Honshu Research Articles

Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis to Detect Pathogenic Fungi in Dark-Colored Spots on Apple Fruits

Dark-colored spots (DCSs) found on apples at harvest time worldwide significantly reduce the commercial value of the fruits. In this study, we conducted an automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) to reliably detect fungal pathogens in these lesions. The fragment sizes of peaks for eight species and two species complexes that might cause DCSs on apples in northern Honshu Island, Japan, were determined on the basis of the ARISA. The fragment sizes for six species ( Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai, Diplocarpon mali, Mycosphaerella pomi, Neonectria galligena, Phlyctema vagabunda, and Venturia inaequalis) were unique, enabling their detection in a single ARISA trial. However, two other species and two species complexes had similar fragment sizes. To identify these fungi, PCR amplifications using species- or genus-specific primers were needed. Using this method to examine the fresh tissue of DCSs (i.e., after removing the epidermis) on commercially produced apples resulted in the detection of six fungal species and two Colletotrichum species complexes. Because the pathogenic fungi in the tissue underlying lesions are most likely the causal agents, these fungi could be responsible for the DCSs on apple fruits. An automated analysis of the PCR products amplified for the ARISA enables the rapid examination of many samples. These results indicate that the ARISA-based technique developed in the present study is useful for the accurate, reliable, and comprehensive detection of the pathogens causing DCSs on apple fruits. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

Effect of food amount and temperature on growth rate and aerobic scope of juvenile chum salmon

Offshore migration of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is partly triggered by increasing body size and high motility in the early stages of life. The survival of juvenile salmon may depend on their growth rate during the first few months in the sea, and this factor partly regulates the dynamics of adult populations. Here, we assessed the effects of water temperature and food availability on the growth of juvenile chum salmon O. keta. In addition, by combining the measurements of metabolic performance for growth and activity (Absolute Aerobic Scope: AAS) with a bioenergetics model, we estimated the energy allocation for different activities in the juveniles. Under high temperatures (14 °C), juveniles reared at low food levels (1% body weight) allocated less than half their energy for growth than those reared at high food levels (4% body weight). These findings suggest that high temperature and low food level constrain the growth of juveniles, providing an insight into the effect of the recent increase in warm and low-nutrient water masses on survival of juveniles and catches of adult chum salmon on the Pacific side of Honshu Island, Japan.

Occurrence and Control of Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing) in Japan

Citrus greening (huanglongbing) is established in majority of the subtropical and tropical citrus-producing areas of the world. In Japan, the disease causes damage to citrus grown on the subtropical islands and threatens the major citrus production areas on the main islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu. Since the initial identification of the disease on a small island near Taiwan, wide-ranging programs and collaboration among scientists, plant quarantine officials, and administrators to combat the disease have been undertaken. This paper reviews the history of the disease and development of countermeasures in Japan. The scientific insight and crucial technical tools that promote control practices are summarized. Implications for the control of the disease in other countries and future research directions are also discussed.

맞서고 생성하는 섬

The pioneering of Hokkaido in the 19th century was aimed at acquiring the resources necessary for modernization and industrialization of the Japanese mainland. During World War I and II, the Japanese government’s interest in Hokkaido weakened, but when overseas colonies were lost after World War II, the Japanese government once again actively began to develop Hokkaido. The Japanese government sought to improve Hokkaido’s lagging infrastructure by investing more budget in Hokkaido than in other regions. The purpose of such a policy was to close the regional gap, but more importantly, to build Hokkaido, which contributed to the mainland. As a result, however, Hokkaido has gotten a socio-economic system that relies excessively on the mainland, and politicians in Hokkaido have become more eager to win central government budgets than to offer prospects for independent system. Under such a structure, Hokkaido failed to lay a proper industrial foundation and the collapse of the real estate bubble caused the bankruptcy of Hokkaido’s largest bank in the 1990s. In the 2000s, Hokkaido was gradually shrinking, with its population decreasing and growth slowing. However, the current situation in Hokkaido is not just gloomy. This is because the movement to seek an alternative future is in full swing as it is clear that the growth-oriented development strategy that has gripped Hokkaido is no longer possible.

Improvement of inspection and maintenance gantries in the Honshu Shikoku Bridges

Currently the importance of bridge inspection and maintenance is widely recognized. It seems reasonable to mention that a gantry is essential for the inspection and maintenance of a long span bridge. Therefore, most long span bridges are equipped with a gantry as a permanent access tool. Honshu Shikoku Bridges compose three highways and one railway between Honshu and Shikoku islands in Japan. Three routes consist of 17 long span bridges with a main span of more than 200 m. Since the bridges had been constructed with accumulating knowledge for construction and maintenance from 1975 to 1999, a gantry had also been improved for gaining better access. Despite the improvement, there were still a certain number of inaccessible elements and components, so further improvement is being made to increase access capability due to growing requirements of arms-length inspection and maintenance. There are 152 gantries in total, consisting of four types of gantries: a suspended gantry, an internal gantry, a tower gantry, and a cable gantry. This article presents the gantries installed in the Honshu-Shikoku Bridges, containing improvement histories for each type of gantry in the construction and several efforts to improve access capability in the maintenance.

Free-living marine bacterioplankton composition and diversity along the Kuroshio region

We investigated how free-living bacterioplankton's diversity and taxonomic composition vary along the Kuroshio from south Taiwan to the east coast of Honshu Japan (∼22–35 °N). We collected samples from both surface and deep chlorophyll-a maximum (DCM) layers and then applied high-throughput sequencing techniques to study communities of bacterioplankton. Along the Kuroshio, we found a general decreasing richness (R2 = 0.077, p = 0.02, regression coefficient = −13.092) and Shannon diversity (R2 = 0.327, p = 0.027, regression coefficient = −0.029), which was best explained by decreasing temperature and phosphate concentration. Whereas bacterial evenness increased in the surface (R2 = 0.3, p = 0.002, regression coefficient = 0.545) but decreased in the DCM along the Kuroshio (R2 = 0.2, p = 0.014, regression coefficient = −0.451); this pattern coincided with the patterns that chlorophyll-a concentration significantly increased in the surface but decreased in the DCM layer. The results suggest that physiological constrain and nutrient availability influenced the richness and Shannon diversity, while productivity influenced the evenness of bacterioplankton. In terms of bacterial community composition, the surface and the DCM layers were significantly different. The compositional change of bacterioplankton along the Kuroshio was also different in the two layers because different bacterial taxa exhibited distinct responses to different environments. In the surface layer, compositional change of bacterioplankton was associated with temperature, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and salinity, while in the DCM layer, phosphate concentration was also important. In terms of the bacterial taxa that showed significant changes along the Kuroshio, the relative abundance of genus NS5_marine_group significantly decreased, while genus Sva0996_marine_group and Pseudohongiella significantly increased in the surface layer. In addition, genus Clade_Ia and HIMB11 showed significantly lower relative abundance around the transect near Taiwan, while genus Alteromonas was significantly more abundant at the transect around 30 °N. In the DCM layer, the relative abundance of genus Candidatus_Actinomarina, Sva0996_marine_group, and NS5_marine_group significantly decreased along the Kuroshio. We argue that bacteria's preference for temperature, salinity, and resource availability are related to their compositional variation along the Kuroshio. Our findings, for the first time, document how bacterial diversity and composition change along the Kuroshio, providing the foundation to studying the bacterioplankton in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

Patterns of shell utilization and preference in two sipunculan genera, Phascolion and Aspidosiphon

AbstractSipunculans are non-segmented marine worms with an anterior retractable introvert, which are commonly included in Annelida based on molecular phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses. They generally burrow in the soft sediments or live inside the crevices of hard substrata (e.g. calcareous/coralline rocks). However, members of some sipunculan genera (mainly Phascolion and Aspidosiphon) are known to have a peculiar habit of dwelling in vacant shells of gastropods or scaphopods. In this study, we investigated the shell utilization and preference pattern of the species of Phascolion and Aspidosiphon in Japan. We collected 302 sipunculans, comprising 273 and 29 individuals in Phascolion and Aspidosiphon, respectively, from 57–800 m depth of three study sites in the Pacific coast of Honshu Island, Japan. The species of Phascolion were found in vacant shells of 38 genera of 27 families of gastropods and six genera of four families of scaphopods, whereas the species of Aspidosiphon were found in 11 genera of 11 families of gastropods and one genus of scaphopod. These results suggest that members of each genus use a wide range of gastropod and scaphopod shells. The body size of the sipunculans was positively correlated with the shell size, suggesting that they change the shells as they grow. Furthermore, we investigated the shell preference of Phascolion species by comparing morphological characteristics of shells occupied and unoccupied by sipunculans. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analyses suggest that the species of Phascolion tend to use long and narrow shells. Such shells likely fit well the elongated trunk of sipunculans.

A New Salamander of the Genus Onychodactylus from Central Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

The number of species of salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus in Japan has increased from one to six nominal species over the past decade, by taxonomic studies based not only on morphological but also molecular phylogenetic data. However, the presence of an additional cryptic species has been suggested by a series of previous studies. Here, we describe a new species, Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus sp. nov., from the Kinki, Chubu and Hokuriku Districts of central Honshu, Japan, based on morphological and genetic evidence. It belongs to the O. japonicus species complex and is the sister species of O. kinneburi from Shikoku Island and westernmost part of Honshu with 5.5% sequence divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The range of the new species completely overlaps with that of O. japonicus sensu stricto, and they are syntopic in at least six known localities. As shown in a previous study, reproductive isolation between these sympatric species is substantial. The new species is morphologically most easily distinguished from congeners by coloration, a sharply defined scarlet to pinkish dorsal stripe or mottling on a black background and dusty white dots on the venter.

Redescription of Pinnixa haematosticta Sakai, 1934, its transfer to Indopinnixa Manning amp; Morton, 1987, and a reappraisal of Indopinnixa kumejima Naruse amp; Maenosono, 2012 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae).

The poorly known pinnotherid crab, Pinnixa haematosticta Sakai, 1934, is redescribed on the basis of female holotype and additional specimens, including males and females, from Japan. The male characters of the species are documented for the first time. The species is transferred to Indopinnixa Manning Morton, 1987 because the male pleonal somites 35 are functionally fused, the telson is wide, and the maxilliped 3 with the dactylus is distinctly longer than the propodus. Indopinnixa kumejima Naruse Maenosono, 2012 is morphologically very similar to I. haematosticta n. comb., but a molecular phylogenetic analysis using partial fragments of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene supports the hypothesis that the two taxa as distinct. Morphologically, the two species are differentiated by the shape of the pereopod 4 merus (proportionally wider in I. haematosticta n. comb. than in I. kumejima). Our findings suggest that I. haematosticta n. comb. and I. kumejima are geographically distinct: I. haematosticta appears restricted to the Japanese mainland (Honshu to Kyushu) and Ohsumi Islands, while I. kumejima occurs in the Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands.

Reproductive dynamics of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) off the Nansei Islands, southern Japan

To describe seasonal changes in the reproductive traits of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), we examined the spawning season, spawning fraction (SF), spawning interval, batch fecundity (BF) and monthly changes in the horizontal distribution of spawning fish (SP) in the Nansei Islands and the waters off southwestern Honshu Island, Japan. SP were observed at sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between 19 and 29 °C, and the frequency of SP tended to increase with SST. SP were observed from early May to mid-July and most frequently in late June. The SP distribution in the Nansei Islands tended to expand northward with time. Mature female fish were widely distributed between the Nansei Islands and the waters off southwestern Honshu Island throughout the study period. The total SF during the spawning season was 0.24, which was equal to the 4.17-day spawning interval. The SF tended to increase with time. The number of days since the start of the fishing season (Days) positively affected the probability of the occurrence of specimens with postovulatory follicles among mature fish. The mean and relative BFs during the spawning season were 9.74 ± 6.72 (million oocytes) and 64.8 ± 38.4 (oocytes/g), respectively. The BF was positively affected by increases in the fork length (FL) and Days. These results suggest that the reproductive traits of Pacific bluefin tuna in the Nansei Islands are influenced by environmental and maternal conditions.

Low-temperature thermochronology of active arc-arc collision zone, South Fossa Magna region, central Japan

The South Fossa Magna region, central Japan, has been an active collision zone between the Honshu Arc and the Izu-Bonin Arc since the middle Miocene and provides an excellent setting for reconstructing the earliest stages of continent formation. Multi-system geo-thermochronometry was applied to different domains of the South Fossa Magna region, together with some previously published data, to reveal mountain formation processes, i.e., vertical crustal movements. Nine granitic samples yielded zircon U–Pb ages of 10.2–5.8 Ma (n = 2), apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) ages of 42.8–2.6 Ma (n = 7), and apatite fission-track (AFT) ages of 44.1–3.0 Ma (n = 9). Thermal history inversion modeling based on the AHe and AFT data suggests rapid cooling events confined within the study region at ~6–2 Ma. The Kanto Mountains may have undergone a domal uplift in association with their collision with the Tanzawa Block at ~5 Ma. However, this uplift may have slowed down following the southward migration of the plate boundary and late Pliocene termination of the Tanzawa collision against Honshu Island. The Minobu Mountains and adjacent mountains may have been uplifted when motion of the Philippine Sea plate changed from northward to northwestward at ~3 Ma. Therefore, mountain formation in the South Fossa Magna region was mainly controlled by collisions of the Tanzawa and Izu Blocks and motional change of the Philippine Sea plate. Earlier collisions of the Kushigatayama Block at ~13 Ma and Misaka Block at ~10 Ma appear to have had little effect on mountain formation. Together with a clockwise rotation of the Kanto Mountains at 12–6 Ma, these observations suggest that horizontal deformation predominated during the earlier stage of arc-arc collision, and vertical movements due to buoyancy of the accreted crust resulting from crustal shortening and thickening developed at a later stage.

Genetic variation of the relict maple Acer miyabei: uncovering its history of disjunct occurrence and the role of mountain refugia in shaping genetic diversity

Relict species provide valuable insights into the origin and formation of extant vegetation. Here, we aimed to elucidate the genetic structure and diversity of a riparian relic, Acer miyabei, in Japan. Once widely distributed, it now occurs in three isolated regions. The most northern regional group is located at low elevation on Hokkaido Island, whereas the southernmost group in central Honshu Island is at high elevation in a mountainous landscape. This contrastive distribution enables us to examine the effects of climate oscillations on genetic diversity in relation to topographic variation. We collected 604 individuals of A. miyabei from 43 sites. Their genetic structure and diversity were analyzed using 12 microsatellite markers and cpDNA sequences. According to structure analyses, ∆K was lowest at K = 2; the clustering essentially separated many of the individuals in the most northern regional group from the others. In contrast, the two southern groups were not clearly differentiated from each other, despite their geographic discontinuity. The proportion of private alleles was high in populations from the mountain terrain in the southern group although the number of extant populations is limited. Genetic clustering of A. miyabei is not perfectly congruent with the current patterns of geographic distribution. We infer that disjunction of the two southern groups occurred more recently than that between these groups and the northern group. The mountainous landscape in the most southern region likely provided multiple refugia and contributed to the retention of distinctive genetic variation.

Phylogeography of the Fiddler Crab Tubuca arcuata (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) in East Asia and Northern Vietnam.

The fiddler crab Tubuca arcuata (Crustacea: Ocypodidae: Gelasiminae) is widely distributed across East Asia and northern Vietnam. Particularly, this species inhabits estuarine mangroves and mudflats of the East Asian continent, as well as the main islands of Japan and the Ryukyus. By comparing sequences of the mitochondrial 16S, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and control region genes, two main clades of this species were elucidated. The northern (N) clade was mostly restricted to the region north of the Taiwan Strait, whereas the wide (W) clade could be found throughout the entire range inhabited by this species. Based on the distribution of the ancestral haplotypes of COI and the divergence time of the two clades, our findings suggest that the land bridge barrier present in the Taiwan Strait during glaciations might have played an important role in their cladogenesis, approximately 0.93 million years ago. Here, we propose that the distribution of the ancestral haplotype of the W clade in the Ryukyus and the main islands of Japan was determined by the Paleo-Kuroshio Current, whereas the modern distribution pattern is shaped by the modern Kuroshio Current and other warm currents during the crab reproduction season in the summer.

Establishment of the comprehensive river environment conservation system in collaboration with river stakeholders on the Tenryu River

The sedimentation, turbid water and water quality are typical environmental issues for dams and reservoirs which have impact on the reservoir and downstream of dams. These impacts are influenced from the upstream of a dam, and influence to the downstream. Therefore, a more integrated environmental management approach and consideration have been required for the whole river system. The Tenryu River in Japan flows through the erodible area near the Median Tectonic Line on Honshu, the main island of Japan, and continuously carries a lot of sediment during floods. The “Tenryu River Natural Resources Rebirth Promotion Committee” was established in 2012. The purpose of the committee is to restore fish resources and improve the river environment. The feature of the liaison committee is that it is composed of the Tenryu River fisheries association, academic experts, and dam owner and exchanges knowledge and technology information in spite of each interest. The current activities are related to the theme of “attached algae/environmental DNA survey”, “turbid water measures in reservoir/spawning bed construction technique at downstream,” and “information dissemination”. In this paper, the activities of the comprehensive reservoir and river environment conservation system in collaboration with river stakeholders are introduced and described, including future prospects.

Sedimentology and biostratigraphy of the upper Triassic carbonates from the Shiriya cape, North Kitakami Belt, Japan

AbstractRelics of the Panthalassa Ocean occur today in accretionary complexes and terranes on the entire Circum‐Pacific region. Among them, remains of shallow‐water carbonate systems provide valuable information about the ecology and environmental conditions that prevailed in this immense ocean. In this regard, the Shiriya Cape of the North Kitakami Belt (Aomori Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan) is an essential place to study. Characterized by the presence of numerous limestone deposits embedded in typical accretionary mélange, including pluri‐kilometric massive slabs and metric bedded deposits, the cape is indeed a key vestige of carbonate deposition in the Panthalassa. All the limestone outcrop form the Shiriya Cape were sampled and studied in detail for the first time. Despite a general poor preservation, macroscopic sedimentary features such as burrows and large megalodontids patches as well as four microfacies were identified and are presented in detail in this work. On the basis of foraminifers and conodonts biostratigraphy, the age of the limestone deposits is defined as Norian. Similarities with analogous and synchronous systems from Panthalassan and Tethyan realms are extensively discussed. The closest analog to the Shiriya limestone appears to be the Panthalassan Dalnegorsk limestone (Russian Far East), both regarding microfacies and depositional setting. Sedimentary successions similar to Lofer‐cycles, well known in Tethyan synchronous systems, were also discovered in the Shiriya Cape. Along with the large limestone slabs, countless limestone‐bearing conglomerates also crop out on the Shiriya Cape. Their study and comparison with similar deposits in Japan highlighted their importance in the understanding of the dismantling of mid‐oceanic carbonates. The observations and comparison with well‐known carbonate systems permitted to establish a hypothetical depositional model of the Shiriya limestone corresponding to a Norian isolated carbonate system developed on an immerged volcanic seamount.

Eleven Winters of Discontent: The Siberian Internment and the Making of a New Japan by Sherzod Muminov

Reviewed by: Eleven Winters of Discontent: The Siberian Internment and the Making of a New Japan by Sherzod Muminov James D. J. Brown Eleven Winters of Discontent: The Siberian Internment and the Making of a New Japan. By Sherzod Muminov. Harvard University Press, 2022. 384 pages. ISBN: 9780674986435 (hardcover; also available as e-book). The history of Japanese imperialism and the end of World War II in East Asia can seem like a competition between victimhood narratives. Within this contest, the [End Page 355] Siberian internment usually loses out to other tales of woe. Even when not neglected, the story of the 600,000 Japanese former soldiers and civilians interned within the Soviet Union after 1945 is too often told with trite uniformity. Some accounts give the impression that every Japanese internee was an innocent victim, slaving away in a frigid Siberian wilderness, where temperatures fell to minus fifty degrees Celsius, and surviving on a diet of three potatoes a day. Sherzod Muminov's Eleven Winters of Discontent: The Siberian Internment and the Making of a New Japan is a welcome corrective to this literature of wailing melancholy as the author sets out to "challenge the popular perception that the internment was only about suffering, injustices, and deprivation" (p. 80). Muminov highlights nuance at every turn and takes an international rather than a national perspective. He also makes use of internees' memoirs in Japanese, as well as Russian-language files from the Soviet archives. The result is an excellent account that enables the reader not only to understand the details of the Siberian internment but to reflect on its significance to the Cold War and the development of postwar Japan. The book's particular merit is in treating the internees as participants in their predicament rather than mere victims. However, it also covers the basics well. The story begins with Joseph Stalin's secret decree of 23 August 1945. This ordered the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del, or NKVD) to select up to half a million Japanese "physically fit to work in the conditions of the Far East" and to transport them to the Soviet Union (p. 2). This position was a reversal of the one from 16 August, when the Soviets had expressed their intention not to intern Japanese on Soviet territory. Stalin's decree also ignored Article 9 of the Potsdam Declaration, which, in setting the terms of Japan's surrender, promised: "The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives" (p. 26). In assessing the reasons for Stalin's decision, Muminov considers economic motivations, including the need for labor to make use of the enormous quantities of "trophy equipment"—primarily industrial machinery—that Soviet forces expropriated in Manchuria and used to equip their own factories. He also takes account of the internees' value as political bargaining chips, which is indeed how they were used during the talks that led to official Japan-Soviet ties being restored in October 1956. Muminov even draws readers' attention to the conspiracy theory that Japan's Kwantung Army offered Japanese soldiers to the Soviet Union as a workforce during a meeting held at Zharikovo on 19 August 1945. However, ultimately the author concludes that the decision to intern the Japanese soldiers was not a premeditated move. Instead, it was Stalin's instinctive response to US president Harry Truman's rejection of the Soviet request for an occupation zone on Hokkaido. Denied the chance to occupy any of the Japanese main islands, Stalin chose to occupy Japanese personnel instead. In addition to clearly charting the origins of the Siberian internment, the book does a fine job of communicating its scale. Soviet documents reveal that 639,776 [End Page 356] Japanese army service personnel were taken prisoner. These included humble farmhands but also Konoe Fumitaka, the Princeton-educated eldest son of former prime minister Konoe Fumimaro. Uno Sōsuke, who briefly served as prime minister in 1989 before resigning because of an affair with a geisha, was also among those interned. There were also more than 30,000 Koreans, Chinese, and Mongols, as...

First record of two tropical sea star species from the Kii Peninsula, southern Honshu Island, Japan

First record of two tropical sea star species from the Kii Peninsula, southern Honshu Island, Japan

Diversity, distribution and molecular species delimitation in frogs and toads from the Eastern Palaearctic

Abstract Biodiversity analyses can greatly benefit from coherent species delimitation schemes and up-to-date distribution data. In this article, we have made the daring attempt to delimit and map described and undescribed lineages of anuran amphibians in the Eastern Palaearctic (EP) region in its broad sense. Through a literature review, we have evaluated the species status considering reproductive isolation and genetic divergence, combined with an extensive occurrence dataset (nearly 85k localities). Altogether 274 native species from 46 genera and ten families were retrieved, plus eight additional species introduced from other realms. Independent hotspots of species richness were concentrated in southern Tibet (Medog County), the circum-Sichuan Basin region, Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula and the main Japanese islands. Phylogeographic breaks responsible for recent in situ speciation events were shared around the Sichuan Mountains, across Honshu and between the Ryukyu Island groups, but not across shallow water bodies like the Yellow Sea and the Taiwan Strait. Anuran compositions suggested to restrict the zoogeographical limits of the EP to East Asia. In a rapidly evolving field, our study provides a checkpoint to appreciate patterns of species diversity in the EP under a single, spatially explicit, species delimitation framework that integrates phylogeographic data in taxonomic research.

The genus Diplectrona Westwood (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Japanese main islands.

The genus Diplectrona Westwood (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) is revised for the Japanese main islands, and four species are recognized, the three species D. aiensis Kobayashi, D. burha Schmid, and D. kibuneana Tsuda, and one new species, D. takaii sp. nov. Diplectrona difficultata (Kobayashi) is synonymized with D. kibuneana. Diplectrona japonica Banks and D. albomarginata Ulmer are transferred to the genus Homoplectra Ross.

PORÓWNANIE MODELI DOMÓW ZACHOWANYCH W GROBOWCACH PREHISTORYCZNYCH I STAROŻYTNYCH JAKO ŚWIADECTWA DZIEDZICTWA ARCHITEKTONICZNEGO ORAZ KULTURY NIEMATERIALNEJ

Almost all over the world, archaeological museums present collections of prehistoric small houses made of clay, bronze and wood. These artefacts were part of tombs equipment, some of high artistic level. Models discussed in the article represent five different cultures from distant geographic regions: Egypt, Italy, Northern Poland, Western Mexico, and Honshu in Japan. Since these cultures were additionally separated on a timeline this excluded interaction between them. A number of articles published contains information about such artefacts. However, according to the best knowledge of the author none has tried to juxtapose and compare the oldest architectural models.