Java Bali Research Articles

Customer's response to dynamic pricing in utility energy Tariff quality and reliability with the time of use: An Empirical case study of household electricity customers in Indonesia

Time of Use (ToU) is one of the types of dynamic pricing strategies at which a pricing scheme employs a variable rate rather than a fixed one causing electricity tariffs over a particular consumption period to rise once in high consumer demand at peak times and to fall once the demand is low at off-peak times. Owing to the important factor of perceiving customers' response to the successful implementation of the ToU tariff scheme, this study examines the household electricity customers' response in Indonesia - especially residents of Java Island and Bali Island - to future implementation of this dynamic pricing strategy in utility energy tariff quality and reliability. Data on the behavior of the PLN customers need to be thoroughly gathered and then analyzed quantitatively for well-informed decisions on a set of variable rates based on peak/off-peak times of the day and the season to establish in a board of directors' room. Hence, survey work is conducted, and a questionnaire is carefully designed and developed in this study to help collect and analyze the data on consumer behavior. The results show that customers’ response exhibits a promising outcome. At the total number of 451 respondents, 63 % of the survey participants expect to opt into the ToU scheme and the reason for this is their sensitivity to a bargain price of the electricity rate. However, 37 % of the respondents find ToU burdensome to implement and very demanding, as a result they opt out of the ToU scheme. From the results of the survey, it can also be inferred household energy-related activities that customers are quite willing to shift are washing and ironing clothes where a shift in these activities would lead to potential savings in the electricity bills of 26 % off the regular price. From the use of the quantitative method in this study, the total potential daily load reduction of energy consumption with the ToU tariff scheme could reach 3,23 kW for each customer. The findings conclude that customers have presented an encouraging response to future implementation of ToU and express their thoughts ToU seems to bring potential benefits of saving electricity bills and looks as if it is fairly easy for customers to adapt to shifting their energy usage from peak times to off-peak times.

Study of Reducing Transmission Losses in Java-Bali System with the Addition of Capacitors along with Optimal Capacitor Placement Methods Using Quasi-Dynamic Simulation

The Java-Bali electricity system is the largest electricity system in Indonesia which consists of 5 areas including Jakarta-Banten area, West Java area, Central Java area, East Java area and Bali area. This system is operated to meet the economic, reliability, quality, and green principles. In the case of reliability, one of the essential aims is minimization of transmission losses due to importance in system improvement to increase system operational efficiency to the possible extent. Transmission losses are an inevitable part of the electric power transfer process from generation stations to consumers. The power losses in a transmission line are inversely proportional to the square of the line voltage. This implies that lower line voltages result in higher power losses. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain optimal voltage levels to minimize transmission losses and ensure efficient energy delivery across the power system. One effective way to achieve this is by integrating capacitors into the system. In this study, we have explored two methods that aim to pinpoint the most advantageous locations for the integration of new capacitors. The goal is to optimize capacitor planning, with an emphasis not only on improving voltage levels but also on minimizing transmission losses within the Java-Bali system. The research results indicate that implementing two proposed methods can significantly reduce transmission losses in The Java-Bali system. Method-1 involves identifying the lowest voltage over the course of a year, while Method-2 focuses on the lowest voltage value within the first quartile (Q1/25%) during the same period

Insights from 20 years of mammal population research in Indonesia

AbstractMammal populations are declining in biodiverse tropical regions. Global analyses have identified Indonesia as a hotspot of vertebrate decline, although relatively few data are available to substantiate these claims. We reviewed research articles published during 2000–2020 on 104 medium-sized to large terrestrial mammal species found in Indonesia to help inform conservation management and future research. We identified 308 peer-reviewed studies published in English or Bahasa Indonesia, with an increase in publication rate (articles published per year) over time. Studies of species distributions dominated the literature, followed by publications on abundance, species diversity and combinations of these topics. Most publications concerned single-species studies conducted at a single location and a single point in time. We identify four key issues that should be addressed by future research and conservation efforts: (1) disproportionate focus on a small number of species; (2) geographical bias towards west Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java–Bali), with few published studies from central (Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku) and east (Papua) Indonesia; (3) limitations to survey design, sampling effort and data analysis; and (4) lack of long-term wildlife population studies. We also note challenges local researchers face in publishing their studies in international journals because of language barriers and costs. Greater use of existing biodiversity data and continued capacity building for local researchers, particularly those in central and east Indonesia, are critical to effectively guide future wildlife monitoring and improve the conservation status of Indonesian mammals.

Switching from LPG to electricity in Indonesia: a study in the Java Bali grid

Switching from LPG to electricity in Indonesia: a study in the Java Bali grid

The Initial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Regional Economies in Indonesia: Structural Changes and Regional Income Inequality

The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted an enormous impact on the Indonesian economy. In 2020, the country’s economy contracted by 2.7%. However, the impact has been spatially heterogeneous. Based on provincial GDP across industrial sectors, this study examines how structural changes caused by the pandemic have affected the determinants of inter-provincial inequality in Indonesia by conducting a bi-dimensional inequality decomposition analysis. According to the bi-dimensional decomposition analysis, after the outbreak of COVID-19, the tourism sector reduced its contribution to inter-provincial inequality. On the other hand, the IC and financial services sectors were not affected by the pandemic and raised their contributions. When Indonesia recovers from the pandemic, it is likely that the tourism sector will regain its position as an important determinant of inter-provincial inequality. However, the most important sectors in determining inter-provincial inequality will be the IC, financial, and business services sectors, particularly in the Java–Bali region. With the rapid advancement of IC, financial, and e-business technologies, the roles of these high-inequality sectors are likely to increase unless policies that could facilitate spatial dispersion of these services and activities are implemented.

Survey Upah Kerja Restoran di Kabupaten Bandung pada Masa Pandemi

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on low-income workers, most of whom have experienced significant salary cuts. This happened due to government policy in an effort to suppress the spread of covid 19 by making an Emergency Community Activity Restriction Program (PPKM) policy for the Java Bali area starting on July 4, 2021. The regulation strictly restricts the activities of citizens. Employers who can still survive provide options for workers, namely working with a salary of 20-30% of the initial salary in the work agreement or being laid off because it requires company efficiency, which means experiencing a salary reduction of 80%. Based on the results of a survey conducted by the Indonesia Business Coalition for Women Empowerment (IBCWE) in May and December 2020. Workers who experienced a suspension of work again by 26% and workers who were still working, but experienced a reduction in working hours and wages by 55%. Bandung Regency itself, not a few companies cut their employees' salaries because production has dropped dramatically, some even completely close their companies, as happened in Dayeuhkolot District. There were massive layoffs from two garment companies that went out of business. Employees are temporarily laid off or working hours are reduced, taking turns with other employees which of course has an impact on reducing salaries. The formulation of the problem of how to determine the working hours of MSME workers in Bandung Regency during the pandemic and how to determine salaries based on these working hours. This study aims to determine the payroll applied by business actors in Bandung Regency during the pandemic. The research method used is qualitative descriptive. Meanwhile, the expected output of this research is to contribute data and facts related to the impact of the pandemic to business actors and the government through publication in accredited national journals.

Battery energy storage systems reinforcement control strategy to enhanced the maximum integration of PV to generation systems

Java Bali area has high potential of renewable energy resources (RES) especially for photovoltaic (PV) energy which can supply the power system electricity. However, the PV generation has intermittent characteristic, which in may disturb the power system operation. The disturbance is related to the system technical minimum load (TML) and system ramping capability. For that purpose, the maximum size of PV generation should be determined and regulated since it depends on generating unit size and type. The regulation can be realized using the reinforcement of battery energy storage system (BESS) which can provide the system flexibility, frequency regulation and energy management. The method to determine maximum penetration level of PV penetration is proposed in this research, which is based on the unit commitment (UC) procedure. The BESS facilities are also included as the technology option which can provide more flexibility. The proposed method will determine penetration level, periodically committed generating unit, dispatched generating unit, BESS charging and discharging status. The method is simulated in simplified Java Bali System under three different period that are weekdays, weekend and lowestday scenario having different demand and peakload combining to BESS facilities as the options. The result shows that under BESS reinforcement the PV integration are 49%, 35% and 23% during weekdays, weekend and lowestday, respectively. On contrary, without BESS reinforcement the PV integration are only 45%, 31% and 17%.

Whole-genome-scale analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 during the first COVID-19 wave in an international tourist destination, Bali, Indonesia

Background: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants such as B.1.17 (alpha), B.1351 (beta), and B.1.617.2 (delta) have caused a significant rise in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases worldwide. In response, the Indonesian government imposed restrictions on international and domestic travel, especially in areas with a high number of COVID-19 cases including Java Island and Bali. The aim of this study was to investigate the mutation patterns of indigenous SARS-CoV-2 strains in Bali. Methods: We conducted whole-genome sequencing on isolates collected from COVID-19-confirmed patients at the end of the first wave (January – March 2021). The sequencing was carried out at the 1st BASE Pte Ltd Laboratory (Singapore) using Oxford Nanopore Platform (GridION) using IDT ARTIC nCoV-2019 V3 Panel. The phylogenetic tree was constructed on MEGA 7.0 with hCoV-19/Wuhan/WIV04/2019 as the genomic reference. Results: Our data revealed that none of the isolates were variants of concern. Among the five lineages tracked, the viral isolates were most likely from B.1.466.2 (n=4). All viruses had D614G mutation in the spike protein with clade GH being most predominant (n=10) and followed by GR (n=1) and O (n=1). Additionally, mutations at NS3, NSP3, NSP12, and NSP6 were found. Conclusion: At the end of the first COVID-19 wave in Bali, variants of concern were not detected which could be attributed to the heavy mobility restrictions.

Prototype and monitoring system of phasor measurement unit based on the internet of things

This research resulting the method to reduce phasor measurement unit (PMU) amount and optimization of PMU replacement using a combination of Integer linear k-means. The first step of modeling is using a lot of PMUs that are optimized at Bendul Merisi network using integer linear k-means clustering for achieving an optimum solution of amount and replacement of PMU to be installed. The second step is estimating the uninstalled bus's power and voltage. PMU is using modified adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) of hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO)-genetic algorithm (GA). The third step is to test and simulate the hardware design of the research for offline and online data. Research also tested network transmission of Java–Bali 500 kV. Designed simulation can calculate the active and reactive power of each bus in clusters so the total active and reactive power of each cluster can be known. Device tests to transmit data using internet of things (IoT) from a laboratory scale during 7 days have an average of 2.8 seconds while the field test required an average of 10.416 seconds during 24 hours.

Learning from entrepreneurial failure: examining attribution and contextual factors of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Indonesia

PurposeThis study's main objective is to examine the effect of learning from entrepreneurial failure on performance, with a type of failure as a moderator variable. Interactions between internal and external causes of failure and learning from entrepreneurial failure are also investigated, as well as entrepreneurs' aspects (i.e. age, experience and education) and organisational contextual factors (i.e. size, sector and location).Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a hypothetico-deductive approach through a survey of 250 purposively sampled entrepreneurs who had suffered business failures. The survey data were subjected to regression analysis and moderated regression using WarpPLS software and an independent sample t test for an in-depth analysis.FindingsThe results indicated that learning from entrepreneurial failure positively affected business performance, an effect moderated by the type of failure, particularly with large failures. Only perceived internal causes of failure exerted a positive effect on learning from entrepreneurial failure; the external causes did not. The effect of failure on business performance was stronger on entrepreneurs who were older and experienced, had non-university educations and operated small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) outside Java–Bali islands.Originality/valueThis study's findings provide empirical evidence that supports the experiential learning theory and attribution theory in explaining the interaction between learning and failure, its cause, its consequences and its magnitude as perceived by entrepreneurs of SMEs in Indonesia, where the rate of failure is relatively high. The authors’ study also emphasises the roles of the entrepreneur and organisational contextual factors, which matter in learning to improve performance.

The effect of health insurance and socioeconomic status on women’s choice in birth attendant and place of delivery across regions in Indonesia: a multinomial logit analysis

BackgroundEvidence suggests that women gave birth in diverse types of health facilities and were assisted by various types of health providers. This study examines how these choices are influenced by...

Regional disparities in hospital utilisation in Indonesia: a cross-sectional analysis data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey

ObjectivesPolicymakers must ensure that the entire population has equal access to health services, and efforts to minimise inequalities are needed. This study aimed to analyse the regional disparities in hospital...

The use of Method Information Index (MII) to monitor the amount of information given to women users of modern contraceptives in Indonesia: results from an analysis of the 2007, 2012 and 2017 demographic and health surveys

BackgroundThe use of Method Information Index (MII) indicates whether women contraceptive users receive adequate information about all available contraceptive methods, side effects of the methods, and how to deal with the side effects if experienced—at method initiation.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the level of MII scores or the amount of information received by married women users of five modern contraceptives at the time of initiation and changes of its determinants based on the Indonesian Demographic and Health data between 2007 and 2017.MethodsData of married women who used most common five modern contraceptive methods (the pill, injectables, implants, IUD, and female sterilization), comprised of a total unweighted sample of 35,412 users out of the 32,895; 45,607 and 49,627 women aged 15–49 in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), respectively. The Method Information Index (MII) scores were calculated based on responses to three questions (whether women were told about method‐specific side effects, advised what to do if they experienced them, and informed about other available methods). Multivariable logistic regressions with ‘time’ as an interaction variable were used to assess the influence of time upon the MII scores and its determinants.ResultsThe MII scores were 23.84% in 2007, 24.60% in 2012 and 28.65% in 2017. Obviously, over 70% of reproductive-age women contraceptive users were not receiving complete information about modern contraceptives at the time of initiation. After 5 years (2012), only living in the Java Bali region (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.66) compared to living in other islands, and currently using injectables (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.10–1.87) and currently using implants (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.07–2.63) compared to currently using pills had significantly higher odds of receiving MII information. After 10 years (2017), only one variable (the ‘richest’ in the wealth quintile category (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.99) compared to the ‘poorest’) still showed a significant association with receipt of complete MII information.ConclusionsDespite the fact that the MII scores increased gradually across the years, interaction with ‘survey time’ showed that the likelihood of receiving complete MII information was not statistically different in the 5 years (2007–2012) and in the 10 years (2007–2017) period from the reference category in 2007. The authors recommend use of the MII score as an objective measure to evaluate access to MII essential information and to monitor an increase in the informed population in Indonesia.

PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH: STUDI EMPIRIS ATAS KORELASI RESIPROKAL

This study aims to analyze the reciprocal effect between economic growth and local own-source revenue. The research scope of this study is based on Java—Bali region in 2015—2019. Using purposive sampling, the data used in this research is taken from the DJPK and BPS websites. The method of this study is analyzed with the two-stage least square (2SLS) panel data regression method with cross-section random effect model as well as white-cross section covariance coefficient in the GDRP equation and period weights (PCSE) in the LOR equation. This research managed to prove the significant positive reciprocal effect between economic growth and LOR. Other factors related such as General Allocation Fund, Revenue Sharing Fund, and HDI in the GDRP equation also have a significant positive influence on economic growth. Meanwhile, labor, local taxes, and local retributions variables also own similar results on LOR. However, Special Allocation Fund and population has significant negative effect on economic growth and LOR, respectively. Moreover, capital expenditure with a lag of two years shows a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth.

Spatial Regulation of Protected Rice Fields through A Notary Law Approach on Freehold Title Splitzing

Protected Rice Field is a legal norm regulated in the Decree of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number: 1589/SK-HK.02.01/XII/2021 concerning Stipulation of Protected Rice Fields Map in Regencies/Cities in West Sumatra Province, Banten Province, West Java Province, Central Java Province, Yogyakarta Special Region Province, East Java Province, Bali Province, and West Nusa Tenggara Province. The purpose of the establishment of the regulation is to control the conversion of rice fields into other functions such as housing, shops, offices and other investment functions. A Notary as an official authorized to make an authentic deed, based on the duties and authorities of a Notary regulated in the Notary Position Act, can also execute the process of splitzing a land certificate by first obtaining a position as a Land Deed Official (referred to as PPAT). Problems regarding protected rice fields in relation to the authority of the Notary in executing the splitzing of the certificates of rice fields are there are obstacles that may emerge in the implementation process due to the issuance of regulations regarding the protected rice fields. This study aims to analyse the public’s perception towards the designation of protected rice fields with the provisions of the freehold titles splitzing. The research method used in thi research is normative juridical research. Based on the analysis, the results of this study indicated that in the case splitzing the deeds of rice field land, the notary is still guided by the terms and conditions stipulated by the National Land Agency.

Structure of local government budgets and local fiscal autonomy: Evidence from Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the critical aspects of Indonesia’s local government budget structure. The impact of the budget on local fiscal autonomy was also examined by separating the sample of provinces in Java Island and Bali versus Non-Java Island and Bali. The unbalanced panel data was collected on 34 Indonesian provinces from 2013 to 2020. The results showed that locally-generated revenue and general allocation funds positively affect the regional fiscal autonomy index. These results indicate that local revenue and general allocation funds have improved regional fiscal autonomy. When the provincial sample is separated, general allocation funds positively and significantly affect the regional fiscal autonomy index in the provinces of Java Island and Bali. Furthermore, locally-generated revenue, as well as general allocation and profit-sharing funds, play a significant role in increasing the regional fiscal autonomy index in provinces outside Java and Bali, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. These findings suggest that different geographical conditions and infrastructure have varying effects on encouraging regional fiscal autonomy. This study invites policymakers to address the strengthening of regional authority to explore income sources and budgeting quality and evaluate intergovernmental fiscal relationships. AcknowledgmentThe authors express gratitude to the three anonymous reviewers and seminar attendees at Mulawarman University for their insightful comments.

Analisis sustainability peformance pada perusahaan di bursa efek indonesia sebelum dan selama Covid 19

This study aims to explore differences in performance between the period before Covid 19 and the period during Covid 19. This study uses financial reports and corporate sustainability reports in various industries listed on the IDX as research objects and uses the Wilcoxon test as a method that compares the period before Covid 19, namely 2018 - 2019 and the period during Covid 19 in 2020. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in economic performance of 16.37, a significant increase in performance. social and environmental are 10.39 and 72.47, respectively. This decline in economic performance occurred as a result of the implementation of social distancing, restrictions on travel and tourism, and the decline in people's purchasing power. On the other hand, these regulations lead to a decrease in electricity consumption in the Java Bali area and a decrease in air pollution, especially in Jakarta. Meanwhile, the increase in social performance occurred due to the widespread assistance from companies for the surrounding community, especially those dealing with Covid 19.

Adoption of Digital Technology: Mapping the Important Roles in Current Agriculture Ecosystem Before & During Pandemic Covid 19 in West Java

Indonesia is the 4th most populous country in the world (Infoplease, 2021), and Indonesia is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of agricultural crops (Statista, 2022). In 2019, FAO estimated that the agricultural area in Indonesia is around 62.300.000 ha (FAO, 2021). Around 60 percent of the total population is in Java island and Bali which are only about 7 percent of the total country’s area (FAO, nd). These islands are believed to be the most fertile of any other island in Indonesia. That’s why Indonesia is called an agrarian country. Indonesia's agriculture industry is a huge contributor to the Indonesian economy. More than 29 percent of the Indonesian workforce are working in agriculture. It is why agriculture become important to Indonesia. According to Indonesia Statistic Data (BPS, 2019), Agriculture in Indonesia contributes more than 13 percent, which is the third most biggest-contributor after manufacturing and trade. With this performance of Indonesia's agriculture, Indonesia has a great opportunity in the future to give a contribution to the food supply of the world. But according to Indonesia’s Statistic Data stated in The Jakarta Post, Indonesia already lost 5.1 million farmers between 2003 and 2013 (The Jakarta Post, 2020). This condition is the consequence of the beliefs of the young people that farmers are low-wage workers, which is suitable for those who have a poor background and limited educational background (SMERU Research Institute, 2016). The issue is limited to human resources and according to Indonesia Statistic Data, Indonesia's agricultural land has decreased from 7.75 million hectares to 7.46 million in just 6 years (The Jakarta Post, 2020). Keywords: Agriculture, Agriculture Ecosystem, Digital Ecosystem

The Influence of Motivation, Work Disipline and Work Environment on the Performance of PT Employees. Java Generation Bali Services Unit PLTU Banjarsari Regency of Lahat

This study aims to determine the effect of motivation, work discipline and work environment on the performance of employees of PT. Java Bali Generation Services PLTU Banjarsari Research is included in the field research design category. The researcher focuses attention on the phenomena that exist in the field so that the direct involvement of the researcher is limited to observations as material for cross-information obtained from the object. Location of PT. Java Bali Generation Services PLTU Banjarsari Lahat Regency. The research sample is 112 employees as respondents. The first sample was tested using the Instrument Validity Test and Instrument Reliability Test. The analytical model used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is a positive and significant effect of motivation, work discipline and work environment together on the performance of employees of PT. Java Bali Generation Services Unit PLTU Banjarsari. Partially, the results of the analysis show that there is a positive and significant effect of work motivation, work discipline and work environment on the performance of employees of PT. Java Bali Generation Services Unit PLTU Banjarsari.

The Implementation of K-Means Clustering in Coal-fired Power Plant Performance

Performance monitoring for power plant industry is important to know current condition and determined the prior way for improvement strategy. This study aims to classified performance index which are Equivalent Availability Factor (EAF) and Equivalent Forced Outage Rate (EFOR) in various coal-fired power plant in Java Bali, Indonesia. The results of this plants grouping possible to be applied as one of the supports systems in real-time operational decisions to determine plant maintenance priorities. The proposed clustering model is possible to be applied for power plant’s control centre unit in Indonesia in grouping power plants based on performance indexes. The result show that there were 4 clusters of the power plant performance. The clustering drives to identify which plant that must be prioritized for improvement. The clustering method has a model accuracy rate of 87% which indicates that model was valid and applicable. For further research, a decision support system design was required for operational validation. Keywords—Decision-making, Decision support system, Kmeans clustering, Performance, Power plant.