Jar Type Research Articles

Microbial control during the incubation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs exposed to humic acid

IntroductionCultured fish species are increasingly exposed to fungi and bacteria in the rearing environment, often causing disease and mortality causing aquaculture producers to rely on the use of chemical therapeutants which may have negative consequences for both human and environmental health. This study investigated the effect of humic acid as a treatment to reduce fungal and bacterial infections to increase survival during the incubation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs.MethodsHumic acid, an aqueous extract of oxidized lignite was added to water entering both stacked tray and jar type incubators at a dosage rate of 5 mg/L from fertilization until hatching.ResultsThe water treatment eliminated observable fungus and significantly improved survival until hatching in the treated incubator trays (77.2%) compared to the untreated controls (55.5%) (p ≤ 0.001). Egg survival was not improved in the incubator jars. The humic acid reduced bacterial diversity, but only in the stacked tray incubators and altered bacterial composition of the water after 20 days of treatment.DiscussionThe treatment increased the bacterial abundance of Burkholderiales, positively associated with healthy fish eggs and decreased the abundance of Flavobacterium and Aeromonas, known fish pathogens. These findings support the topical treatment of humic acid as a potential alternative treatment to prevent fungal infections and reduce mortality during incubation of rainbow trout eggs.

Toward the identification of social signatures in ceramic production - An archaeological case study.

Ceramic analysis has been concerned with categorizing types according to vessel shape and size for describing a given material culture at a particular time. This analysis’ long tradition has enabled archaeologists to define cultural units across time. However, going into the analysis of sub-typological variations is rarely done, although their meanings bear significant consequences on the understanding of ties between individuals and social units. This study, aiming to assess whether it is possible to identify social signatures, focuses on a single archaeological ceramic type. For this propose, we selected a corpus of 235 storage jars from two distinct periods: storage jars from the Intermediate Bronze Age (the 25th -20th century BCE); and the Oval Storage Jar type (hereafter: OSJ) from the Iron Age II (the late 9th–early 6th century BCE). The vessels selected were 3-D scanned to extract accurate geometric parameters and analyzed through an advanced shape analysis. The study results show that integrating computational and objective analysis methods, focusing on the “minute variation” within a single ceramic type, yields substantial insights regarding the relationship between variability and social units. In addition to the methodological guidelines and the suggested “work protocol” for further studies, the results shed light on the social organization of the Intermediate Bronze Age and the Iron Age II in Southern Levant.

Pierce Similarity Algorithm In Detection Of Jar Letter In Al-Quran As Basic Media For Learning Arabic Language Structure

Al-Quran is the basic reason someone should understand the rules of Arabic. One of the basic rules is knowing the jar type which we generally often encounter in Arabic, but we do not understand that this letter has its own duties and functions. In this study, samples of Jar letters were used as many as 7 jar letter patterns which are generally often encountered in the Al-Quran. The purpose of this research is to build a system that can recognize Jar letters using the Pierce Similarity method and performs the performance on the algorithm. The research method used is the theory of pattern recognition in image processing with 2 processes, namely the Training Process and the Testing Process. The value of each letter pattern obtained in the Training Process will be the weight benchmark for the Testing Process, so that we can measure the performance level of Algortima Pierce Similarity in detecting the Jar letter pattern. The results can vary for each letter pattern ranging from 60% to 80%.

Pre-Hispanic Distillation? A Biomolecular Archaeological Investigation

Multiple, highly sensitive chemical techniques were used to analyze ancient pottery vessels from an excavated cemetery in Colima, west-central Mexico, dated to the Capacha phase (ca. 1500-1000 B.C). A double-chambered jar type, together with bowl and miniature cup types, are hypothesized to have been used as a pre-Hispanic distillation still.

Searching for the Optimal Sampling Solution: Variation in Invertebrate Communities, Sample Condition and DNA Quality.

There is a great demand for standardising biodiversity assessments in order to allow optimal comparison across research groups. For invertebrates, pitfall or flight-interception traps are commonly used, but sampling solution differs widely between studies, which could influence the communities collected and affect sample processing (morphological or genetic). We assessed arthropod communities with flight-interception traps using three commonly used sampling solutions across two forest types and two vertical strata. We first considered the effect of sampling solution and its interaction with forest type, vertical stratum, and position of sampling jar at the trap on sample condition and community composition. We found that samples collected in copper sulphate were more mouldy and fragmented relative to other solutions which might impair morphological identification, but condition depended on forest type, trap type and the position of the jar. Community composition, based on order-level identification, did not differ across sampling solutions and only varied with forest type and vertical stratum. Species richness and species-level community composition, however, differed greatly among sampling solutions. Renner solution was highly attractant for beetles and repellent for true bugs. Secondly, we tested whether sampling solution affects subsequent molecular analyses and found that DNA barcoding success was species-specific. Samples from copper sulphate produced the fewest successful DNA sequences for genetic identification, and since DNA yield or quality was not particularly reduced in these samples additional interactions between the solution and DNA must also be occurring. Our results show that the choice of sampling solution should be an important consideration in biodiversity studies. Due to the potential bias towards or against certain species by Ethanol-containing sampling solution we suggest ethylene glycol as a suitable sampling solution when genetic analysis tools are to be used and copper sulphate when focusing on morphological species identification and facing financial restrictions in biodiversity studies.

Курганы эпохи энеолита на могильнике Инской дол (Алтай)

The article is devoted to the preliminary results of the st udy of burial mounds № 4 –7, 9 on the burial ground of the Inskoy Dol, situated in the Krasnoshchekovskiy district of the Altai Territory (Western Altai). Investigated objects complement the information on the late Stone Age of souther n Siber ia. A nalysis of planig raphy, the burial rite and inventory provided the opportunity to distinguish two of the small groups of mounds on the Inskoy Dol burial site. The f irst group of barrows № 4–5, 9 has the characteristic features of Afanasyevo culture and pre-dated to 3rd Millennium BC. The characteristic signs of Afanasyevo culture include planographics of the particular location of the object and the tomb designs of a round shape, where along the perimeter one can find the ring plates, set vertically and the stones laid flat; ground graves where the dead were placed on the back with bent knees and feet oriented the head to the west; painting the dead with red ochre; the receptacles ovoid. The second microgroup of mounds № 6–7 refers to the so-called Kurtusk type of burials and dated to pre- mid-3rd Millennium BC. This type is characterized by the following features of the burial rite: round structure of tombs, the position of the dead in subterranean graves on the back with bent knees feet; the orientation of the dead head to the east, north-east; painting of the dead with ochre. In addition, as a rule, such burial do not contain any inventory or they contain mainly the vessels of the jar type. Further study of the monument, as well as carrying out radiocarbon analysis will allow providing new data for chronological attribution of the objects. DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)4-39

Archaeological discovery and research at Bianbiandong early Neolithic cave site, Shandong, China

The Bianbiandong cave site (36°03′42″ N, 118°28′17″ E; altitude 389 m a.s.l.) is located in the central part of modern Shandong Province in an area of low elevated mountains and hilly plains. Beginning in 2005, investigation and excavation was undertaken during three field campaigns. Stratified deposits found included burnt earthen surfaces, pits and pit stoves, from which items such as potshards, stoneware, and objects made from antler and animal bones were collected and documented. Sand tempered pottery included shards of a cauldron and bowl, plus jar type vessels which had been fired under a low temperature and were generally red or reddish-brown. The only smoothed stone implements found were grinding slabs and hand stones. Chipped stone tools included stone-flakes, scrapers and microlithic stone-cores. Among the bone and antler objects were needles, awls and spear points. Animal remains, including shellfish and other aquatic organisms were generally small or medium sized. The oldest radiocarbon date (i.e. Bianbiandong phase 1) was obtained on a human skull (ca. 8000–7600 cal. BC) without clear archaeological context. We assume that the human individual might have been buried in the cave before it was used as camp by later foragers. Phase 2 is represented by a cluster of dates which was obtained from material related to cultural layers 3A, 3B, 4 and pits with pottery, stone and bone artifacts ranging between ca. 7700–7100 cal. BC. The pottery shares typological features with Houli culture pottery but predates it by about one thousand years. Therefore, the Bianbiandong finds phase 2 bridge the gap between late Palaeolithic and Houli culture which so far, in the Shandong area, has been regarded as earliest Neolithic material. Phase 3, i.e. layer 2, was dated to ca. 5400–4900 cal. BC which corresponds to the gap between Houli culture and Beixin culture or to the very onset of Beixin culture. This indicates that the Houli-Beixin chronological gap is an artifact and might soon be overcome when more finds are systematically radiocarbon dated.

Sol Gel Characterization of Nano Kaolin

Nano kaolin is product from kaolin also known as white clay. Kaolin was established as supplementary cementitious materials in concrete. The inclusion of kaolin in concrete enhances strength and durability properties and prolongs concrete life span. In this research, nanokaolin will be develop by using sol gel technique by that involves high energy milling. The process of milling been influenced by time of milling, ball and jar type. Ceramic type Zirconia (Zi) is been used as jar and ball type in this process. Time of milling was set from four (4) hours and one (1) days. Sample will be analyse by using particle size analyser to see the particle size and surface area of kaolin. From the result shows the optimum milling period for nanokaolin is one day base on particle size compare to 4 hours. Furthermore, one day milling produces a massive increment of surface area compare to others. In conclusion, one day can be considered as the optimum cycle time in the production of nano kaolin.

Geochemical provenience of 16th–19th century C.E. Asian ceramics from Torres Strait, northeast Australia

Existing insights into the history of southeast Asian contacts with northern Australia prior to British colonization in 1788 are limited to Macassan visitors and the trepang industry beginning in the early 18th century and perhaps 16th century. Neither historical nor archaeological evidence indicate extension of such contacts to Torres Strait of northeast Australia. To shed further light on this issue, a collection of 16 Asian ceramic sherds surface collected and excavated recently from the islands of Pulu and Mabuyag in Torres Strait were compared to a large database of Southeast and East Asian stoneware jars that are well characterised, elementally, typologically and chronologically. This comparison matched a number of sherds with two jar types with likely production origins in Thailand and southern China. While the surface collected sherds from Pulu sourced to Thailand date probably to the 19th century, the small glazed sherd from Mabuyag island is typical of a southern Chinese decorated jar type dating to c. 1500–1600 C.E. This Chinese sherd is the earliest known Asian artefact in Australia and parallels recent archaeological evidence on the antiquity of contacts between Macassan trepangers and Aboriginal Australians. It is unknown if the Chinese sherd came ashore to Mabuyag through direct contact with Asian traders or from a nearby shipwreck through salvage.

Note on a New Type of Intermediate Bronze Age Storage Jar

This paper presents a new type of locally manufactured Intermediate Bronze Age storage jar. Its distribution is restricted to northeastern Samaria and along the Jordan Valley. This jar type provides a glimpse into the highly regional aspect of the pottery production in the IBA.

Studies in organic archaeometry VI. Fat analysis sheds light on everyday life in prehistoric Anatolia: traces of lipids identified in chalcolithic potsherds excavated near Boğazkale, Central Turkey

Ca 7500 years old potsherds stemming from a special type of jar were excavated in Central Anatolia. Upon chemical analysis traces of still remaining lipids were found: some fatty acids were identified, permitting the interpretation that the ancient content was a fat of animal origin, which can be considered as milk from ruminants or a dairy produce thereof. This result supports the archaeological hypothesis that such jars were used for the production of dairy produces, thus also giving some indication of the economic basis of chalcolithic life in this area.

Pottery manufacture in early Roman Galilee: a micromorphological study

The characteristics of, and the sources of the soil materials for, pottery groups manufactured in three ancient settlements of early Roman (late first century BC–first century AD) Galilee were studied by micromorphological techniques. The site-specific manufacturing proveniences of the three respective pottery groups have been previously demonstrated by chemical analysis. One of the sites, Kefar Hananya, is located near the geographical boundary between the Upper and Lower Galilee while the other two, Shikhin and Yodefat, are in the Lower Galilee. Each of the settlements made pottery from different soil types. In one case (Yodefat) temper was added to the main soil material. The Kefar Hananya pottery was made from noncalcareous Red Mediterranean soils (Terra-Rossa soil type) derived from hard limestone. Although most of the soils in the Galilee derive from Upper Cretaceous geological formations, the Kefar Hananya pottery was prepared from soils, found near that settlement, that were derived from Lower Cretaceous material rich in the kaolinite clay mineral. Micromorphological analysis of 41 randomly selected samples of the most common early Roman storage jar type thought to have been produced at Shikhin showed that all of the vessels were made from one of three soil types, Colluvial–Alluvial soils, Brown Grumusols, or Pale Rendzina. Study of the lithology and soils in the area of Shikhin showed that all three soil types derive from soil material eroded from the hilly area, on which the ancient settlement of Shikhin was built, into the adjacent valleys below the site. Samples of the Shikhin pottery group collected on the surface, in contrast with excavated samples, exhibit postdepositional carbonate infilling by dissolution and reprecipitation of the carbonates due to repeated exposure to water. No added temper was used for the preparation of either the Kefar Hananya or the Shikhin pottery groups. The Yodefat pottery, made from Rendzinic material rich in calcareous material, is of particular interest. This soil material contains about 70–80% calcareous material homogeneously mixed with the clayey plasma. In order to diminish the effect of the large amount of calcareous material and improve the properties of this raw material for pottery manufacture, leached clayey soil material of Terra-Rossa soil type was added as temper. The micromorphological comparison of the pottery groups and soil materials shows that two main factors influenced the raw-material procurement strategies of the potters of these settlements: the proximity of the soil material to the potters' settlement, and the suitability of the soil material for pottery manufacture.

Fusing ignition of various metal wires for explosion limits measurement of methane/air mixture

Abstract In order to find the optimum condition for measuring the explosion limits of flammable gases by using metal wire fusing as the ignition source, the explosion limits of the methane/air system have been measured under various conditions in a bell jar type vessel of volume 3 dm 3 . Metal wires used were of copper, Nichrome, platinum, molybdenum and tungsten, with diameters ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 mm. Fusing was made by 12, 24, 36 and 48 V of direct current (DC), and also by 100 V of alternating current (AC). With these experiments, the effect of ignition abilities on explosion limits measurement has been made clear. As a result, it has been found that the fusing of metals of relatively high melting point, such as molybdenum, with a relatively high electric voltage, e.g., DC 36–48 V, is suitable for the explosion limit measurement. The explosion limits of methane in air have been determined to be 4.7–16.3%.

Equipment for the production and processing of carp

A brief overview of equipment used for the production and processing of carps is presented. The paper summarises the main groups of equipment according to their area of use such as: (a) propagation, (b) pond production, (c) production in intensive systems, (d) processing. Two major types of hatchery are used for the propagation of carps, namely the jar type and the Chinese type. Although jar-type hatcheries have certain advantages over Chinese-type hatcheries, the latter will remain dominant in carp propagation in Asia. Mechanisation is a basic precondition for the intensive pond production of carps. Special feeders, aerators, and harvesting equipment have been developed and used in those countries where labour is expensive. Mechanisation has been considered as a basic tool to increase the efficiency of production and to save labour. However, the role of mechanisation in better use of water and in minimising negative impacts on the environment will receive greater emphasis in the future. It has been demonstrated that carp fry can be produced economically also in cages and in closed systems; however, the production of market-size carp is not feasible in intensive systems. The availability of special equipment for carp processing is rather limited. The development of carp processing techniques and equipment would contribute considerably to the expansion of the carp industry.

A Surface Kinetic Model for Plasma Polymerization with Application to Plasma Etching

Plasma polymerization in glow discharges was investigated in a bell jar type RIE system. The rate of polymerization in Å/min, , was studied as a function of dc self‐bias in the range −200 to −530V. It was found that at the lower values of dc self‐bias, there was considerable enhancement in on the powered electrode compared to that on the grounded electrode. decreased monotonically on the powered, and increased monotonically on the grounded electrode as the dc self‐bias increased. At the higher values of dc self‐bias within our range of investigation, polymer formation was suppressed on the powered electrode, eventually falling to zero. XPS analysis indicated a lower fluorine content for polymer deposited on the powered electrode. A model is proposed for the plasma polymerization mechanism and some of its implications investigated using Monte Carlo simulations.

Studies on the occlusal wear of posterior composite resin restorations. Part 2. Clinical evaluation

Resistance to the occlusal wear of the composite resins for posterior use was investigated by using the new measuring method described in the previous paper. Sixty-seven Class I molar cavities were restored with Clearfil Bond System-F (CF) as anterior resin, with Clearfil Posterior (CP), K-G Composite Resin (KG) and GC Microrest Jar Type (MJ) as posterior resin and with Shof u Spherical-D (SD) as amalgam.The degree of the occlusal wear of the restorations was mainly estimated at 6-month intervals after the insertion up to the two-year period. The wear surface was also observed by the SEM images on the replicas.The findings obtained were follows:1. The amount of the occlusal wear of the various restorations was 2 μm/year with the SD, 4 μm/year with the MJ, 13 μm/year with the KG, 16 μm/year with the CP and 40 μm/year with the CF.2. The MFR resorations were the severest, when they were in close occlusal contact.3. The worn surface was the roughest with the CF, followed in order by KG, CP, MJ and SD.4. Correlation between the cavity width and the amount of wear of the composite resins was not observed.5. The restorations are generally considered to be subjected to the repeated abrading stress by the food fibril during the chewing process.

Low Energy Electron Diffraction Apparatus Designed for Thin Film Use

For the study of thin epitaxial films by LEED it has been necessary to design a vacuum system more versatile than the system now in use. The vacuum and electron optical requirements are basically the same as for previous LEED systems. The additional requirements for thin epitaxial film studies are more precise control of evaporation sources, multiple sources, and thickness monitoring equipment. This paper describes an all-metal system built to meet these requirements. To allow room for a manipulation of evaporation sources, the vacuum system is of the metal bell jar type with directly attached ion-type pumps (100 liters/sec) plus a large area sublimation pump (1500 liters/sec). A mercury diffusion pump system is attached via a bakeable valve for prepumping and noble gas pumping. Three or more evaporation sources can be positioned to individually check their outgassing rate, check their evaporation rate and evaporate on the sample substrate. Rate of evaporation can be checked before evaporation on the substrate by a quartz crystal monitor or ion gauge type monitor. Also the total amount of material evaporated at the sample can be recorded directly or in reference to the change in conductivity of the deposited film. Sample holders can be of two types; one that can be heated to high temperature or cooled close to liquid N2 temperatures or a Dewar type coolable to liquid He temperatures. The two types of holder require a different evaporator arrangement. The high speed of the sublimation pump removes active gases liberated during operation of the evaporator. This eliminates the problem of large changes of background pressure during operation. The diffusion pump allows removal of noble gases after ion sputtering of the sample. Preliminary data obtained from the system indicate that the design is much more useful for thin epitaxial film studies than systems presently in use and it is probable that a similar versatility will be important for other applications.

Comments on Incense Burners from Copan, Honduras

John M. Longyear, in his excellent presentation of the ceramics of Copan (1952), describes a vessel which he tentatively labels an incense burner. The vessel in question belongs to his Archaic period (?-A.D. 300). He considers it to be the only vessel from this period with possible ceremonial connotations. Quoting Longyear (p. 24): “It is a thick-walled, rough-finished vase, set on three solid cylinder legs (fig. 42 a [reproduced here as Fig. 86, a]). The body is pierced by a number of large, horseshoe-shaped holes. This may very well have been an incensario of some sort.” Longyear gives more details about the same vessel (p. 92). “Other thickwalled, coarsely finished sherds appear to come from incensarios of jar type, only two of which could be reconstructed. One is a large jar, of ‘hourglass” silhouette, supported on three long solid cylinder legs. The walls are pierced by an undetermined number of horseshoe-shaped windows, and the basal angle bears indentations made by the fingertip (fig. 42a).

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENDODERMIS AND AN ASSOCIATED OXIDASE SYSTEM IN MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENDODERMIS AND AN ASSOCIATED OXIDASE SYSTEM IN MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

A Toxic Emanation from Rubber

APPARATUS of several types for measuring and controlling the humidity of the air in entomological experiments was recently described by us1. We mentioned a convenient type of glass jar, which is now in rather common use among entomologists and botanists, for studying the effects of climatic factors on insects or plants. It is a commercial glass storage jar with a screw-on metal cap. The joint between the glass and metal is sealed by a thick rubber washer. The humidity inside the jar is controlled by means of a layer of a suitable solution (of potash, acid, etc.) and the insects are placed in the jar in a celluloid and gauze container.