Jatropha Curcas Seeds Research Articles

Removing phorbol esters from the biomass to add extra value to the byproduct from deoiling seeds of Jatropha curcas in the biodiesel industry

Either pressing or solvent extraction of Jatropha curcas seed oil results in great amounts of cake as a byproduct. The direct use of these fresh biomasses threats the health of mammals as they contain phorbol esters (PEs), a highly toxic class of substance. Five different treatments were bench-assayed to degrade PEs: (i) ammonium hydroxide, (ii) urea, (iii) heat, (iv) ultraviolet radiation, and (v) gamma radiation. All used methods were evaluated for their efficiency on removing PEs from the biomass resulting from deoiling seeds of J. curcas. The treatments were variably effective in reducing PEs contents to nontoxic levels. Aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution (3% w/w) at 70 °C was found to reduce the contents of PEs down to 0.084 mg g−1 (cake) and 0.083 mg g−1 (bran). The treatment with an aqueous solution NH4OH 7% w/w with heating at 90 °C led to the most effective reduction, rendering PEs contents as low as 0.063 mg g−1 (cake) and 0.066 mg g−1 (bran). These are below the critical toxicity threshold, namely 0.1 mg g−1, which is found in seeds of nontoxic J. curcas varieties. The corresponding results from cytotoxicity tests and assessments of nutritional characteristics confirmed that these treated samples have become safe enough, making this affordable technology potentially scalable to be used in the feeding of livestock at the industrial level.

Effects of pre-sowing treatments on germination of Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Successful production of healthy seedlings in a forest nursery can be ensured through seed treatment to enhance germination. This study assessed the effects of pre-sowing treatments on the germination of Jatropha curcas; to provide the best treatment for enhancing seedling production. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design with four treatments: (i) control (T1), (ii) soaking in; water at room temperature at room temperature for 16 hours (iii) cow-dung slurry for 16 hours (iv) 98% concentrated sulphuric acid for 5 minutes Each treatment received 10 seeds and was replicated 5 times giving a total of 200 seeds sown in sterilized river bank sand. Germinated seeds were counted, converted to percentages and arsine values. The data were further subjected to analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that seeds with no pre-sowing treatment had the highest mean germination (66%), DMRT revealed that significant difference (P<0.05) existed between seeds with no pre-sowing treatment and other treatments. The study concluded that viable Jatropha curcas seeds have no germination problem; the seeds could be germinated without pre-sowing treatment.

Physical and physiological quality of Jatropha curcas L. seeds at different maturity stages using image analysis

Aim of study: To assess the potential of automated X-ray image analysis to evaluate the physical characteristics of Jatropha curcas seeds, and to relate the parameters obtained with the physiological quality of the seeds harvested at different maturity stages.Area of study: Experimental area of Agronomy Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Brazil.Material and methods: The fruits were harvested from 20 plants, based on the external skin color (green, yellow, brownish-yellow and brown). The study was performed by automated and visual analysis of radiographic images of the seeds, in which measurements of tissue integrity, density and seed filling were performed. Seed dry matter, germination and seedling growth were also analysed.Main results: Variables obtained through automated analysis of radiographic images correlated significantly with all physiological variables (r > 0.9), as well as visual image evaluations (r > 0.75). The seeds extracted from green fruits presented lower tissue integrity and lower physiological quality. Radiographic analysis was efficient for monitoring J. curcas seed quality at different maturity stages. Morpho-anatomical parameters obtained from X-ray analysis were highly correlated with seed physiological attributes.Research highlights: It is important to develop and improve methodologies based on lower-cost techniques, such as X-ray analysis. In this context, we verified that X-ray images can be used for monitoring J. curcas seed filling and maturation. Radiographic images of seeds can be analyzed automatically with ImageJ software. Internal morphology and physical characteristics of seeds have relationship with their physiological quality.

Microbial Load of Domestic Water Sources Treated with Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas Seed Powder

Aim: Microbial load of domestic water sources treated with Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seed powder.
 Study Design: The container test method was used for the treatments. One gram (1.0 g) each of the plant seed (Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seeds) powder was weighed and added separately into 1000 ml of water sample. The mixture was stirred rapidly for 3 minutes and allowed to stand undisturbed for 1 hour and 3 hours, after which the top water was decanted.
 Place and Duration of Study: Advanced Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gregory University Uturu, from May to September 2017.
 Methodology: Tenfold serial dilutions were used for processing of the domestic water samples, after which 0.5 ml of the water sample was cultured on the media using the spread plate method. This was incubated appropriately and other standard microbiological methods were employed to determine microbial loads and characterize the isolates.
 Results: The microbial counts were generally high, 0.6×101 – 2.5×102 cfu/ml (borehole), 0.8×101 – 6.3×103 cfu/ml (well), 2.0×101 – 1.4×104 cfu/ml (stream), while the total potential pathogenic bacteria counts (TPPBC) were the least in occurrence. Treatment with Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seed powders showed a significant decrease in the microbial load. After treatment with 1.0g of the seed powder for one hour, an apparent decrease in the microbial load was noticed. When allowed for three hours (3 hrs), the counts further reduced to no growth for potential pathogenic bacteria (TPPBC) especially for water samples that had low counts.
 Conclusion: Moringa and Jatropha seeds powder showed efficiency as a biocoagulant and thus can be used for water treatment. Moringa seed powder had a greater potential to serve as an alternative coagulant for water treatment. The intervention improved the quality of water and will provide significant benefits to the health of the consumer rural populace.

Ectopic expression of an AGAMOUS homologue gene in Jatropha curcas causes early flowering and heterostylous phenotypes

Jatropha curcasseeds are abundant in biodiesel, and low seed yields are linked to poor quality female flowers, which creates a bottleneck for Jatropha seed utilization. Therefore, identifying the genes associated with flowering is crucial for the genetic enrichment of seed yields. Here, we identified an AGAMOUS homologue gene (JcAG) from J. curcas. We found that reproductive organs had higher JcAG expression than vegetative organs, particularly the carpel. Rosette leaves were small and misshapen in 35S:JcAG transgenic lines in comparison with those in wild-type plants. JcAG overexpression caused an extremely early flowering, delayed perianth and stamen filament development, small flowers, and significantly shorter Arabidopsis plants with little fruit. In the JcAG-overexpressing line, the homeotic transformation of sepals into pistillate organs was observed, and floral meristem and organ identity genes were regulated. This study provides insights into the JcAG's function and benefits to our knowledge of the underlying the genetic mechanisms related to floral sex differentiation in Jatropha.

Biocidal Activities of Seed Oils of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on Development of African Maize Stalk borer, Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepdoptera: Pyralidae)

Laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, in order to assess the effect of oils obtained from the seeds of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on African Maize Stalk Borer (Busseola fusca Fuller). The effects of the plant seed oils on larvae mortality, pupae and adult emergence were tested on freshly cut leaves/stem of maize 3-4 cm long) and treated with the prepared plant oils at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30%) and control (0%). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. The results showed that both plant seeds oils were lethal to the developmental stages of B. fusca, causing mortality (21%) to the larvae, and subsequently preventing and/or suppressing pupae (2.08) and adult emergence (1.95). Treatment at 30% concentration was found to be more lethal to all the developmental stages of the test insect. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that any of the plant seed oils at 30 % concentration could be used to manage B. fusca.

Field Trial of Three Plant Extracts against Tetranychus urticae Population as a Comparative with Acaricidal (Abamectin) on Two Vegetable Crops

Effects of thorn apple or jimsonweed Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) leaves, Egyptian henbane Hyoscoyamus muticus (Solanaceae) flowers and physic nut Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) seeds. Extracts were studied for their efficacy against Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae comparative with acaricidal Vertemic. The plants were extracted by Acetone and spraying on eggplant crop Solanum molongena (Solanacae) and bean crop Phasolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) at concentration 4% in infected fields. The reduction percentages of the population were determined after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days from treatments and data were analysed by Anova table and mortality percentages were calculated by Abbot’s formula. From these study it was concluded that, the plant extracts are more effective as acaricides because they recorded highly reduction percentages for T. urticae. D. stramonium reach 92.30 and 94.12 mortality on eggplant and bean respectively, J. curcas recorded 90.58 and 90.56% reduction percentages on S. molongena and P. vulgaris respectively while the extract of H. muticus recorded 95.40 and 87.46% mortality rates on the same crops respectably. On the other hand Vertemic was more effective on T. urticae.

Research and Development of Natural Vegetable Insulating Oil Based on Jatropha curcas Seed Oil

Jatropha curcas is a natural non-food resource with high oil-content seeds, that has attracted worldwide attention as it is an ideal renewable resource for the production of biofuels. With the increasing use of vegetable insulating oil in related industries, it is valuable to develop the vegetable insulating oils from Jatropha curcas seed oil. This study explores how to use Jatropha curcas seed oil to prepare high-quality natural vegetable insulating oil. A six-step process is first established according to the optimization results of alkali refining, activated clay treatment and alumina treatment of Jatropha curcas seed oil, combined with cold treatment, water washing and high temperature decompression treatment. Physicochemical and electrical performance tests show that most of the properties of the prepared vegetable insulating oil are significantly improved compared with the original seed oil, and meet the standard requirements for vegetable insulating oil, especially with no sulfur corrosion, a breakdown voltage of 72 kV and an acid value (KOH, potassium hydroxide) of 0.012 mg/g.

Quantitative Proteome Analysis of Jatropha curcas L. Genotypes with Contrasting Levels of Phorbol Esters.

The phorbol esters in the seeds of Jatropha curcas are a major hindrance to the full exploitation of the potential of this oil crop as a source of raw material for the production of biodiesel. Here, various quantitative proteomic strategies are used to establish the proteomes of roots, leaves, and endosperm of two genotypes of J. curcas with contrasting levels of phorbol esters in the seeds. In total 4532, 1775, and 503 proteins are identified respectively in roots, leaves, and endosperm, comprising 5068 unique proteins; of this total, 185 are differentially abundant in roots, 72 in leaves, and 20 in the endosperm. The biosynthetic pathways for flavonoids and terpenoids are well represented in roots, including the complete set of proteins for the mevalonate and non-mevalonate/Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate pathways, and proteins involved in the branches which lead to the synthesis tricyclic diterpenoids and gibberellins. Also, casbene synthase which catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of tigliane-type diterpenes is identified in roots of both genotypes, but not in leaves and endosperm. This dataset will be a valuable resource to explore the biochemical basis of the low toxicity of Jatropha genotypes with low concentration of phorbol esters in the seeds.

Identification and characterization of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the developing seeds of Jatropha curcas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in plant development. However, the information of lncRNAs in Jatropha curcas remains largely unexplored. Thus, an attempt has been made in J. curcas to identify 1,850 lncRNAs based on deep sequencing of developing seeds at three typical stages. About ten percent lncRNAs (196 lncRNAs) were differentially expressed lncRNAs during seed developing process. Together with reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, the lncRNA expression analyses revealed the stage-specific expression patterns of some novel lncRNAs in J. curcas. The target genes of lncRNAs were annotated for their roles in various biological processes such as gene expression, metabolism, and cell growth. Besides, 10 lncRNAs were identified as the precursors of microRNAs and 26 lncRNAs were predicted to be the targets of Jatropha miRNAs. A total of 31 key lncRNAs play critical roles in the seed developing process in the context of cell growth and development, lipid metabolism, and seed maturation. Our study provides the first systematic study of lncRNAs in the developing seeds of J. curcas and facilitates the functional research of plant lncRNAs and the regulation of seed development.

Screening of Lipase-Producing Bacteria and Optimization of Lipase-Mediated Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Seed Oil Using Whole Cell Approach

Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks, e.g., Jatropha curcas, by lipase-producing bacteria is considered a sustainable measure to reduce food versus fuel competition and dependency on fossil fuels. In this study, lipase-producing bacterial strains were isolated from soil contaminated with oil. Their biochemical and molecular identification was performed and their capacity to produce biodiesel from J. curcas seed oil was determined. Plackett-Burman and central composite designs were employed to optimize various factors for whole cell-based transesterification of J. curcas seed oil. Brevibacterium SB11 MH715025 and Pseudomonas SB15 MH715026 strains produced the highest volumetric yield of biodiesel (~ 97%). Pseudomonas SB15 MH715026 was identified as the most potent strain with the most optimum biodiesel yield on 37 °C, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9, and agitation at 100 rpm. Confirmation of fatty acid methyl esters was done through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra were in the ranges 1735–1750 at cm−1 and 1300–1000 cm−1 that corresponds to C=O and C-O functional groups, respectively. The quality of biodiesel was evaluated and the fuel properties were determined for acid value, pour and cloud point, peroxide value, boiling point, and specific gravity. The values were 0.44 ± 0.1 mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g, 3 ± 0.1 °C, 4.1 ± 0.4 °C, 1.41 ± 0.1 milliequivalent (Meq) O2/kg, 260 ± 1 °C, and 0.87 ± 0.02 kg/m3, respectively. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced during this study were in accordance with quality standards specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) and European Norms (EN-14103).

Quality classification of Jatropha curcas seeds using radiographic images and machine learning

Efficient seed quality assessment methodologies are important for the seed industry. Advanced seed technology research requires the use of high productivity methods that provide detailed information on seed structural integrity and predict its physiological potential quickly and accurately. The aim of this study was to propose a method for predicting germination capacity and discriminate Jatropha curcas L. seeds regarding germination speed and seedling vigor by combining automatic X-ray analysis and machine learning model. The study was performed using automated analysis of radiographic images of seeds, obtaining a series of morphological and tissue integrity descriptors. After the X-ray test, the seeds were submitted to physiological assessments. Based on all individual seed descriptors, quality classes were created and LDA models were applied. Prediction of seed viability, germination speed and seedling vigor resulted in an average of 94.36, 83.72 and 89.72% of correctly classified seeds, respectively. High throughput X-ray image analysis can provide information needed to discriminate individual Jatropha curcas seeds into different classes of quality, i.e., germination capacity, germination speed and seedling vigor. The methodology proposed can be used to discriminate between seed classes quickly and robustly.

Acute Toxicity Test of Jatropha curcas L. on Nile Tilapia Seeds (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

ABSTRACT
 The study investigating acute toxicity test of Jatropha curcas L. on Nile tilapia seeds (Oreochromis niloticus L.), had been conducted in May 2017, in Balai Riset Perikanan dan Perairan Umum (BRPPU) Mariana, Banyuasin. This study was aimed to determine the concentration of Jatropha curcas seed powder needed to cause 50% death of Nile tilapia seeds (LT50). This acute toxicity test used biological test with exposure time of 96 hours. The concentrations of Jatropha curcas tested were 0 (control), 240, 288, 346, 415, 498, 597, and 716 ppm which were applied for 96 hours. Data were analyzed using Spearman-Karber method with SPSS. Result showed LC50 of 24 hours was 551,271 ppm, LC50 of 48 hours was 466,513 ppm, and LC50 of 96 hours was 393,892 ppm. Meanwhile, LT50 for 597 ppm of Jatropha curcas was 1285, 166 minutes, and LT50 for 761 ppm was 784,121 minutes. The higher the concentration of Jatropha curcas seeds given the fastest time needed to cause the death of Nile tilapia seeds, Jatropha curcas seeds had moderate toxicity. 
 
 Keywords: Acute toxicity, Jatropha curcas L., Biological test, Oreochromis niloticus L

Diversity of Lipase-Producing Microorganisms from Tropical Oilseeds Elaeis guineensis, Ricinus communis, and Jatropha curcas L. from Costa Rica.

Tropical oleaginous seeds are an unexplored source for the discovery of novel lipolytic microorganisms, which could be applied to the bioremediation of agro-industrial oily wastes and solve numerous environmental issues. Such wastes hold potential to be revalorized towards a variety of products through microbial bioremediation. In this study, we investigate the microbial diversity and lipase activity from bacterial and fungal isolates obtained from the oil seeds of Elaeis guineensis, Ricinus communis, and Jatropha curcas L. from Costa Rica. A total of 27 strains were confirmed as lipase-producing strains via fluorogenic and colorimetric agar plate assays. The diversity of the isolates comprises 12 fungal ascomycetes from the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium and 15 bacterial isolates classified into four genera: Serratia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. Microbial isolates from E. guineensis showed the highest diversity of lipolytic microorganisms (6 genera) followed by J. curcas (4 genera) and R. communis (2 genera). Isolates showing the highest activity in agar plates were tested further by submerged fermentation and the specific lipase activity was measured with 4-nitrophenyl laurate as substrate. Accordingly, the highest specific lipase activity was demonstrated by Bacillus pumilus B5 (24.98Umg-1), Serratia marcescens B10 (17.65Umg-1), Pseudomonas mendocina B16 (8.62Umg-1), and Bacillus pumilus B1 (5.72Umg-1) in submerged fermentation. These findings indicate the presence of a specialized microbial diversity in tropical oil seeds and highlight their potential to be applied in the bioremediation of agro-industrial oily wastes.

Effects of Fatty Acids Composition on Fuel Properties of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel

In the efforts to reduce effects of climate change, biodiesel fuels from plant oils such as Jatropha curcas have been proposed as alternative fuels which can be used in the transportation sector in diesel engines. The current study investigates the effects of fatty acids composition on fuel properties of biodiesel derived from Jatropha curcas seeds obtained from selected regions of Botswana. The physicochemical fuel properties investigated include kinematic viscosity, flash point, energy content, density, pour point and cloud point from derived Jatropha curcas biodiesel. Results of the study showed that Jatropha curcas biodiesel samples for all regions under review are dominated by unsaturated fatty acids which are desirable for cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of the biodiesel fuel. The major fatty acids in Jatropha curcas biodiesel fuels from all the regions range from 69.00% to 77.81% of unsaturated fatty acids. The overall results conclude that fatty acids composition has influence on the fuel properties of the biodiesel under investigated.

Performance Evaluation of Phosphorous Removal by Coagulation using Natural Coagulants

Phosphorous is one of the major nutrients contributing the increased eutrophication of lakes and natural waters. The concentration of phosphorus in domestic sewage is generally adequate to support aerobic biological wastewater treatment. Coagulation and flocculation processes can also to remove phosphorous from industrial wastewater.In this experimental study, an attempt is made to feasibility of natural coagulants like Cassia Alata, Calotropis Procera, Hyacinth bean, Banana leaves, Carcia Papaya, Acacia mearnsii, Jatropha Curcas, Cactus and Tamarind seeds on the decrease of Phosphorous from Industrial wastewater. The batch coagulation test was done to optimum graph was plotted between the removal efficiency all the chose coagulated. From the optimum trails, that the rate of phosphorous removal is more for hyacinth bean with a level of 75, trailed by casuarinas leaves with 74% and Banana leaves with 73%. Tamarind seed demonstrates the least Phosphorous expulsion from the wastewater with 56%. From the optimum trails, the Hyacinth bean can be utilized as a successful coagulant for the expulsion of phosphorus from the wastewater. In the optimum trails coagulation studies were carried out to investigate the factor like optimum dosage, pH, initial concentration of Phosphorous, Mixing time and the settling time which influences the removal of phosphorous by coagulation process. From the study, it might be inferred that the maximum percentage removal of phosphorous was acquired for the coagulant measurement of, pH of 8, the initial phosphorous concentration of, mixing time of and settling time of 45 minutes. It might be presumed that the Phosphorous removal from the industrial wastewater of 95% was conceivable when we kept up the optimum condition by the coagulation procedure..

Catalytic and noncatalytic fast pyrolysis of Jatropha seeds: Experimental measurements and modeling

The main problems facing worldwide especially the developing countries are the shortage and high prices of fossil fuels, therefore, searching for renewable sources of energy is highly recommended. Therefore, the conversion of biomass into alternative fuel has become one of the attracting sources of renewable energy. The bio-energy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the projected renewable energy in the future. However, there are many conversion processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and liquefaction. Among them the thermochemical conversion (pyrolysis) which acquired special attention as it can convert it directly into liquid, solid and gaseous products by thermal decomposition in absence of oxygen. The present work will consider Jatropha curcas as the biomass source because Jatropha seeds are high energy bearing seeds available in nature. The aim of this work is to examine the fast pyrolysis process of Jatropha seeds with and without catalyst. Further, a model has been tested using experimental data measured in this study. The thermal decomposition of the Jatropha seed and the kinetics of the fast pyrolysis behavior has been investigated in the two cases using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at a heating rate of 20ᵒC/min in air atmosphere which indicated the range of temperature in which rate of decomposition is maximum. The results of TGA and DTG data revealed that iso-conversational free model (KAS) method gave excellent prediction with a good agreement of oil yields. The activation energies of Jatropha curcas seeds were obtained in the range of (60 to 65 kJ/mol-1) which was much lower than that of the literature (196 to 222 kJ/mol-1) concluding that the reaction rate was fast as a fast pyrolysis process already used and the correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.9987.

Isolation of Jatropha Curcas Seeds Isolectins with Variable Affinity for Human and Animal Blood Types

Abstract

The conformational search, the stability, fragment interaction and resistance to acidic attack of epoxyl-polyurethanes in different solvent media

Natural-based polyols are seen by polyurethane industries as an alternative to the petroleum-based polyols because of increasing challenges due to the oil crisis and global warming. In this research, four different derivatives of bio-polyols are examined, which include the precursor Jatropha curcas oil (JC) that was extracted from Jatropha curcas seeds, as well as the derivatives epoxidated-polyol (EJ), hydroxylated epoxy-polyol (JP) and epoxy-polyurethane (JU). The computational studies provide more insight into their experimentally observed properties and can be useful in further customized design of this type of bio-polyols for industrial application. Results show that the JU monomer is more stable in terms of potential energy, level of atomic fluctuation, diffusion, radial distribution function, and with properties indicating the possibility of forming the best crystal solid. Monomer JU is also found to have the best resistance to acidic attack, using the results from the interaction energy, radial distribution function (RDF) and level of diffusion.

Assessment of Some Physicochemical Properties of Cellulosic Fabric Esterified Using Varying Volume of Jatropha curcas Seed Oil

This paper presents the results of the assessment of some physicochemical properties of cellulosic fabric esterified using varying volume of Jatropha curcas seed oil. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus under reflux with hexane as solvent. The percentage yield and moisture content was 47.25% and 0.56% respectively. The fabric (10 cm x 10 cm and 21 cm x 2.5 cm) was identified to be cellulose; it was subjected to purification processes before esterification. The purification processes are scouring, bleaching and mercerization, after which the fabrics were esterified using 10 cm3 through 60 cm3 of oil. The results of esterification gave improvement in dry and wet crease recovery angles, and yarn twist. The highest values of dry crease (130º warp and 122º weft), wet crease (74º warp and 68º weft) and yarn twist (25 TPI warp and 23 TPI weft) were obtained with 50 cm3 of oil. The unesterified (control) fabric recorded lower values of dry crease recovery angles (50º warp and 45º weft), wet crease (37º warp and 35º weft) and yarn twist (14 TPI warp and 12 TPI weft). These revealed that esterification is the reason for the observed improvements and was generally better in warp direction than in weft direction. This may be attributed to the difference in the fabric construction. There was increase in bending properties but did not optimize within the volume of oil used. The air permeability and percentage water imbibition was reduced compared to the control fabric; revealing a structural modification and the formation of a hydrophobic ester bond. This may be an indication that the esterified fabric will be more resistant to the formation of mildew during storage. Hence the seed oil of Jatropha curcas is recommended for easy care finish in textile industries.