Japanese Occupation Of Malaya Research Articles

VARIOUS POLICIES OF THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION GOVERNMENT AGAINST ETHNIC IN MALAYA IN 1942-1945

This study aims to describe the initial arrival of Chinese and Indians in Malaya, the Japanese invasion and occupation of Malaya and the policies implemented by the Japanese occupation government in Malaya. This study uses the method of literature (library research). The research results show that the beginning of the arrival of the Chinese in Malaya was estimated from the beginning of the seventh century, the Chinese came to establish trade relations with the Malays, they bartered their natural products. China's natural products include silk, salt, rice, and earthen tools. Similar to the Chinese in Malaya, the arrival of India in Malaya long before the arrival of the Japanese. Ancient India also exerted great influence in Southeast Asia through trading links, religious missions, wars and other forms of contact. Indian traders had traveled this region including the southern tip of the Southeast Asian peninsula with maritime trade. The initial Japanese policy towards China in Malaya was very cruel, and showed extraordinary suspicion towards the Chinese in Malaya. Many Chinese in Malaya participated in anti-Japanese activities before the invasion. Before launching the invasion, the Japanese treated the Malays well. Japan's policy towards Malays is to provide several privileges compared to China. Likewise with the Indians, they also enjoyed better treatment during the Japanese occupation of Malaya than the Chinese. This happened to encourage Indian national activities aimed at overthrowing British rule in India, Japan supporting organizations such as the Indian Independent League (IIL / Indian Independence League).

HUBUNGAN ETNIK DI TANAH MELAYU, 1941-1955: PENELITIAN AWAL BERDASARKAN SUDUT PANDANGAN SEJARAH

This article discusses the sharing of ethnic relations in Malaya from a historical point of view, from 1941 to 1955. The discussion centered on the chronology of racial relationships during the era of Malacca Sultanate which becomes a role model in the context of shared values, solidarity, and civilization. Elements of value sharing continue to develop, but become fragile following the impact of imperialism and colonialism. The sharing of common values was forged in the context of a pluralistic society but turned prejudice during the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Legitimize communist power with unjust acts led to the outbreak of fights between the Malays and Chinese following the withdrawal of Japanese troops. Nevertheless, the agenda of rebuilding and nurturing the sharing of common values became a priority in the effort to restore racial harmony after the Second World War. Under the challenge of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, Malaysia needs to make careful preparations in building a patriotic soul and society. This study is using qualitative methods and data analysis includes primary and secondary sources covering colonial office files, newspapers, books and interviews. The results and findings of the study found that the sharing of life values in society is a great contributor to building a united and independent Malaysia. A series of historical events, that have taken place, should be used as a lesson in the context of developing religious, racial and national excellence

From Idealism to the Ground: The Japanese Empire's Occupation of Southeast Asia - The Japanese Occupation of Malaya and Singapore, 1941–45: A Social and Economic History. By Paul H. Kratoska. 2nd ed.Singapore: National University Press of Singapore, 2018. xxvii, 407 pp. ISBN: 9789971696382 (paper). - Japan's Occupation of Java in the Second World War: A Transnational History. By Ethan Mark.

From Idealism to the Ground: The Japanese Empire's Occupation of Southeast Asia - The Japanese Occupation of Malaya and Singapore, 1941–45: A Social and Economic History. By Paul H. Kratoska. 2nd ed.Singapore: National University Press of Singapore, 2018. xxvii, 407 pp. ISBN: 9789971696382 (paper). - Japan's Occupation of Java in the Second World War: A Transnational History. By Ethan Mark.

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya and Singapore, 1941–1945: A Social and Economic History (2nd edn) by Paul H. Kratoska

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya and Singapore, 1941–1945: A Social and Economic History (2nd edn) by Paul H. Kratoska

Transcultural Aesthetics and Postcolonial Memory: the Practices and Politics of Remembering in Tan Twan Eng’sThe Garden of Evening Mists

AbstractThe tension between the use of postcolonial memory to bear witness to the past and the aestheticization of memory lies at the center of Malaysian-born writer Tan Twan Eng’s second novel,The Garden of Evening Mists(2012), a work that features the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II and the postwar period of the Malayan Emergency. The main protagonist is a former judge named Yun Ling who, faced with the prospect of eventual memory and speech loss, is moved to record her past experiences including the time she was a prisoner of war interred and when she was an apprentice to the gardener, Aritomo. In this article, I examine the novel’s self-conscious musings about the nature of memory and the ways in which memory may be represented and preserved. Tan’s novel attempts to provide a meditation on the transcultural mediation and aestheticization of memory by deliberately intermingling and overlaying various cultural features, artistic traditions and ethno-cultural subjectivities when it comes to processes of remembering. The attempt to transculturally aestheticize memory is on one level a metafictional and ostensibly inclusive move to affirm the plurality of stories and multiple perspectives. Yet, this is undermined by the novel’s very strategies of aestheticization, which run the risk of making memory an artistic object so “precious” and rarefied as to counter the more avowedly political function of memory—that of bearing witness to history.

PERJUANGAN SEORANG PELARIAN PERANG: LEE HAU SHIK SEMASA PENDUDUKAN TENTERA JEPUN, 1941-1945

Tun Lee Hau Shik (H.S. Lee) was founder leader of the Malayan (later Malaysian) Chinese Association (MCA). He helped forged an UMNO-MCA alliance in 1952 that led to the eventual formation of the Alliance Party and was part of the Malayan delegation to London to negotiate for the country’s independence. Hong Kong-born and Cambridge-educated, Lee came to Malaya in 1924 to take care of his family business. With wealth acquired from tin mining, a well-to-do family and good educational background, Lee quickly rose to prominence in the Selangor Chinese community. However, Lee who served as the Chief Air Raid Warden of Kuala Lumpur and an influential leader in the anti-Japanese movements in Selangor was forced to leave Malaya during the Japanese invasion. This paper will examine the years he spent in India as a political refugee from Japanese occupation of Malaya and the extent to which the experience of the WWII enabled Lee to transform from a local Chinese leader to a national leader.

Memoir of R. Balan, Vice-President of the Malayan Communist Party

Memoir of R. Balan, Vice-President of the Malayan Communist Party R. Balan I was born in Nova Scotia Estate, 4 miles away from Telok Anson proper, Perak, on 22 November 1921. My father, named K. Ramalingam, was a conductor-cum-clerk on a rubber estate who came from Ceylon. My mother, named Sinnatheiammal, was a housewife who came from Madras, India. I am the eldest of four children (two boys and two girls). My father worked on the Nova Scotia rubber estate in Perak. When I was five months old, my father sent the whole family to India. We lived in India for seven years before my father called back the whole family to Malaya. We came back to Malaya around early part of 1929 to rejoin my father at an estate named ‘Jong Estate’ where he was a Manager. I had my primary education at the Anglo-Chinese School, Telok Anson and completed my secondary education at the Nagaratham Memorial English School. I sat and passed the Government Junior Cambridge Certificate examinations in 1937. While I was in Senior Cambridge for three months, I fell ill of pneumonia and was bed-ridden for nearly two months. Click for larger view View full resolution R. Balan Eventually, as a result of loss of studies I left school and went out to work to support my mother, brother and sister (another sister had died one month after birth). My father had left us in Telok Anson to work in Bertam Rubber Estate in Kepala Batas, and we did not know until years later that he had taken another wife. I worked as an apprentice clerk at Selaba Estate, Telok Anson for two years without any payment, and then as a clerk at the Ulu Bernam Estate in 1940–1941 until the Japanese occupied Malaya. Two months after Japanese occupation of Malaya, the Japanese armed forces visited Ulu Bernam Estate. The commanding officer of the Japanese armed forces felt the office field staff in Ulu Bernam Estate was exorbitant, therefore decided to transfer a few of the staff to other estates where they were needed. I was one of those transferred to Jong Estate, also in Telok Anson, as an officer-in-charge. My family background, therefore, can be said to be middle class. My father’s salary was enough for our family until he left us to go to Kepala Batas, and we never went in want. I had uncles (the elder brothers of my mother) one of who was a kangani (headman), while another was a tapper. I used to go to [End Page 131] their homes and mix with the labour force. In the pre-war days, $12/= monthly wage was sufficient for an estate labourer who was provided with quarters. There was not much evidence of poverty. I had not yet become politically conscious. I was only labour conscious. After the Japanese had transferred me to Jong estate, they decided to recruit labour force from the estate to be sent to build the railway in southern Thailand, later known as ‘The Death Railway’ because most of those who were sent there to work never returned. My estate, which was about 1,000 acres or so, had a working force of 200 men and women. I was ordered to prepare a list of labourers who could be sent to Thailand. When it was time for the first batch of young able-bodied labourers, about 150 of them, to leave the estate on their journey, their womenfolk came to my house and started crying, pleading for help and urging me not to send their men to their death. They had heard of the horrors of the Death Railway, and said their sons, husbands and fathers had no hope of ever returning. I was very moved by their tears and pleas, and decided to do something to help. I remember this momentous day. It was 22 August 1942. I gathered all the labourers who were supposed to leave the next day outside my office and told them my sympathies were with them and their families. If they did not want to go to Thailand, they must by 2 a.m...

Historical Documents Relating to the Japanese Occupation of Malaya

Historical Documents Relating to the Japanese Occupation of Malaya

Hero of Two Ages: Mohd Said Sulaiman as the First Malay Autobiography Editor

This paper discusses the role of an early 20th century Johore intellectual and early Malay autobiography editor named Mohd Said Sulaiman in linking the traditional to the modern era. Mohd Said’s prowess as a Johore Malay figure was not only due to the fact that he was an important individual in the government (being the Sultan’s private secretary) but that he was also a very prolific scholar in the field of Malay literature. He produced several Malay literary works, either in prose or poetry, culminating in the completion of the major task of introducing these works to Sultan Ibrahim of Johore, who finally decreed that Ibrahim Munsyi’s autobiography be printed and edited in a scholarly manner without altering its contents. Thus began Mohd Said Sulaiman’s journey as the link between the traditional era (the era of the manuscript) and the modern era (the printing press) until this work could continue in the form of the text as it is today. As a result, Kisah Pelayaran Muhammad Ibrahim Munsyi was successfully published for the first time in 1919. The Japanese Occupation of Malaya until 1945 resulted in the disappearance of the original manuscript on Ibrahim Munsyi. The only evidence of the existence of the early autobiography for the Malay community was Mohd Said Sulaiman’s publication in 1919. It is apparent that the contribution of the late Mohd Said also paved the way and provided useful input to the history of Johore and the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which all along had only relied on the reports of British officials, which were slanted more towards 'white supremacy'. Indirectly, the complete works edited by him can promote the study of various disciplines such as social studies. Research has shown that Mohd Said Sulaiman is one of the greatest literary figures of Johore because of his far-sighted vision, which gained prominence for the Johore Government on the world stage.

Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941-46 by Cheah Boon Kheng (review)

Reviewed by: Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941-46 by Cheah Boon Kheng Rajo Sathian Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941-46 Cheah Boon Kheng Singapore: NUS Press, 4th edition, 2012, 416 pp. ISBN: 978-9971-69-508-8 Paperback The Malaysian racial riots of May 1969 are a well-researched and discussed event that is often brought up to remind Malaysians of the fragile race relations, specifically between the Malays and Chinese in the country. However, the 1969 riots were not the first inter-ethnic clash in the country. In Red Star Over Malaya, Cheah Boon Kheng points to an earlier episode of Sino-Malay clashes that occurred in the interim period between the surrender of the Japanese and the return of the British forces in 1945. The book, now in its fourth edition, is a study of politics and race relations in Malaya during the Japanese occupation. Updated with research materials recently made available, the book claims to capture the voice of 'the local people who were the major actors' (p. xvi) of the history of that tumultuous period. Retaining the format of the previous edition, the book has two sections with eleven chapters. Section One, 'Roots of the Conflict', contains four chapters covering the period 1941-45. Chapter 1 provides a socio-economic background of the three main ethnic groups in the country at the start of the Japanese occupation, with each group holding on to their individual ethnic identities rather than a collective pan-ethnic Malayan nationalist identity. The absence of the latter, the author claims, is the 'starting point of this study' (p. xxiii). Chapter 2 discusses the impact of the Japanese administrative policies on the different races and the beginning of inter-racial and inter-class tensions between the Malays and Chinese is highlighted. The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and its anti-Japanese movement are discussed in Chapter 3, while its rival, the left-wing Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM),which adopted a pro-Japanese strategy, is dealt with in Chapter 4. Together these chapters highlight the growth of both communism and radical Malay nationalism in the country as well as the movement for Malayan independence sought by both parties. Section Two focuses on the post-war years (1945-6), with details of interethnic strife, chaos and disorder as well as the resurgence of Malay nationalism in the last months leading to the Japanese surrender and the return of the British forces. The guerrilla attacks on Japanese troops and Sino-Malay clashes in Johor, Perak and elsewhere in the country depicting the lawlessness that occurred in this period are elaborately discussed in Chapter 5. The activities of the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) led by the MCP and their atrocities towards the people when the party took over the country in the two-week power vacuum after the Japanese surrender are highlighted in Chapters 6 and 7. The brutal Red Campaign by the MCP alienated the Malays, resulting in the withdrawal of their support towards the party and its goal of attaining Malayan independence. [End Page 130] In Chapter 8 Cheah adopts a multi-perspective approach by providing various interpretations to the inter-racial clashes. Apart from his insightful presentation of the Malay perspective, his inclusion of the Japanese and British viewpoints is commendable. Chapter 9 examines the fall-out between former allies the MCP/MPAJA and the British. The transition from friends to foes was largely due to British fear of a communist takeover of the country and this is likely the reason for the British delay in granting Malaya its independence, a point the author seems to gloss over. In Chapter 10, the escalating conflict between Malay nationalists/people and the British, riled by the British Military Administration's proposal to introduce the Malayan Union scheme, is discussed. The traditional Malay elite resumed their leadership of the Malay community, while support for the Malay left-wing group aspiring for a Malaya in Indonesia (the Indonesia Raya entity) declined. Many questions arise at this point: why did the British eventually support...

A bibliography of the Malayan campaign and the Japanese period in West Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo, 1941-1945

If there was an honour roll of bibliographies of the Malayan campaign and the Japanese occupation of Malaya, Singapore and Borneo, this work would come close to the top of the list. With over 4,000 entries, it is a formidable collection and there is no doubt that Justin Corfield's efforts will be valuable to scholars working on this important aspect of military as well as Malayan and Singapore history. Corfield has compiled a virtual treasure trove of hitherto seemingly untouched material in the form of original diaries and other unpublished personal accounts, including material not only in English and Dutch, but also in Malay and Chinese. Three indices greatly facilitate the looking up of entries.

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History

PrefaceAbbreviationsIntroduction1. Malaya before the war2. The beginning of the Occupation3. The Administration of Malaya4. Ethnic Policies5. Education and Propaganda6. The Economy7. Currency and Banking8. The Estate and Mining Industries9. Rationing and Food Production10. The end of the Occupation11. The Aftermath12. ConclusionBibliographyIndex

The Japanese occupation of Malaya: a social and economic history

The Japanese occupation of Malaya: a social and economic history

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History

Malay Society under Japanese Occupation, 1942–45

This study aims to understand how Malay national awareness matured during the wartime period, and is primarily concerned with the exact nature of the impact of the three and a half years of Japanese rule on the political, economic, and social aspects of Malay society. With this aim in view, first of all, this paper examines the historiography of the Japanese occupation of Malaya, focusing on “interruption” and “transformation” arguments. Secondly, this study considers Japan's objectives in invading Malaya. Thirdly, this work examines the development of Malay national awareness under Japanese rule, highlighting the hidden dynamics behind the Malay struggle for the development. Based upon this investigation, this paper shows that Malay national awareness was consolidated mainly by the creative adaptation of the Malays to the new circumstances, not as a result of the deliberate intentions of the Japanese as the “interruption” school argues.

Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941–46. By Cheah Boon Kheng. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1983. Pp. xvi, 366. Plates, Maps, Illustrations, Acknowledgements, Appendices, Bibliography, Index.

Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941–46. By Cheah Boon Kheng. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1983. Pp. xvi, 366. Plates, Maps, Illustrations, Acknowledgements, Appendices, Bibliography, Index. - Volume 17 Issue 1

Red Star Over Malaya. Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941-1946.

Red Star Over Malaya is an account of the inter-racial conflicts between Malays and Chinese during the final stages and the aftermath of the Japanese occupation. As Japanese forces retreated into the big cities, the Chinese guerrillas of the communist-led resistance movement, the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), emerged from the jungle and took control of some 70 per cent of the country's smaller towns and villages. The ensuing conflict involving the Malayan Communist Party, the Malay population and the British Military Administration marked a crucial stage in the history of Malaya. Based on extensive archival research in Malaysia, Great Britain, Japan and the United States, Red Star Over Malaya provides a riveting account of the way the Japanese occupation reshaped colonial Malaya, and of the tension-filled months that followed surrender. This book is fundamental to an understanding of social and political developments in Malaysia during the second half of the 20th century. First published in 1987, this book is a 'must' for any student of history in Southeast Asia. This edition contains a new foreword from the author.

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941-45: Ibrahim Yaacob and the Struggle for Indonesia Raya

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941-45: Ibrahim Yaacob and the Struggle for Indonesia Raya

Some Japanese Sources on Malayan History

A brimming reservoir of Japanese materials on South-east Asian history is ready to serve scholars with appropriate research interests and the needed linguistic tools. In this brief paper an introduction to selected sources on Malayan history will be made. Readers will see that the materials to be described are of special usefulness to economic historians working on the 1930's and 1940's, to sociologists and political scientists analyzing the complexities of a plural society, and of course to students of the period of the Japanese occupation of Malaya. To tell the military story of the Japanese conquest, accusations and apologiae have appeared from the British side and Colonel Tsuji Masanobu proundly published the victor's account. Except, however, for books by guerrilla opponents or civilian victims of Japanese rule, the occupation years are an historical blank. Little imagination is required to sense that, in the years bwbween the collapse and the return of the British, the Japanese in Malaya were obliged to face the wide range of administrative problems imposed on a governing authority. Accordingly, studies of Japanese solutions and failures could be highly instructive. Furthermore, as is generally recognized, the terrorist units of the 1948–60 Emergency were direct descendents of elements in the anti-Japanese resistance campaign, and Malayan nationalism itself moved toward maturity under Japanese pressure. Clearly the occupation years form the most dynamic and the most neglected period in modern Malayan history.

Planters’ Loans Board v. Managalam.

Belligerent Occupation — Effects of — Powers and Duties of Occupant — Japanese Occupation of Malaya — Administration of Funds Normally Operated by Sovereign — Issue of Special Currency by Occupant — Validity of Transactions in Such Currency — Legal Effect of Such Transactions after Termination of Occupation — Articles 48 and 53 of Hague Convention No. IV — Debtor and Creditor (Occupation Period) Ordinance, 1947 — The Law of Malaya.