Japanese Settlement Research Articles

Writing Colonial Relations of Everyday Life in Senryu

This article uses the comic poetic genre senryu as a source through which to explore the dynamics of lived experience of working-class Japanese immigrants to Korea. Challenging the dominant paradigm by which we view colonial reality, as a neatly divided portrait of colonial society between the empowered colonizer and powerless colonized, this study complicates our understanding of Japanese settler culture by considering the poetic representations of the nonelite Japanese. As a humorous and often vulgar cultural medium widely embraced by the general public, senryu approaches and depicts colonial life in the mode of satire and parody. Particularly characteristic of this poetic genre employed by the Japanese settlement community is its heteroglossic nature that opens up the possibility of multiple subject positions and the language that readily implements rhetorical strategies and vocabularies specific to a hybrid colonial culture. It is the more contoured and ambivalent dynamics of colonial race relations that the senryu poetry brings forth, which, in turn, questions the existing narratives of Japanese colonialism.

Recent human impact on vegetation in Takkobu, northern Japan, reconstructed from fossil pollen in lake sediments

The vegetation of Takkobu, northern Japan, has been significantly altered by land-use development following Japanese settlement at the end of the 19th century. In order to assess the impact of human activity on vegetation dynamics in Takkobu, changes in the vegetation composition over the last 300 years were reconstructed from fossil pollen in the sediments of Lake Takkobu. The pollen assemblage represented broadleaved forests on the surrounding hills and alder forests found on the margin of the wetland bordering the lake. Prior to Japanese settlement, the hillside forests consisted predominantly of oak. However, with the onset of land-use development, a significant decline in oak relative to increasing birch was apparent, particularly after the early 1960s. These results suggest that successive logging since the 1880s had gradually undermined the resilience of oak. An increase of Artemisia and birch pollen also indicates an expansion of disturbed land. Since the 1960s, a large part of the broadleaved forests in Takkobu has been converted to larch plantations, although this was not represented in the pollen data because of the underrepresentation of larch pollen. The results of the pollen analysis have implications for forest restoration in Takkobu. The use of long-term data allows the determination of the baseline (natural) vegetation to be restored, and also illustrates the factors affecting present-day vegetation and how it may change in the future.

The Spatial Organization and the Representation of Modernity in a Korean Open Pore

The open ports and the concession system were the historical products of the imperialistic aggressions in East Asian countries. In the Korean peninsular, ten ports had been opened, and four concessions exclusive to the Japanese jurisdiction, three to the Chinese, and six for the joint control among several countries had been established between 1877 and 1908.<BR> They were very important in several aspects during the Korean modern period, though they did not reflect the internal dynamics of Korean modernization. They were the paths where the new civilization was introduced, and they had directly experienced the emergence of modern cities in their Western sense.<BR> The open ports and the concessions took the characteristics of modern cities not only in their economic roles, but also in their spatial organizations. For instance, they had the routes with the modern system and the architectures with the modern styles. In most of geographical and architectural studies, those modern characteristics in the spatial organization of the open ports seem to be regarded as the given. Though those works are important in understanding the modern features of the open ports, they are not enough to explain why the spatial organization becomes to represent the modernity. In order to explore the question, we need to distinguish the space into two different, but closely related categories: physical and cognitive. The physical space means the space which exists as a natural and geographical reality, and the cognitive means one that represents what the residents think and feel about the place where they live. Therefore, it is necessary to take those categories into account when we explain a space and/or a spatial organization in its comprehensive manner.<BR> This paper aims to describe the processes in which a part of an open port got to represent the modernity and the other to do the traditionality on the basis of data gathered in one of the Korean open ports, Mokpo.<BR> Mokpo was opened in October the Ist, 1897. In the traditional period. Mokpo was not so important geo-politically. But, after it was opened, it became the center of economic and political activities in the southwest area. It did not have spaces enough for the new settlements. and expanded its territory by reclaiming land from the sea. While Koreans inhabited in the old district in the city, the concessions were located on the reclaimed land, where well-designed routes and exotic buildings were built. The process of urbanization in Mokpo made two different districts, one of which was occupied by Koreans and the other by Japanese. And these two districts represented two different worlds: the former the traditionality and the latter the modernity.<BR> The different meaning of each settlement, however, had been constructed by several means in addition to the structure of routes. First of all, the buildings with such new styles as the Neo-Baroque, the Renaissance, or the Eclectic were built in the Japanese settlement. To Koreans, most of whom lived in traditional houses, the buildings were exotic and were thought as something modern. Secondly, the functions of two districts were totally different. The Korean district was like a bed town, but the Japanese district was the center of various activities like administration, commerce, entertainment, etc. In other words, the Japanese district was the center where all kinds of modern activities were carried out. Therefore, most Koreans could experienced those activities that were though as modern. The last means was the place names. The Japanese district had Japanese place names, but the Korean district still had the Korean place names. The place names differentiate the two settlements symbolically.<BR> The representation of modernity in Mokpo was made by several means in addition to the well-planned routes, which were the new styles of architectures, the functions of the Japanese district, and the place names. These means made the residents differentiate the city, and recognize the Japanese district as modern.

Gendering processes in immigration for Chinese American and Japanese American women

Structural factors during Chinese and Japanese immigration and settlement processes required families to adapt in ways that altered traditional gender behaviors. This study examines how two factors – spousal immigration order and family economic structure – affected the gendered division of labor and how gender roles consequently were reconstructed for first and second generation Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. These issues are investigated through secondary data analysis of 21 in‐depth interviews with daughters of Chinese and Japanese immigrants on the West Coast.

Débats autour des fouilles archéologiques à Osaka, 1917-1920

Modern anthropology and archaeology appear in Japan at the end of the xixth century, in the context of state modernization. Centered on the Imperial university of Tokyo and on the Imperial Museum, the scholars of this scientific field consider the Japanese settlement as the result of an invasion of the archipelago : the Japanese would have repulsed the Ainos to the north, putting an end to the prehistoric times. After the chair of Archaeology has been created, at the Imperial university of Kyoto, a new group of scholars centered on Hamada Kôsaku, maintain on the contrary that the Japanese settlement does possess some continuity with that of the prehistoric times, and imagine « Japanese prehistoric times » upon the archipelago. In 1917-1919, this new group of anthropologists and archaeologists rally other scholars of the provinces, like the Imperial university of Tôhoku, and oppose the capital's academism about the interpretation of the excavations in the site of Ko, in the suburbs of Osaka. The « Kyoto School » try to re-think the accepted paradigm of the alternance of the settlement, and substitute for a continuist interpretation of the Japanese people on the archipelago. This new discourse, opposed to the predominant one of the capital, does not have large echoes. In fact, at the same time, the annexionnism does maintain the idea of the common origins of Japanese and Korean, according to which the Japanese's origins are on the continent.

Anchor for peace: the United States Navy in the shaping of the Japanese peace settlement

This essay sheds new light on the formation of the Japanese peace settlement of 1951 by tracing the history of the United States Navy’s occupation, development and retention of its major base at Yokosuka. It argues that peace making was a process that proceeded from the individual and local community to the national and international levels. By promoting mutually beneficial civil–naval relations in Yokosuka, base commander Captain ‘Benny’ Decker educated Japanese and American leaders in the desirability of the navy’s retaining a base there – even before the outbreak of war in Korea made its value obvious. Decker helped build consensus within the American government on base retention and demonstrated its practicality to Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru. Thus diplomats and political leaders came to peace making in 1951 having already voluntarily concluded, on the basis of local conditions no less than large geopolitical circumstances, that continued American naval and military presence, within the framework of a broader security agreement, was the preferred way to preserve Japan’s security. Their decisions a half-century ago laid the foundations for a new maritime security order in the Pacific that continues to this day.

The Expansion of Japanese Residential Areas in Seoul after the Russo-Japanese War

In 1904, when the Japan was convinced of their victory over the Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese people rushed in Korea and expanded their residential areas around Seoul. Between the year 1908 and 1910, Japanese population in Seoul increased by one and a half times each year and reached more than thirty thousands by 1910.BR As the number of Japanese people increased, areas around Namdaemun, Hoihyundong, Myungdong, Chungmuro-3ga were getting crowded with the Japanese. They further expanded their residence toward the east and the west area of Hansung such as Namdaemun-ro, Taepyung-ro, Uijoo-ro, and Hangang-ro, and also to the southern part of Seoul such as Kwangheemun and Jangchungdong. The Japanese residential areas were found all over the Seoul areas by 1910.BR It was noteworthy that a lot of Japanese people gathered around Yongsan area about this time. They began to move to Old Yongsan area at the end of 1890s, but then the numbers were negligible. In 1908, Korea the Headquarter of Japanese troops in Korea and the Headquarter of Korea Railroad moved to Yongsan and it stimulated Japanese people to move to this area. Eventually, a new area called New Yongsan was formed by the Japanese.BR As we followed the increase and the decrease of the Japanese population in Seoul since 1904, we found that the opening Seoul to foreigners. Sino-Japanese War, and Russo-Japanese War had been important factors for the Japanese settlement in Seoul. It suggested that the Japanese movement to Seoul was motivated by political and military reasons rather than by economic reasons. The colonialization of Seoul by the Japanese has already been started after the Russo-Japanese War. It is not surprising therefore that the process of urbanization of Seoul could not be separated from the process of colonialization.

Guilt by Association: Essays on Japanese Settlement, Internment, and Relocation in the Rocky Mountain West

Guilt by Association: Essays on Japanese Settlement, Internment, and Relocation in the Rocky Mountain West

Research In Western American Literature, 2000–2001

R e s e a r c h in W e s t e r n A m e ric a n L i t e r a t u r e , 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 J a n R o u s h The year 2000-2001 was a strong year for research concerning the West. In areas as diverse as dance, theater, mass communications, geography , rhetoric, architecture, and art history, scholars are expressing a lively and creative interest in the West, be it an actual, physical stance or a state of mind. The sheer number of theses and dissertations in dis­ ciplines traditionally related to western American literature guarantees a rich and fertile background for scholars to explore. A quick look at total studies over the last three years reveals just how strong this year’s research growth is: M a s t e r ’s L e v e l D o c t o r a l L e v e l Y e a r 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 R e s . 43 68 127 188 80 310 One possibility for some of this tremendous growth concerns the fact that Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) is totally online, with many libraries, including Merrill Library at Utah State University, sub­ scribing to the online service rather than keeping up with hard copies; hence, all of my research in this area is now done online. Given the nature of the DA I’s program, titles of theses and dissertations are crosslisted among disciplines to enhance research, bringing to light titles that otherwise might be overlooked. For example, in the past I have discovered few theses related to western American literature in DAI categories of theology, political science, law, or ancient languages. However, crosslisting reveals new connections in various disciplines, allowing a broader selection to be made. Yet enhanced research cannot completely account for the growth. I really believe that it was a strong and productive year and especially strong, I may note, in Canada, where many more titles emerged than usual. Surveying these titles reveals that an emphasis on a multifaceted West is the major research trend this year, as it has consistently been over the past few years. The American Dream, traditionally embodied by groups of W hite settlers moving west, has extended to include many who typically had little hope of ever succeeding in achieving it. For instance, once again Native American issues take the lead in all research WAL 37.1 Spring 2002 topics, comprising over 150 different areas. A t some distance behind but still comprising a significant proportion are titles reflecting Chicano/a or M exican American interests. Other ethnic groups are also reflected in this multifaceted approach to research in the West; these include for the first time a number of studies concerning Japanese settlement in the West, along with German as well as Sicilian immigrants. O f interest also is a number of studies relating to Mormons in the West, enough to note a definite presence. This multiethnicity is reflected even in studies that focus on single authors. O f approximately thirty-eight different authors explored, seven­ teen represented minority groups. Though once again W illa Cather was well in the forefront of individual authors, with seventeen different theses devoted to her work, both Leslie Marmon Silko and Sandra Cisneros were not far behind. Other studies include such authors as N. Scott Momaday, Sim on Ortiz, Carter Revard, D ’Arcy McNickle, Americo Paredes, Rudolfo Anaya, A na Castillo, Paula Gunn Allen, Louise Erdrich, Mourning Dove, and Zitkala-Sa, aptly illustrating this interest in diversity. O f the more traditional, so-called mainstream authors in western American literature, Mark Twain and James Fenimore Cooper received the most attention, with seven studies apiece, closely followed by Jack London. In contrast to previous years, John Steinbeck appeared only once. A s might be expected with such diversity, a number of issues exam­ ined revolve around topics like alienation, repression, revolution, isola­ tion, identity, or displacement. In addition to race, gender was an issue, in many forms, with domesticity, silence, and feminism being just a few of the key...

朝鮮神宮の鎮座地選定 : 京城における日本人居住地の形成および初期市区改正との関連から

This paper focuses upon the selection of the site for the Chosen Shrine, a shinto shrine built by the Government-general of Chosen in 1925. Althogh the northern foot of Nam-san hill was once selected and designs for the precincts were completed by the end of 1915, the government engaged prof. Chuta Ito to make him conduct the second investigation in 1918 and the western part of Nam-san hill was finally selected. This paper discusses the backgrounds of the difference of these two conclusions from the viewpoint of the development of Japanese Settlement and the early Urban Improvement in Keijo.

Reclamation Work in Karafuto as a Japanese Settlement Colony and the Construction of its Capital City, Toyohara

Reclamation Work in Karafuto as a Japanese Settlement Colony and the Construction of its Capital City, Toyohara

Ocular toxoplasmosis in an Amazonian Japanese settlement.

Ocular toxoplasmosis in an Amazonian Japanese settlement.

Whispered silences: Japanese Americans and World War II

Whispered Silences presents memories and images of the American detention camps to which 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them U.S. citizens, were sent during World War II. Haunted by a visit to one of the detention camps, fine-arts photographer Joan Myers embarked on an odyssey to record all ten of the camps where Japanese Americans were held, from the deserts of California and the Southwest to the swamps of Arkansas. The result is a series of evocative black-and-white photographs of the camps as they appear today and of items left behind in them - barracks steps, guard tower footings, cemeteries, dried up ponds and rock work from abandoned gardens, children's toys. Historian Gary Okihiro tells the story of the camps almost exclusively from the reminiscences of former internees, giving voice to the photographs' stark images. His essay extends to the earliest days of japanese settlement in America, interweaving historical background, personal accounts, and his own family's experience, moving between Japan, Hawaii, and the mainland United States. Whispered Silences relates a very personal and informal history of Japanese Americans and World War II. It compels us to feel the trauma of the wartime detention, which disrupted and ruined so many lives.

アマゾン流域日系移住地，トメアスー地区における回虫およびトキソプラズマ感染状況についての考察

Seroepidemiological studies on ascariasis and toxoplasmosis were conducted in a Brazilian Japanese settlement, Tome-Acu, in August, 1988. The specific IgE antibodies against Ascaris antigen were assayed and 99 individuals out of 221 inhabitants in the area were found positive (44.8%), while only 4 out of 182 blood donors in Gunma University Hospital, Japan, were positive (2.2%). The poor general sanitary conditions such as water supply or sewerage system in Tome-Acu may be the cause of the high positive rate of anti-ascaris antibody. The specific IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma were assayed, 164 out of 218 were positive in Tome-Acu (75.2%), while 65 out of 400 were positive in Gunma University Hospital (16.3%). The results of the questionnaire showed that 77.6% of the inhabitants in Tome-Acu kept cats in their houses. Very few of them answered the custom of taking under-cooked meat. The role of cats was assumed to be attributable to the high prevalence rate of Toxoplasma infection.

The Diplomacy of Dependency: The Philippines and Peacemaking with Japan, 1945–52

Historians have examined the Japanese peace settlement of 1951 in a variety of ways. A few have treated it as an episode in the ongoing evolution of the structure of international relations in the Pacific and East Asia. Most have focused on the interaction between the principal victor, the United States, and vanquished Japan, weighing the negotiating successes and failures of each and assessing the impact of the settlement on subsequent Japanese-American relations. Recently still other historians have exploited newly available archival materials to analyze the role middle-range powers such as Australia and Britain played in shaping the 1951 peace treaty. While this research has revealed a great deal about the San Francisco peace settlement, it has left unexplored the part small powers played in a major restructuring of the Pacific/East Asian international order.

Spatial Control of Zoning in Primitive Japanese Settlement

This is a study for recognizing the existence of spatial control of zoning on settlements in Jomon period. Almost all of settlements in this period have a circular arrangement of houses. It has been considered as a result of some social restrictions. In this study, from site-planning aspect, it become more evident that the circular arrangement of houses was caused by spatial control of zoning under the centripetal concept.

Japanese Settlement in Eastern Bolivia and Brazil

Japanese Settlement in Eastern Bolivia and Brazil

Structural Variations Among Dwellings in the Japanese Colony of San Juan de Yapacaní, Bolivia

San Juan de Yapacani, a small isolated Japanese settlement 130 kilometers northwest of the colonial city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, is situated in the lowlands east of the Andes where extensive tracts of new farmlands are being opened as a part of a general agrarian reform (Figure 1). The Japanese government has cooper ated by sending colonists to several such remote areas in the Amer ican tropics where experience has shown that foreign colonies are al lowed to operate freely and the land-hungry colonists from the home islands find the tropical climate agreeable. In two aspects San Juan de Yapacani is different from most other recent Japanese colonies organized in South America: ( 1 ) settlers have been granted holdings of equal size, uniform slope conditions, similar alluvial soils, and al most identical land drainage; and ( 2 ) 80 percent of the emigres come from the island of Kyushu (Figure 2). Moreover, all belonged to a low-income group from coastal Kyushu valleys where farming, fish ing, and mining methods are basically similar. No attempt has been made by the host country to control or alter preferred living habits of the new colonists.

Japanese Agriculture in Ventura County, California

Japanese Agriculture in Ventura County, California Dale J. Stevens and Young Il Kim* Agriculture in the lowlands of coastal California is typified by . rather large farms, a high degree of mechanization, and substantial crop yields. Because of favorable climate, this is an important area for speciality crops such as winter vegetables, citrus, and cut flowers. Within this agricultural setting, a number of Japanese1 farms display some of the historic characteristics of the Oriental system of relatively small farm plots and high imput of human labor. Although Japanese farmers have adopted American farming concepts and values to a certain degree, they still retain some of their original agricultural practices. The somewhat different agricultural landscape developed by this ethnic group in alien milieu is the result of choices, preferences, selections of various methods, systems, and crops since the Japanese immigrants first came here more than eighty years ago. An analysis was made of the Japanese farming characteristics in Ventura County which provided information on assimilation of the Japanese farmer into the agricultural landscape, adaptation of Oriental methods into the American system, and modification offarming practices through cultural contact with the Occident. During the summer of 1965, using a uniform questionnaire on farms and farming methods, the authors interviewed most of the Japanese farmers in Ventura County. This survey indicated how an ethnic group adapted and utilized various customs and cultural * When this paper was read at the 29th annual meeting of the Association, the co-authors were doctoral candidates at the University of California, Los Angeles. Mr. Stevens is now Assistant Professor of Geography at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84601. Mr. Kim is Assistant Professor of Geography at Wisconsin State University , Oshkosh 54901. 1 The term Japanese is used synonymously with Japanese-American. 123 124ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC COAST GEOGRAPHERS characteristics peculiar to two different agricultural systems. A greater understanding of this cultural group has been made possible by observing the intrinsic agricultural patterns that are traditionally retained by these predominantly second-generation Americans in spite of their high degree of Americanization. Historical Development Migrants from Japan began to arrive in southern California in the 1890's, attracted mainly by glowing accounts of high wages and great employment opportunities. Available jobs for these newcomers were largely manual labor on farms, on railroad construction, and as domestics.2 San Bernardino, Riverside, Los Angeles, and Oxnard were the major areas in southern California where Japanese settled. In the latter part of the nineteenth century anumber ofJapanese immigrants were attracted to Ventura County by its newly introduced sugarbeet industry3 which demanded a large number of laborers as refinery workers and farm helpers. From this time on, the Japanese gradually became an integral part of the area's agricultural scene. Both sugarbeet and citrus industries attracted an increasing number of workers and in 1919 Japanese in Ventura County numbered approximately 2,000.4 The influx of laborers in the county decreased in 1916 when the sugarbeet industry began to decline. During subsequent years many workers left the county. Some remained and switched to vegetable raising, no longer as tenants but as independent farm operators either buying or leasing the land. This was the beginning of Japanese truck farming and market gardening in the area. Although the newly acquired farming was profitable, the Japanese farm population in the county decreased until in 1920 there were only 40 families. Depopulation was due mainly to the California Alien Laws, first enacted in 1913 and amended in 1920 and 1923.5 These laws deprived aliens of 2 New Japanese-American News Incorporated, The History of Japanese-American in the United States, Tokyo, Dai-Nippon Printing Company, 1961, p. 503. 3 The first sugarbeets were processed in Oxnard in 1898. See Howard F. Gregor, "Changing Agricultural Patterns in the Oxnard Areas of Southern California," unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1950, p. 100. é New Japanese-American News Incorporated, op. cit., p. 825. 5 Midori Nishi, "Japanese Settlement in the Los Angeles Area," Yearbook, the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Vol. 20 ( 1958), p. 39. VOLUME 31 1 YEARBOOK / 1969125 the right to own or to lease agricultural land. As a final effort to maintain their farms, some...

Religious Conversion and Religious Zeal in an Overseas Enclave: The Case of the Japanese in Bolivia

There is doubtless some objective basis for the widely held popular notion that converts to a faith tend to be more devout and zealous than persons born into the same faith; most of us can probably think of converts among our acquaintances whose religious passion approaches fanaticism. In this paper, I shall discuss a counter-example-a case in which native-born believers display much more religious conviction than their converted co-religionists--and I shall attempt to provide a convincing explanation for this unusual state of affairs. San Juan Yapacani is an agricultural settlement of first generation Japanese immigrants in the department of Santa Cruz in eastern Bolivia. It was formally established as the result of an agreement between the governments of Japan and Bolivia which was signed on August 2, 1956, under which Bolivia provided a grant of some 35,000 hectares of land for Japanese settlement. Actually, the first settlers had arrived and begun preliminary labors a year earlier, in July, 1955. In June, 1965, there were 262 households comprising 1546 individuals. Each family receives a free grant of fifty hectares (123.5 acres) of land.