intensity, Color Intensity, and Ratio and Coordinates Plotting using Raw Data and Featured Layer. The development of the Drone-based Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping of Cassava Pythoplasma Disease (CPD) for Precision Agriculture is an effective and innovative tool in detecting CPD in order to prevent the spread of the disease. The implementation of the developed system addressed the current needs of the partner agency in monitoring and preventing the occurrence of the CPD in their cassava plantation. Visual Imaging of CPD Heat Map Using Arc GIS JavaScript API was an effective tool in detecting the presence of Cassava Phytoplasma disease in cassava plantation using the different techniques and methodologies Keywords — ARC GIS, Heat Map, JAVA Script, Visual Imaging, Web-based system

VMetaFlow: A Meta-Framework for Integrating Visualizations in Coordinated View Applications

The analysis and exploration of complex data sets are common problems in many areas, including scientific and business domains. This need has led to substantial development of the data visualization field. However, the diversity of problems to which visual data analysis is applied hinders the implementation of a universal solution that meets the current and future needs of all disciplines. In this paper, we present VMetaFlow, a graphical meta-framework to design interactive and coordinated views applications for data visualization. Our meta-framework is based on data flow diagrams since they have proved their value in simplifying the design of data visualizations. VMetaFlow operates as an abstraction layer that encapsulates and interconnects visualization frameworks in a web-based environment, providing them with interoperability mechanisms. The only requirement is that the visualization framework must be accessible through a JavaScript API. We propose a novel data flow model that allows users to define both interactions between multiple data views and how the data flows between visualization and data processing modules. In contrast with previous data-flow-based frameworks for visualization, we separate the view interactions from data items, broadening the expressiveness of our model and supporting the most common types of multi-view interactions. Our meta-framework allows visualization and data analysis experts to focus their efforts on creating data representations and transformations for their applications, whereas nonexperts can reuse previously developed components to design their applications through a user-friendly interface. We validate our approach through a critical inspection with visualization experts and two case studies. We have carefully selected these case studies to illustrate its capabilities. Finally, we compare our approach with the subset flow model designed for multiple coordinated views.

Design and Development of Gesture Based Gaming Console

Game controllers have been planned and improved throughout the years to be as easy to understand as could reasonably be expected. A game controller is a gadget utilized with games or theatre setups to give contribution to a computer game, commonly to control an item or character in the game. Information gadgets that have been named game controllers incorporate consoles, mice, gamepads, joysticks, and so on. A few controllers are intended to be purposely best for one sort of game, for example, guiding wheels for driving games, move cushions for moving games, and light firearms for firing games. The aim here is to create a virtual environment, where the user is appealed by various gesture controls in a gaming application. A Gesture is an action that has to be seen or felt by someone else (here a PC) and has to convey some piece of information. Now obviously, to create a virtual gaming environment, we need to create a real-time gaming application first. We’ll be designing our 2D and 3D gaming applications through Unity 3D video game engine. The data used in this project is primarily from the Ego Hands dataset. After an input has been taken, and the consequent action has been performed, we’ll use this activity for future development of the model by using Tensor-Flow. The input will be taken through the webcam of the PC which will be accessed and combined to the gaming application and hands dataset by WebGL. WebGL is a JavaScript API for rendering interactive 2D and 3D graphics within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins.

Sentinel-1 SAR Backscatter Analysis Ready Data Preparation in Google Earth Engine

Sentinel-1 satellites provide temporally dense and high spatial resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The open data policy and global coverage of Sentinel-1 make it a valuable data source for a wide range of SAR-based applications. In this regard, the Google Earth Engine is a key platform for large area analysis with preprocessed Sentinel-1 backscatter images available within a few days after acquisition. To preserve the information content and user freedom, some preprocessing steps (e.g., speckle filtering) are not applied on the ingested Sentinel-1 imagery as they can vary by application. In this technical note, we present a framework for preparing Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter Analysis-Ready-Data in the Google Earth Engine that combines existing and new Google Earth Engine implementations for additional border noise correction, speckle filtering and radiometric terrain normalization. The proposed framework can be used to generate Sentinel-1 Analysis-Ready-Data suitable for a wide range of land and inland water applications. The Analysis Ready Data preparation framework is implemented in the Google Earth Engine JavaScript and Python APIs.

Effectiveness of Memorizing an Animated Route—Comparing Satellite and Road Map Differences in the Eye-Tracking Study

There is no consensus on the importance of satellite images in the process of memorizing a route from a map image, especially if the route is displayed on the Internet using dynamic (animated) cartographic visualization. In modern dynamic maps built with JavaScript APIs, background layers can be easily altered by map users. The animation attracts people’s attention better than static images, but it causes some perceptual problems. This study examined the influence of the number of turns on the effectiveness (correctness) and efficiency of memorizing the animated route on different cartographic backgrounds. The routes of three difficulty levels, based on satellite and road background, were compared. The results show that the satellite background was not a significant factor influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of route memorizing. Recordings of the eye movement confirmed this. The study reveals that there were intergroup differences in participants’ visual behavior. Participants who described their spatial abilities as “very good” performed better (in terms of effectiveness and efficiency) in route memorizing tasks. For future research, there is a need to study route variability and its impact on participants’ performance. Moreover, future studies should involve differences in route visualization (e.g., without and with ephemeral or permanent trail).

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Level Changes during the Control of COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand

The first case of COVID-19 infection was confirmed in Thailand on January 13, 2020; since then, work from home and lockdown measures have slowed the spread of COVID-19. A more stringent, curfew regulation was imposed on April 3, 2020. Under these measures, the activities of businesses, transportation, and industrial sectors were reduced or temporally closed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the changes in the nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) level in the whole of Thailand and specifically in the Bangkok metropolitan area. The concentrations of tropospheric NO2 were extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite data. The Google Earth Engine JavaScript API was used to retrieve and calculate the NO2 data. Python was also used to extract NO2 values from the output raster data. The results showed that the level of NO2 increased by 47.4% during the COVID-19 pandemic in the whole of Thailand; NO2 declined by 4.8% in the Bangkok metropolitan area, but there was no significant difference compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. NO2 level during curfew regulation declined by 9.5% in the whole of Thailand and decreased by 20.1% in the Bangkok metropolitan area. After comparing the same time duration in 2019 and 2020 on a monthly basis, the results revealed that NO2 level in 2020 declined by 9.1% and 9.8% for the whole of Thailand and Bangkok metropolitan area, respectively. Our findings support that these measures can temporarily reduce NO2 levels. Once all sectors resume as normal, we concern that the NO2 emissions will rebound. Hence, the challenge after the COVID-19 pandemic is how to improve and protect our environment while restoring the economy, which is a crucial issue that policymakers should fully address.