Abstract
Tungsten carbide-based materials have good deoxygenation activity in the conversion of biomass. In this paper, catalysts with different nickel–tungsten carbide species were prepared by tuning the reduction temperature and Ni loading, and the effects of these different tungsten carbide species in the conversion of jatropha oil were studied. XRD, XPS, TEM, HRTEM, Raman, H2-TPR, ICP-AES were used to characterize the catalysts. The results suggested that metallic W was gradually carburized to W2C species, and W2C species was further carburized to WC species with the increase in reduction temperature and Ni loading. The obtained 10Ni10W/AC-700 catalyst exhibited outstanding catalytic performance with 99.7% deoxygenation rate and 94.5% C15-18 selectivity, which were attributed to the smallest particle size, the best dispersion, the most exposed active sites, and the synergistic effect of Ni, W2C and WC species.
Highlights
The decline in fossil fuel reserves, increasing environmental problems such as global warming and environmental pollution are driving our society to seek new sustainable energy
The activated carbon (AC), the nickel–tungsten precursor and catalysts reduced at different temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction
When the reduction temperature was 630 ◦C, there were no scattering peaks ascribed to the stretching vibration of W–C
Summary
The decline in fossil fuel reserves, increasing environmental problems such as global warming and environmental pollution are driving our society to seek new sustainable energy. The development of biomass fuels promotes energy diversification, decreases the dependence on traditional fossil fuels, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions and slows down the environmental pressure [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Fatty acids and their derivatives from natural vegetable oils and animal fats are important raw materials for the preparation of biofuels. Jatropha oil (JO) has attracted great attention, since it is a cheap and ideal raw material and does not need to compete with cultivated land and food [12,13]
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