Jarosite Residue Research Articles

Sodium storage performance and mechanism of amorphous FePO4/rGO nanocomposite as a novel anode material for sodium ion batteries

Exploring novel and cost-effective anode materials is highly desired for the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an amorphous FePO4/reduced graphene oxide (FP-G) composite is prepared by a simple chemical precipitation method with leaching liquor of jarosite residue as Fe source. When used as a novel anode material for SIBs, this FP-G composite exhibits a high sodium storage activity (341.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1), superior long-term cycling stability (215.8 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1), and outstanding high-rate capability (190.8 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1). The FP-G composite shows a significant pseudocapacitance behavior and good electrochemical reversibility during discharge and charge processes. This work proposes a simple, feasible, and cost-effective strategy for the high-valued utilization of jarosite residue, and deeply investigates the sodium storage mechanism and potential value of FP-G composite as a novel anode material for SIBs.

Cleaner Recycling of Jarosite Residue by Ca(OH)2 Leaching-Biomass Magnetization Roasting

Cleaner Recycling of Jarosite Residue by Ca(OH)2 Leaching-Biomass Magnetization Roasting

Transformation behavior of hazardous jarosite into recyclable hematite in a solution with high concentrations of K+ and Na+

Iron in the leaching solution with high K+ and Na+ concentrations was usually precipitated as the typical hazardous and toxic jarosite residues. However, this method of treatment has been greatly restricted by increasingly strict environmental regulations. Here we propose that iron can be precipitated from the solution with high K+ and Na+ concentrations as recyclable hematite products by adjusting the concentration ratio of sodium and potassium ions in the solution. The transformation behavior of jarosite into hematite in high concentration potassium ion and sodium ion solution was explained based on collision theory. The results indicated that in instances where the concentration ratio of Na+/K+ is ≥ 4:1, the iron present in the solution can be effectively precipitated as a recyclable hematite product, as opposed to forming the conventional hazardous jarosite residue, even under conditions where the potassium ion concentration reaches levels as high as 4 g/L. On the other hand, thermodynamic and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that at a temperature of 185 °C, the decomposition transformation of Na-jarosite (32.64 kJ and 7.25 eV) is more energetically advantageous compared to that of K-jarosite (61.07 kJ and 15.31 eV). The results were verified by the leaching solution from smelting industry. The iron content in the residues is above 58%, the sulfur content is below 4%, the zinc content is below 1%, and the total iron concentration in the supernatant is about 4 g/L, reaching the production index of the smelting industry. The green, environmentally friendly, and recyclable separation of iron in a solution with high concentrations of potassium and sodium ions is achieved, which is of great significance for the treatment of iron-containing solution and wastewater in the chemical industry and metallurgy fields.

Elements characteristics and potential environmental risk assessment of jarosite residue and arsenic sulfide residue based on geochemical and mineralogical analysis

The waste slag known as jarosite residue (JR) and arsenic sulfide residue (ASR) were produced following the creation of zinc by hydrometallurgical procedures. The increasing annual zinc mining has led to growing pressure to dispose of the resulting JR and ASR from zinc smelting, making it crucial to assess their environmental impact and feasibility for utilization. The main components, distribution characteristics of elements, and potential environmental risks of zinc smelting wastes are studied through toxicity leaching tests, sequential extraction procedures, and various characterization technologies such as XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS. The mineral compositions of JR are natrojarosite, franklinite, and gunningite, and zinc mainly adheres to the crevices of the natrojarosite mineral. Meanwhile, the ASR of flocculent structures is composed of orpiment, greenockite, arsenic oxide, and calvertite, and As appears in the form of the S-As-O phase. The Zn, Cu, and Cd in JR were dominated by exchangeable bound (81.53–96.6 %), and the main form of As, Cd, Se, and Tl in ASR was organic matter bound (87.0–99.21 %). The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) method confirmed the risk of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mo in JR is high, while the risk of Cd, Pb, and Cr in ASR is moderate. Compared to the standard value of “Identification Standard for Toxicity of Hazardous Waste Leaching (GB5085.3-2007)”, the leachate concentrations of Zn in JR as well as Cd and As in ASR were exceeded, suggesting that the JR and ASR were in the type of hazardous waste and posed an environmental risk. The study provides theoretical guidance for the future rational management and effective utilization of hazardous waste.

Making waste profitable: Efficient recovery of metallic iron from jarosite residues

To address the hazardous by-product of zinc smelting and resource utilization of jarosite residue, this study applies an electric field-assisted hot acid treatment to completely recycle Iron (Fe). This innovative approach aims to enhance the leaching efficiency of Fe from jarosite residue. The introduction of electric field changes the charge distribution on the surface of the particles to enhanced ions and electrons exchange and promotes the collision between particles to strengthen reaction kinetics. Based on the above, the leaching efficiency of Fe in jarosite under sulfuric acid attack is improved observably. The result shows that Fe leaching efficiency reaches 98.83%, which is increased by 28% under the optimal experimental conditions: current density of 30 mA/cm2, H2SO4 concentration of 1.5 mol/L, solid-liquid ratio of 70 g/L, temperature of 80 °C and time of 12 h. Leaching kinetics calculations shows that the apparent activation energy is 16.97 kJ/mol and leaching of jarosite residue is controlled by a mixture of chemical reaction and diffusion, temperature and concentration of leaching solution have influence on leaching. This work provides a feasible idea for the efficient leaching Fe from jarosite residue.

Recycling of hazardous jarosite residues based on hydrothermal crystal transformation

Jarosite [MeFe3(SO4)2(OH)6] is a typical non-ferrous smelting slag produced in the process of iron removal from hydrometallurgical solution, which contains a large number of valuable and toxic metal elements. Treating the complex and hazardous jarosite residue in an economically and environmentally sound way has always been an urgent problem. A novel one-step hydrothermal treatment method was proposed in this paper for recycling of jarosite residues. It can be seen from the XRD and TEM results that jarosite residues could be completely transformed into hematite crystal particles under hydrothermal conditions at temperature above 220℃. Meanwhile, other valuable metal components (such as nickel sulfate hexahydrate) entrained in the residue will be dissolved in the aqueous solution, which can be reused in the hydrometallurgical process. Through phase composition analysis of the hydrothermal process, it is concluded that jarosite was firstly pyrolyzed to generate Fe3+. The obtained Fe3+ was then hydrolyzed to Fe (OH)3, which was transformed into Fe2O3 through dehydration condensation and directional arrangement. Further roasting the hematite particles, the obtained product contained 62.57 % of Fe, but only 0.21 % of S and 0.04 % of As, which meets the requirements of raw materials for iron making. In addition, compared with the current international standard ISO 1248:2006 (E), the obtained hematite particles with nanometer size and single crystal structure can be used as iron oxide red pigment. Overall, the one-step hydrothermal treatment of jarosite residues followed by reduction roasting not only realizes the economic recycling of the metal resources, but also solves the stacking problem of those hazardous residues.

Simultaneous recovery of Fe2O3 and PbCl2 from hazardous jarosite residues via hydrothermal phase transformation with NaCl

Jarosite residue is a typical hazardous waste produced in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry. In this study, both iron and lead were recovered from jarosite residues through the use of hydrothermal treatment with NaCl as a mineralizer. By controlling crystal site replacement, phase transformation, and lead species, Na+ was able to replace Pb2+ sites, resulting in the release of Pb2+ from Na-Pb jarosite and its transformation into Na-jarosite. During hydrothermal treatment, Na-jarosite was then easily converted into Fe2O3. Furthermore, the high concentration of Cl− captured the released Pb2+ to form soluble lead chloride complexes, which separated and remained in the liquid phase, leading to the successful separation of lead and iron. Crystallization through evaporation allowed recovery of lead as PbCl2. The separation efficiency of lead in jarosite residues was up to 92.6%, making this research a significant contribution to the effective recovery of iron and lead from jarosite residues.

Physicochemical Properties and Leaching Toxicity Assessment of Jarosite Residue

The safe disposal of hazardous waste from zinc hydrometallurgy, such as jarosite residue, is crucial for the sustainable development of the industry. The chemical, structural and morphological properties of jarosite residue from zinc smelting were studied by a combination of various characterizations, and environmental stability was evaluated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), Chinese standard leaching tests (CSLT) and long-term leaching experiments (LTLE). Phase composition analysis revealed that zinc ferrite and sodium jarosite were the main phases present in the jarosite residue. TCLP and CSLT analyses indicated that the Zn and Pb contents exceeded their respective toxicity identification standards by more than 30 times and 8 times, respectively, exceeding the threshold values of the standard. The LTLE results demonstrated that Pb concentrations continued to exceed the standard limits, even after long contact times. This study has paramount significance in the prediction of jarosite residue stability and the evaluation of its potential for secondary environmental pollution.

Lead Release from Simulated Lead-Containing Jarosite Using Freeze–Thaw Cycling with EDTA

Lead is the primary toxic element found in jarosite residue; it is necessary to synthesize simulated lead-containing jarosite residue (SLJS) to investigate its lead release behavior and predict the slag’s stability and potential for secondary environmental pollution. This study explores the ion release behavior, leaching toxicity, and stability of SLJS during freeze–thaw cycles with EDTA (E-FTC). Experimental results demonstrate that the release of lead, iron, and sulfate from SLJS under E-FTC is contingent upon multiple factors, including solution pH, EDTA concentration, freeze–thaw cycles, freezing temperature, and freeze–thaw mode. Specifically, employing an EDTA concentration of 200 mM, a pH of 6, a freezing temperature of −20 °C, and 12 freeze–thaw cycles, the lead release reaches 15.1 mM, accounting for 94.9% of the total lead content, while iron is negligibly released, thus enabling effective separation of lead from iron. Subsequent to E-FTC, the exchangeable lead content exhibits a substantial reduction, accompanied by a marked increase in residual lead, resulting in a remarkable 98% reduction in leaching toxicity. Moreover, the equilibrium concentration of lead in the continuous stable leaching solution is 0.13 mg/L, significantly below the lead toxicity threshold (5 mg/L). Therefore, environmental stability can be greatly enhanced. This study presents a novel approach for the safe disposal of jarosite residue under mild conditions and at low temperatures, contributing to the broader field of environmentally sustainable waste management.

Effect of Thiourea on Lead Release from Lead-Bearing Jarosite under Freeze–Thaw Cycling

Lead is a toxic factor in jarosite residue, and it is important to study its release behavior from simulated lead jarosite residue (LSJ) to predict the stability of the jarosite residue and its impact on the environment. This study investigated the ion release behavior, leaching toxicity, stability, and ion migration of LSJ during freeze–thaw cycling with thiourea (T-FTC). The release of lead, iron, and sulfate radicals from lead jarosite via T-FTC was influenced by several factors. Under specific conditions, the amount of lead released was 6.09 mM/L, which accounted for 38.3% of the total lead. After the T-FTC treatment, the residual lead increased, and the leaching toxicity and long-term stable equilibrium concentration of lead were reduced to 42.1 mg/L and 12.4 mg/L, respectively, which decreased by 82% and 84%, respectively and led to improved environmental stability. This study provides a novel approach for the safe disposal of jarosite residue under low-temperature and mild conditions, and the results can be used to predict the stability of jarosite residue and its secondary pollution in the environment.

Amorphous FePO4/reduced graphene oxide composite prepared from jarosite residue and its application as a novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Rational utilization of jarosite residue is significantly important from the view of environmental protection and resource recycling. Herein, we report a facile preparation of porous amorphous FePO4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite by utilizing the iron resource in jarosite residue with a selective chemical precipitation method, and demonstrate its great potential as a high-performance anode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The FePO4/rGO composite exhibits superior cyclic performance (812.7 mA h g−1 over 300 cycles at 500 mA g−1) and high-rate capability (335.2 mA h g−1 even at a high current density of 10 A g−1) in a half cell. More importantly, the full LIB assembled with FePO4/rGO anode and commercial Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 (NCM523) cathode still delivers a high and stable capacity of 674.9/528.7 mA h g−1 upon 100/300 cycles at 200/500 mA g−1, indicating the great potential of this FePO4/rGO composite as a new anode material with high lithium storage performance. This work proposes a simple, feasible, and cost-effective strategy for the high-valued utilization of jarosite residue and provides a reference for the design and development of FePO4-based anode materials for LIBs.

The Synthesis of Lead-Bearing Jarosite and Its Occurrence Characteristic and Leaching Toxicity Evaluation

Lead is the main toxic factor in jarosite residue. It is important to study the release behavior of lead from simulated lead-bearing jarosite (SLBJ) for predicting the stability of jarosite residue and its secondary pollution to the environment. To identify the technical issues and limitations associated with its safe disposal, a comprehensive analysis of the chemical, structural, and morphological characteristics of SLBJ was conducted using various detection techniques including XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, XPS, etc. The environmental stability of SLBJ was assessed through the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), Chinese standard leaching tests (CSLT), and a long-term leaching experiment (LTLE). Phase composition analysis revealed that the primary components of SLBJ are sodium jarosite and lead sulfate. TCLP and CSLT results indicated that lead content surpassed the toxicity identification standard limit by more than 47 times. Furthermore, LTLE indicated that the lead concentration surpassed the standard limit about 15 times after prolonged contact time. This study is of great significance for predicting the stability of jarosite residue and its secondary pollution to the environment.

LiFePO4/rGO composite prepared from the leaching liquor of jarosite residue as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

The effective utilization of jarosite residue is of great significance for environmental protection and alleviates the pressure on resources. Herein, a LiFePO4/rGO composite is synthesized by selective precipitation and carbothermal reduction method using the leaching liquor of jarosite residue as the Fe source. In this composite, LiFePO4 nanoparticles are uniformly anchored on the surface of rGO sheets. As a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the LiFePO4/rGO composite exhibits outstanding cycling stability (106.8 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1 C), excellent rate capability (91.5 mA h g−1 at 10 C), and fast kinetics. Furthermore, the LiFePO4/rGO composite still shows a good lithium storage property (76.9 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 C) in a LiFePO4/rGO//graphite full cell. The present work realizes the high-value utilization of the Fe resources in jarosite residue and the low-cost preparation of LiFePO4 cathode material for LIBs.

Facile preparation of Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4/ZnS/C composite from the leaching liquor of jarosite residue as a high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries

A Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4/ZnS/C composite is synthesized through a facile thermal decomposition method under an oxygen insufficient condition with the leaching liquor of ammonium jarosite residue and sucrose as raw materials. It reveals that the sucrose dosage (with nFe:nsucrose of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively) has a crucial impact on the microstructure, composition, and lithium storage property of the prepared samples. Particularly, the sample prepared with the nFe:nsucrose of 1:2 (labeled as FZ-2) has a porous structure in which nanosized Fe3O4, ZnFe2O4, and ZnS are embedded in the carbon matrix. Due to the porous morphology and synergistic effects of different components in the sample, this Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4/ZnS/C composite exhibits high lithium storage activity, superior cycling stability (928 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 500 mA g−1), and excellent high-rate capability (371 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1). Lithium storage kinetics analysis demonstrates that the Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4/ZnS/C has much lower electrochemical reaction resistance, smaller polarization, faster Li+ diffusivity, and more remarkable pseudocapacitive behavior than the Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 counterpart. This work realizes the low-cost and facile fabrication of high-valued anode material for LIBs and the comprehensive utilization of Fe, Zn, and S resource in jarosite residue, achieving the interdisciplinary between resource recovery and electrochemical energy storage.

Effect of preparation temperature on the structure and lithium storage properties of multicomponent composites fabricated by one-step thermal decomposition method from the leaching liquor of jarosite residue

Effect of preparation temperature on the structure and lithium storage properties of multicomponent composites fabricated by one-step thermal decomposition method from the leaching liquor of jarosite residue

Thermal Decomposition Process Analysis of Jarosite Residue

In this work, a mineralogical study and thermal decomposition analysis of jarosite residue sample from a zinc plant were carried out. The mineralogical analysis showed that the jarosite residue is mainly composed of four components, including jarosites, sulfates–hydroxides, sulfides and spinel. The distribution of relevant metallic elements in these components was characterized using a sequential extraction process. The X-ray diffraction results showed that AFe3(OH)6(SO4)2 and ZnFe2O4 are the main components of the jarosite residue sample. The thermal decomposition mechanisms of ammoniojarosite and sodium jarosite were studied by TG-DSC (Thermogravimetric analysis–differential scanning calorimetry). The thermal decomposition process and the corresponding mechanism of the jarosite residue were analyzed. The jarosite thermal decomposition process includes the removal of crystal water, dihydroxylation and deammoniation, desulfonation of component jarosite and desulfonation of component zinc sulfate.

Recovery of Valuable Metals by Roasting of Jarosite in Cement Kiln

The jarosite residue is a harmful byproduct of the zinc hydrometallurgical process and has been classified as hazardous waste due to its high content of heavy metals and poor stability. In this work, the recovery of valuable metals by synergistic disposal of jarosite residue with cement kiln has been investigated. A series of investigations were undertaken to assess the effect of amount of jarosite residue, roasting time, and the addition of CaCl2 on phase transformation and migration of valuable elements in the cement clinker. When 25% of jarosite residue was added to the raw cement materials and roasted at 1400 °C for 30 min, the silicate content in the cement clinker reached 54.4%. In the presence of CaCl2 as the mineralizer, the volatilization rates of Pb and Zn were 93% and 75%, respectively. The results indicated that jarosite residue can be used as the cement additive and valuable metals of Pb and Zn can be recovered simultaneously during the roasting process.

Analysis of the Behavior of As and Pb during the Pretreatments Applied to a Jarosite Residue for the Recovery of Gold and Silver

The recovery of valuable metals from jarosites is a topic of great relevance regarding the implementation of the circular economy; however, these materials also contain metals such as arsenic and lead, which are harmful to health and the environment. Considering these factors, it is important to monitor these metals at each stage of treatment used to recover the valuable metals. In the present work, the behavior of As and Pb was assessed during the pretreatment conducted on a jarositic residue using direct zinc leaching (DLR), as well as leaching in cyanide and cyanide media with glycine. It was found that when no DLR pretreatment was performed, As and Pb naturally dissolved in the cyanide-leaching medium at concentrations of 34.08 mg/L and 99.12 mg/L, respectively. When an alkaline treatment was conducted on the residue (DLR-AH), it was found that there was no presence of As and Pb in the cyanidation solution, while in the case of the cyanide solution with glycine, we observed 83.35 mg/L of As and 213.63 mg/L of Pb. During the oxidizing alkaline hydrothermal treatment (DLR-AHO), 27.5 mg/L of As and 106.78 mg/L of Pb were detected in the cyanide solution. In the cyanide solution with glycine, there was less dissolution of As and Pb (11.68 and 66.75 mg/L), respectively. Finally, when desulfurization of the DLR was conducted prior to the DLR-AHO treatment, the dissolution of As and Pb increased due to the elemental sulfur covering the arsenopyrite and galena particles, so that, when removed, these were more susceptible to pretreatment and cyanidation.

Spontaneous separation of Pb from PbSO4-coprecipitated jarosite using freeze-thaw cycling with thiourea

To separate Pb from PbSO4-coprecipitated jarosite, a novel thiourea-induced freeze-thaw cycling (T-FTC) process was investigated. Results show that distributed PbSO4 particles are pressed and aggregated around the jarosite particles by T-FTC. Under the freezing-concentration effect of T-FTC, the reaction between PbSO4 and thiourea is also promoted, forming lead thiourea sulfate (Pb-tu). As the cycles of T-FTC increase, PbSO4 around jarosite disappears for the reaction of forming Pb-tu. After 12 cycles of T-FTC, a spontaneous separation is observed between Pb-tu and jarosite, i.e., Pb-tu is separated into the upper layer while jarosite-rich phases remain in the lower layer. Due to this spontaneous separation, leaching toxicity of the jarosite coprecipitates is reduced by 73.7%. These results suggest that T-FTC process can achieve the separation of Pb from PbSO4-coprecipitated jarosite and is a promising approach for removing and recovering metals from iron-rich jarosite residues.

Based on the utilization of jarosite residue: The lithium storage performance of α-Fe2O3 materials synthesized from different iron solution systems

• The anion in iron salt has a great impact on the morphology of the prepared α -Fe 2 O 3 . • α -Fe 2 O 3 prepared from sulfate has a high capacity but large fluctuations. • α -Fe 2 O 3 prepared from chloride shows a low capacity but good cycling stability. In this work, three kinds of iron simulation solution systems (FeCl 3 , FeSO 4 , and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 solutions) are prepared and used as an iron source for synthesizing α -Fe 2 O 3 electrode materials by the one-step sucrose-assisted thermal decomposition method. The microstructure and lithium storage performance of the as-prepared α -Fe 2 O 3 materials are systematically studied by XRD, SEM, TGA, FT-IR, XPS, CV, EIS, and discharge/charge measurements. The results demonstrate that the α -Fe 2 O 3 samples prepared from FeSO 4 simulation solution or Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 simulation solution are composed of interconnected nanorods particles and contain a certain amount of undecomposed SO 4 2− ; while the α -Fe 2 O 3 sample prepared from FeCl 3 simulation shows irregular particle morphology (with the size ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several microns) and contains a small amount of Cl − . The two α -Fe 2 O 3 samples prepared from sulfate simulation solution exhibit high lithium storage activity but experience large capacity fluctuation during cycling. In contrast, the α -Fe 2 O 3 sample prepared from the FeCl 3 simulation solution gives a lower reversible capacity but much better cycling stability. After 400 cycles at 500 mA g −1 , the α -Fe 2 O 3 samples prepared from FeSO 4 , Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and FeCl 3 simulation solutions deliver reversible capacities of 947, 1071, and 628 mA h g −1 , respectively. The results reported in this work could provide clues for the structural design and performance modification of Fe-based oxides as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.