Conversion Of Jatropha Oil Research Articles

Biodiesel production and engine performance study using one-pot synthesised ZnO/MCM-41

This study demonstrates the importance of lemon peel powder in the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The facile synthesis of core-shell morphological ZnO/MCM41 was achieved in a one-pot approach. The catalyst formation was confirmed by XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption studies, TGA, DSC, and SEM analysis. Jatropha to biodiesel production was concisely performed using the composite materials and the futuristic result are presented and discussed in this paper. Different coating % of ZnO over MCM-41 (10%, 20%, and 30%) were examined for their performance in biodiesel conversion. A maximum of 99.4% conversion of Jatropha oil was observed using the catalyst ZnO/MCM-41 (20%). A detailed analysis of the produced biodiesel was performed using NMR and GC. Due to the high saponification value and iodine number, a large % of higher methyl ester composition was observed. The produced biodiesel (BD) was further blended with the diesel (D) fuel (90 % to 30 %) and examined for its performance in the engine. Smoke emission and power of the engine was found to be excellent for the 90BD:10D blend.

Enhanced deoxygenation performance and coke resistance of Ni-based catalysts for jatropha oil conversion by rare earth elements

Herein, three kinds of rare earth elements (Ce, Er and Y) were added to Ni-based catalysts to regulate the deoxygenation ability and coke resistance towards jatropha oil (JO) conversion. Among them, the catalysts with lanthanide metals (Ce and Er) added exhibit positive effects. Conversely, the addition of Y is counterproductive. The one with Er added displays the best catalytic performance, achieving the highest deoxygenation ratio (99.3 %) and product yield (64.7 %), and the resultant biofuel has the highest calorific value (46.02 MJ/kg). The stability of the Ni-Er/50S-Al catalyst is significantly improved due to the enhanced coke resistance compared with the one without Er added. Smaller Ni particle sizes with better dispersion, higher amount of surface Ni0 and surface oxygen vacancies are accomplished by adding Er, which contributes to the enhanced catalytic performance. The addition of Y weakens coke resistance, caused by strong acidity and big Ni particles. This study provides an effective idea for rationally designing catalysts with improved coke resistance and converting vegetable oils into biofuels.

Efficiency conversion of jatropha oil into high-quality biofuel over the innovative Ni-Mo2N based catalyst

Mo2N catalyst can effectively remove oxygen from biomass oil under harsh reaction conditions. Herein, the innovative Ni-Mo2N/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized through conventional impregnation method and NH3 or N2/H2 pretreatment. The hydrodeoxygenation performance of Ni-Mo2N/γ-Al2O3 catalyst is significantly improved in comparison with Mo2N. At 320 °C and 3 MPa, the oxygen of jatropha oil is completely removed and high-quality biofuel with high selectivity of C15-C18 hydrocarbons are obtained over the Ni-Mo2N/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. This good reactivity for Ni-Mo2N/γ-Al2O3 catalyst are ascribed to the synergistic effect of Ni and Mo2N, the most uniform Ni dispersion and the excellent coke resistance ability. Ni, as an auxiliary, is conductive to the cleavage of H–H bonds, while Mo2N are beneficial to the cleavage of C–O bonds. In addition, the metal-support interaction would affect the deoxygenation pathway of jatropha oil. This research proposes an efficient strategy for enhancing the hydrodeoxygenation performance of Mo2N catalysts for the jatropha oil conversion.

Enhanced Deoxygenation Performance and Coke Resistance of Ni-Based Catalysts for Jatropha Oil Conversion by Rare Earth Elements

Enhanced Deoxygenation Performance and Coke Resistance of Ni-Based Catalysts for Jatropha Oil Conversion by Rare Earth Elements

Hydrothermal treatment of SO4/TiO2 and TiO2/CaO as heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of Jatropha oil into biodiesel

The conversion of Jatropha oil into biodiesel has been conducted using the SO4/TiO2 acid and TiO2/CaO base catalysts via hydrothermal treatment using an autoclave reactor. The acid catalyst was prepared with the sulfation process of TiO2 using H2SO4 (0.5; 0.8; 1.1; 1.4; 1.7 and 2 M). The base catalyst was initiated by dispersing TiO2 (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) on CaO. The aims of this research were to obtain the catalyst with the highest acidity and basicity from SO4/TiO2 and TiO2/CaO catalysts, respectively. Afterward, apply them to the esterification to reduce the free fatty acid of Jatropha oil and the transesterification of the esterified of Jatropha oil into biodiesel. Among the SO4/TiO2 catalysts, the ST-2–400 catalyst exhibits an optimum total acidity of 6.93 mmol NH3/g. This catalyst was able to reduce the FFA level of Jatropha oil from 1.22% to 0.59% with catalyst weight of 3%, ratio oil to methanol of 1:15, and reaction time of 90 min. The optimum total basicity from TiO2/CaO catalysts was achieved by TC-20-800 with the total basicity of 28.67 mmol HCl/g. The conversion of esterified Jatropha oil into biodiesel was performed using 3% of TC-20–800 catalyst at 65 °C for 90 min. The TC-20–800 catalyst was able to produce biodiesel up to 79.68%.

The Deoxygenation of Jatropha Oil to High Quality Fuel via the Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Ni, W2C and WC Species

Tungsten carbide-based materials have good deoxygenation activity in the conversion of biomass. In this paper, catalysts with different nickel–tungsten carbide species were prepared by tuning the reduction temperature and Ni loading, and the effects of these different tungsten carbide species in the conversion of jatropha oil were studied. XRD, XPS, TEM, HRTEM, Raman, H2-TPR, ICP-AES were used to characterize the catalysts. The results suggested that metallic W was gradually carburized to W2C species, and W2C species was further carburized to WC species with the increase in reduction temperature and Ni loading. The obtained 10Ni10W/AC-700 catalyst exhibited outstanding catalytic performance with 99.7% deoxygenation rate and 94.5% C15-18 selectivity, which were attributed to the smallest particle size, the best dispersion, the most exposed active sites, and the synergistic effect of Ni, W2C and WC species.

Efficient catalytic conversion of jatropha oil to high grade biofuel on Ni-Mo2C/MCM-41 catalysts with tuned surface properties

The activity of Mo2C-based catalyst on vegetable oil conversion into biofuel could be greatedly promoted by tuning the carbon content, while its modification mechanism on the surface properties remained elusive. Herein, the exposed active sites, the particle size and Lewis acid amount of Ni-Mo2C/MCM-41 catalysts were regulated by varying CH4 content in carbonization gas. The activity of Ni-Mo2C/MCM-41 catalysts in jatropha oil (JO) conversion showed a volcano-like trend over the catalysts with increasing CH4 content from 15% to 50% in the preparation process. The one prepared by 25% CH4 content (Ni-Mo2C(25)/MCM-41) exhibited the outstanding catalytic performance with 83.9 wt% biofuel yield and 95.2% C15–C18 selectivity. Such a variation of activity was ascribed to the most exposed active sites, the smallest particle size, and the lowest Lewis acid amount from Ni0 on the Ni-Mo2C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst surface. Moreover, the Ni-Mo2C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst could also effectively catalyze the conversion of crude waste cooking oil (WCO) into green diesel. This study offers an effective strategy to improve catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide catalyst on vegetable oil conversion.

Butanolysis of Jatropha oil using glycerol enriched non-calcined calcium oxide: Optimization of the process

The butanolysis of Jatropha oil using glycerol enriched non-calcined calcium oxide as heterogenous catalyst was carried out to investigate the influences of reaction temperature and butanol: oil molar ratio on Jatropha oil conversion (XJOB) and the yield of fatty acid butyl esters (YFABEs). The central composite design involved two factors (reaction temperature and butanol: oil molar ratio) and two levels factorial (22) was used to determine the impacts of the factors on XJOB and YFABEs and to optimize the reaction process. From the main factors and their interaction, temperature was found to highly affect both the XJOB and YFABEs. As curvatures are statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05), the second order models (quadratic models) were found to be more suitable to optimize the butanolysis process. Based on the regression models and the response surface methodology, the maximum XJOB (98.16%) and YFABEs (95.79%) were predicted to be obtained at the optimum temperatures of 87.35 and 90.48 oC and butanol: oil molar ratios of 9.13:1 and 13.24:1, respectively. The maximum YFABEs of 95.64% was also experimentally obtained at the optimum conditions predicted for the Y FABEs. From the results obtained for the experimental ranges investigated, the present study suggested that glycerol enriched non-calcined calcium oxide can be used as a good alternative catalyst for biodiesel production using butanol. More studies are also suggested for upscaling the reaction process of the current experiments by using more integrated reaction factors.

Zirconium-based MOFs-loaded ionic liquid-catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil

An environmentally acidic ionic liquid was prepared with 1-methyl-imidazole, 1,3-propyl sultone and H2SO4, and successfully loaded B acidic ionic liquid into three zirconium-based MOFs to synthesize the catalyst used to prepare biodiesel from Jatropha oil by impregnation method. The structure of the catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and BET. Compare the activities of the three catalysts (through PSH/UiO-66, PSH/UiO-66NO2, PSH/UiO-66-NH2) experiments, the catalytic activity of PSH/UiO-66-NO2 was found to be the highest, and the conversion rates of Jatropha oil was 96.69%. The effect of methanol oil mole ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the conversion of Jatropha oil to biodiesel was investigated, an orthogonal test determined the optimum reaction conditions of using PSH/UiO-66-NO2 catalyst. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained: reaction temperature was 343 K, catalyst dosage to oil was 4 wt%, methanol to oil ratio was 25:1, reaction time was 4 h, and the average conversion rates of Jatropha oil was 97.57%, the methyl ester rate was over 99.98%. The results showed that the four reaction factors had significant effects on the Jatropha oil conversion rates: reaction time > catalyst dosage > reaction temperature > methanol to oil ratio.

The effect of support on nickel phosphide catalysts for one-pot conversion of jatropha oil into high grade hydrocarbons

Though nickel phosphides had been used widely to transform biomass into bio-fuel, the impact of support on the crystal formation was not clear. Herein, nickel and phosphides loaded on SiO2, ZSM-5 and γ-Al2O3 were synthesized and the interaction between Ni/P and the supports was studied. Pure Ni12P5 and pure Ni formed on SiO2 and γ-Al2O3, respectively, whereas the mixture of Ni12P5 and Ni formed on ZSM-5. The formation of AlPO4 species was the main factor for the absence of Ni12P5 on Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Furthermore, the support also had a significant impact on the active phase with different particle size and dispersion, and further affected the performance. The highest fuel yield of 67.3 wt.% was obtained on Ni12P5/SiO2 catalyst, which might be attributed to the appropriate acid sites and proper Ni12P5 size. In addition, the catalysts with Ni12P5 crystal phase displayed good resistance to coke deposition. The findings are important for clarification of the role of support in nickel phosphide active phase formation and coke deposition.

Optimization of the production of biofuel form Jatropha oil using a recyclable anion-exchange resin

The study of an anion-exchange resin (Amberlyst A26 (OH)) catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) oil was conducted to determine the effects of three variables: reaction temperature, ethanol: oil molar ratio and catalyst amount, on Jatropha oil conversion (XJO) and fatty acid ethyl esters yield’s (YFAEEs). The modified central composite design that involved three independent factors (temperature, ethanol: oil molar ratio and the catalyst present) with two levels, but not included the non-linear stage, was employed to optimize the process. From the main factors and their interactions, the ethanol: oil molar ratio was found to highly affect the XJO and YFAEEs. In this study, the statistical analysis showed that curvature is not significant (p ≤ 0.05), and thus, from the model regression equations, linear model was found to be more suitable to optimize the responses. By using the regression analysis and the response surface plots, the optimum XJO and YFAEEs of 37.63% and 36.31%, respectively were predicted to be obtained at the optimum temperature of 55 °C, ethanol: oil molar ratio of 35:1 and catalyst amount of 15%. Employing higher amount of catalyst reduced the XJO and YFAEEs, particularly, when the variable interacted with the reaction temperature.

Utilization of Coconut Shell as Cr2O3 Catalyst Support for Catalytic Cracking of Jatropha Oil into Biofuel

Coconut shell waste is a waste that has a high carbon content. Carbon in coconut shell waste can be converted into activated carbon having a large surface area. This potential property is suitable to apply the coconut shell as catalyst support. To increase the catalytic activity, metal oxides such as Cr2O3 are impregnated. The purpose of this study is to synthesize Cr2O3/carbon catalyst and test its catalytic activity on catalytic cracking of Jatropha oil. The first stage was the synthesis of activated carbon and the determination of its proximate and ultimate. The second step was impregnation to produce Cr2O3/carbon catalyst. Furthermore, X-Ray Diffraction to determine crystallinity, Surface Area Analyzer to identify its surface area and Fourier Transform Infrared to analyze functional groups. Then the catalytic activity was tested on the catalytic cracking of Jatropha oil. In addition, the chemical compound composition and biofuel selectivity of the catalytic cracking product was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Proximate analysis results showed that activated carbon contains 9%, 1%, 23%, and 67% of water, ash, evaporated substances, and bound carbon, respectively. The results of the ultimate analysis resulted in carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) contents of 65.422%, 3.384%, and 0.465%, correspondingly. The catalyst crystallinity test showed the presence of Cr2O3 peaks at 2θ: 24.43°; 33.47° and 36.25° according to JCPDS No. 84-1616. In the absorption area of 400-1000 cm-1 and the range of 2000 cm-1 showed the presence of Cr-O stretching due to Cr2O3 adsorbed into the activated carbon structure. The surface area of activated carbon and Cr2O3/carbon catalysts with a concentration of 1.3, and 5% was 8.930 m2/g; 47.205 m2/g; 50.562 m2/g; and 38.931 m2/g, respectively. The catalytic activity test presented that the best performance was showed by Cr2O3/carbon catalyst with a concentration of 5% indicated by conversion of Jatropha oil into biofuel of 67.777% with gasoline selectivity, kerosene, and diesel of 36.97%, 14.87%, and 15.94%, correspondingly.

Synthesis of zinc/ferrocyanide nano-composite catalysts having a high activity for transesterification reaction

In this study, zinc ferrocyanide nano-composite materials were synthesized and developed by reaction of aqueous K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O and ZnCl2 in the presence of tri-block copolymer and tert-butanol. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by CO2- and NH3-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), N2-sorption, SEM, TEM, XRD and used for transesterification reactions. The zinc ferrocyanide catalyst showed a sharp cube shaped structure with a high amount of basic sites. The zinc ferrocyanide catalyst showed type IV isotherm with H3 hysteresis loop. BET surface area and pore volume were found to be 125 m2/g and 0.1395 cm3/g, respectively. The transesterification of Jatropha oil using Fe-Zn-1 showed the maximum 94.5% jatropha oil conversion. The prepared catalyst can be easily recovered and successfully reused after five times. The slight loss of activity of Fe-Zn-1 catalyst can be attributed to the deposition of the reaction products on the active sites and the blockage of the pores. Overall, the zinc ferrocyanide catalyst activity was found to be directly dependent upon both the textural and surface basic/acidic properties.

Catalytic cracking of Jatropa curcas oil using natural zeolite of Lampung as a catalyst

The scarcity of fossil fuel has led to the development of renewable energy sources, such as biofuel from plant oils. Jatropha curcas oil is one of the potential plant oil sources of biofuel. The conversion of Jatropha oil into biofuel can be achieved through catalytic cracking using the catalyst of Lampung natural zeolite. This study aimed to characterize the catalyst, to determine the optimum condition of the catalytic cracking process and to study the physicochemical characteristic of biofuel. The study was begun by activating Lampung natural zeolite, characterizing the catalyst, optimizing the catalytic cracking process and testing the biofuel. XRD result showed that the activated natural zeolite has a crystal structure, as suggested by the appearance of high-intensity peaks at 23.72º; 22.38º and 27.96º, which showed the generation of H-zeolite. Thermogravimetry analysis showed that H-zeolite started to decompose at 300 ºC with 7.4% mass reduction and has thermal stability up until 700ºC. The surface area of the zeolite was 53.2542 m2/g. The optimum condition for the cracking process was achieved at 375 °C for 2 hours and 5 % concentration of catalyst. The biofuel generated from this study consisted of 67.12 % gasoline (C5-C11), 11.87 % kerosene (C12-C15) and 21.01 % diesel (C16-C20). This biofuel has a density of 0.966 g/mL and pours point of 235°K.

Transformation of Jatropha Oil into High-Quality Biofuel over Ni-W Bimetallic Catalysts.

The production of fuel from the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils has been extensively investigated on account of the decline of petroleum-based fuels and increase of ecological problems. The conversion of jatropha oil over Al-MCM-41-supported Ni, W, and Ni–W catalysts was studied at 3 MPa and 360 °C. Over the monometallic Ni and W catalysts, the biofuel yield was low, about 19.3 and 12.5 wt %, respectively, whereas the highest biofuel yield reached 63.5 wt % over the Ni–W bimetallic catalysts. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM results suggested that the proper amount of Ni and W would form a Ni17W3 active phase, the particle size of which varied with the content of Ni and W or preparation methods. The crystalline Ni17W3 phase formed when the content of both Ni and W reached 10%. With further increase of the content of W or Ni to 15%, the crystal size of Ni17W3 grew from 7 to 14 nm or to 20 nm, whereas the biofuel yield decreased with the increase of the Ni17W3 crystal size. The 10Ni–10W/Al-MCM-41 catalyst with the Ni17W3 crystal size of 7 nm showed the best performance for the transformation of jatropha oil into high-grade biofuel.

Kinetika Reaksi Transesterifikasi Menggunakan Microwave pada Produksi Biodisel dari Minyak Jarak

Biodiesel has become an important alternative green fuel to diminish the use of fossil fuel. In this paper, biodiesel was produced by microwave assisted transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil. Transesterification was varied in temperature of 45-65oC and time of 2-6 minutes. Ratio of methanol and oil was fixed as 7.5:1, while the KOH concentration was 1.5% from the total mass of oil and methanol. Conversion of Jatropha oil into biodiesel was evaluated by analyzing the concentration of produced methyl ester using GC-FID. In this study, reaction rate constant and activation energy of microwave-assisted esterification were calculated and evaluated in detail. The average reaction rate constant for the temperature of 65, 60, 55, 50, and 45 oC were 1,222; 1,930; 2,002; 1,666; and 1,608 L/mol.minutes, respectively. The activation energy of this microwave assisted esterification was 18.91 kJ/mol, which was lower than that of using direct heating, 28.8 kJ/mol.

The Conversion of Jatropha Oil into Jet Fuel on NiMo/Al‐MCM‐41 Catalyst: Intrinsic Synergic Effects between Ni and Mo

Although there is much work focused on the conversion of biomass oil into a fuel on bimetallic Ni‐ and Mo‐based catalysts, the intrinsic synergic effects of Ni and Mo have not been revealed clearly. Herein, Mo/Al‐MCM‐41, Ni/Al‐MCM‐41, and NiMo/Al‐MCM‐41 catalysts are synthesized and used for the catalytic conversion of jatropha oil into jet fuel through a one‐step process. The molecular weight range (150–180 Da) of the jet fuel, obtained with a high yield of 63 wt% over 10% NiMo/Al‐MCM‐41 catalyst, is almost the same as that of the commercial aviation fuel of China. A bimetallic catalyst shows not only an excellent activity but also a high carbon‐resistance nature compared with a monometallic catalyst. Characterizations using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, H2‐temperature‐programmed reduction, high‐angle annular dark‐field detector high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HADDF‐TEM)‐mapping, and in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the formation of elliptical particles containing both Ni and Mo species and of appropriate acid sites with a proper density on the NiMo/Al‐MCM‐41 catalyst would result in a high yield of the jet fuel. Moreover, the electron transfer from Ni to Mo by a surface synergetic oxygen vacancy of Ni–Mo on the NiMo/Al‐MCM‐41 catalyst might be responsible for the excellent anti‐coke ability.

Ni/phosphomolybdic acid immobilized on carbon nanotubes for catalytic cracking of Jatropha oil

A green and efficient solid acid catalyst was developed for direct conversion of Jatropha oil into biodiesel over Ni modified phosphomolybdic acid (HPMo)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a fixed-bed reactor. Under optimal conditions (Temperature = 330 °C, Pressure = 3 MPa, H2/oil (v/v) = 800 N m3 m−3, Liquid hourly space velocity = 1 h−1), the yield of biodiesel (C15-C18 alkanes) was 86.7 wt%, and the conversion was 98.2%. The conversion was 86.1% during five runs of recycling. Comparing with the thermal cracking process, the catalytic cracking exhibited the same performance at a lower temperature. A possible reaction pathway to the reaction was suggested.

Sulphated Zr–Al2O3 catalysts through jatropha oil to green-diesel production

Composite materials of zirconia–alumina (Zr–Al2O3) with Al/Zr 10 ratio was successfully synthesized by sol–gel method and followed by different sulfiding methods. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2-sorption, NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (NH3-TPD), Diffuse Reflectance UV–Vis Spectrophotometers (DR UV–Vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the biodiesel was analyzed by Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The jatropha oil conversion of above 96% was obtained at optimized conditions of 110 °C, 1:20 jatropha oil to methanol ratio, 1.5 g of catalysts and 3 h reaction time. The catalysts reusability study was performed for 6th cycles using sulphated Zr–Al2O3 under hydrothermal (H) method, denoted as SO42−/Zr–Al2O3 (10)–H and the activity is correlated with physico-chemical properties.

Conversion of jatropha oil into lower olefins over zeolite catalysts in the presence of water

ABSTRACTA simple method, supplying water with Jatropha oil, was proposed to enhance the conversion of selectivity of lower olefins over zeolite catalysts, H-ZSM-5 and SAPO-11. The yield of lower olefins was as high as 54 C mol%, and the selectivity for lower olefins reached 58 C mol%. The optimum condition on catalytic conversion of jatropha oil was 600 °C of reaction temperature, 3.0 s of contact time and 0.7 of water fraction with SAPO-11. The presence of water effectively suppressed the progress of Diels-Alder and hydrogen transfer reaction probably due to the reduced number of acid sites.