Japanese Counterparts Research Articles

“Dainty hands do useful work”: Depicting Filipino women in Japanese wartime propaganda

This article analyzes the visual depiction of women in the Tribune, the main propaganda newspaper of Japan in the Philippines during the Pacific War. Japanese wartime propaganda painted an image of a productive and cooperative Filipina, respectable and modest like her Japanese counterpart. The analysis reveals three motivations for depicting women in said light: to show a semblance of normalcy despite the turbulent war, to entice women to serve Japan’s aims, and to disprove the Japanese women’s image as subservient wives or entertainers while asserting the connection between the two countries. Analyzing the depiction of women in Japanese propaganda contributes to the understanding of war as a gendered phenomenon. Beyond seeing women as symbols of the private obligations for which men fight or as surrogate objects of sexual desire, the image of women was perceived to be instrumental in showcasing Japan’s New Order.

Attitudes toward tax evasion: a comparative study of France and Japan

This study investigates how cultural dimensions such as individualism and uncertainty avoidance account for differences in attitudes toward tax evasion between Japan and France. It also looks into another important moderating factor, namely gender that may explain these differences. Informed by Hofstede's cultural framework (1980), the study consists of a survey built around historical arguments provided in the literature, that were used to explain and justify tax evasion. We collected data by surveying 154 university students from Japan and 61 students from France. An ANOVA was used to test for differences in attitudes toward tax evasion between the two samples. The results of the study are in line with the extant literature. French students, internalising a higher degree of individualism and lower level of uncertainty avoidance, were more opposed to tax evasion than their Japanese counterparts. Moreover, the findings of the study confirm that women are generally more conservative by exhibiting stronger opposition to tax evasion than men in the French sample.

Competitiveness Enhancement Strategy for Korean Materials and Parts Industry to Japanese Counterparts

오늘날 국가 경제의 근간이 되는 소재·부품산업이 제조업 경쟁력의 원천으로 부상하는 가운데, 글로벌시장에서도 고부가가치 첨단기술 소재·부품을 중심으로한 국가 간의 경쟁이 치열하게 전개되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 소재ㆍ부품산업의 대일교역 현황을 바탕으로, 글로벌시장에서 강한 경쟁력을 유지하고 있는 일본의 소재ㆍ부품산업에 대한 경쟁력의 원천이 무엇인지를 중점적으로 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 향후 우리나라의 소재ㆍ부품산업이 대일교역에 있어서 경쟁력을 강화하기 위한 대응전략을 도출하였다. 현재 일본의 소재ㆍ부품산업이 글로벌시장에서 경쟁력을 발휘하고 있는 경쟁력의 원천을 볼 것 같으면 니치시장의 획득, 타사가 추종 불가능한 초고도기술의 확립, 해외기업이 모방 불가능한 분야를 연계하는 발상력, 이업종 간의 파트너십을 통한 부가가치 창출, 제조사와 거래기업과의 파트너십을 통한 가치창출 등 다양한 경쟁요인들을 확인할 수가 있었다. 우리나라도 그동안 소재ㆍ부품산업 발전에 역점을 두고 정책을 추진한 결과, 최근 대일 의존도가 낮아지고 있는 것으로 조사되고 있지만, 아직도 만성적인 대일 무역적자가 소재ㆍ부품산업 관련 교역분야에서 발생하고 있다. 따라서 앞으로 우리나라가 소재ㆍ부품산업에서 대세계 시장은 물론 대일 시장에서 경쟁력을 갖추기 위해서는 무엇보다도 국제적인 경쟁력을 갖출 수 있는 소재ㆍ부품개발에서 획기적인 기술혁신이 필요하다고 하겠다. 본 연구에서 우리나라 소재ㆍ부품산업의 글로벌 경쟁력 강화를 위한 방안으로서, 기술 우위성 유지를 위한 초격차전략, 하류산업과 첨단 소재ㆍ부품산업의 균형 있는 win-win 전략, 해외 경쟁 국가들의 기술 추격을 위한 R&D 인프라 확충전략, 오픈 이노베이션 창출을 통한 경쟁력 확대전략, 소재ㆍ부품산업 자립을 위한 정부 차원의 지원전략 등을 제시하고 있다.

On the meanings and functions of -kilato ha- constructions, supplemented by comparison with Japanese and Chinese counterparts

On the meanings and functions of -kilato ha- constructions, supplemented by comparison with Japanese and Chinese counterparts

「든지」의 탈종속화와 일본어 대응 형식에 관한 분석

본 논문은 발화말에 단독으로 사용되는 「든지」의 탈종속화 용법을 살펴보고 이에 대응되는 일본어 형식을 조사, 분석한 것이다. 구체적으로는 한국 드라마의 일본어 더빙과 일본어 번역자막을 대상으로 용례를 수집한 후, 발화자의 성별(남여) 및 대화자와의 관계(상하관계, 대등, 기타)에 따른「든지」의 사용빈도를 조사하고 각각에 대응되는 일본어 형식을 조사하였다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다.<BR><BR> (i) 성별에 따른 「든지」의 출현빈도는 여성 발화자보다 남성 발화자인 경우에 보다 높게 나타났다.<BR> (ii) 대화자와의 관계에 따른 「든지」의 출현빈도는 「상→하」 및 「대등」 관계에서 높게 나타났다 .<BR> (iii) 일본어 대응 형식으로는 총 16종류가 사용되었는데, 그 중에서 사용 빈도가 높은 상위 4가지 형식은 「명령형」 ＞「て」＞「ば・たらいい」＝「ば／たら」순으로 나타났다.<BR> (iv) 한국어는 선택의 의미를 나타내는 연결어미「든지」가, 일본어는 조건절을 구성하는 「ば／たら」가 각각 탈종속화되어, 제안, 권유, 명령 등의 청자를 향한 행위 요구의 의미로 확장된다.

Lonely or alone? Solitary dining in Japan and Taiwan

Purpose Solitary dining is a growing worldwide trend, but still evokes a strong emotional response. Some solo diners choose to be alone; others feel lonely due to circumstances. This study aims to explore solitary dining in Japan and Taiwan, moderated by negative emotions. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey of 372 participants, this study uses structural equation modeling to examine anticipated loneliness and anticipated negative evaluation from others (the “spotlight effect”) associated with solitary dining intention among university students in Japan and Taiwan. Findings Taiwanese university students report solo dining behaviors and intentions with as much frequency as their Japanese counterparts. While Japanese university students associate solitary dining with neutral or positive emotions, Taiwanese university students associate solitary dining with negative emotions, anticipating loneliness and negative evaluation from others. Research limitations/implications This study concludes with future research directions for both cross-cultural and post-colonial studies of solitary dining behavioral intention. Practical implications From a managerial perspective, the findings provide useful insights to restaurant practitioners and managers in East Asia, recommending settings designed to enhance warmth, quiet and a sense of belonging. Social implications This study examines colonial and post-colonial influences, and concludes with recommendations for future research on both cross-cultural and post-colonial approaches solitary dining behavioral intention. Originality/value This study contributes to existing cross-cultural studies in Europe and East Asia, but is the first to compare solitary dining in a Chinese linguistic context and the first to compare solitary dining in Taiwan and Japan.

Generic Structure and Rhetorical Relations of Online Book Reviews in English, Japanese and Chinese

Abstract We examine the generic structure and rhetorical relations that characterise online book reviews in English, Japanese and Chinese to describe the pragmatic features of this emerging genre in a contrastive light. The corpus we analyse contains online book reviews written by consumers for consumers. The purpose of the study is two-fold. First, we seek to identify the generic structure of online book reviews. Second, we investigate the cross-cultural variation in the rhetorical organisation of opinions and evaluations in written reviews across language communities. The reviews are analysed in terms of the generic stages of book reviews, which are determined by their overall communicative goals (Motta-Roth, 1995; Taboada, 2011). The stages are then mapped against rhetorical relations that capture the coherence and meaningful organisation of the text (Mann and Thompson, 1988). Results show that online book reviews in all three languages share a common generic structure comprising three broad stages: Metapragmatic Comment, Evaluation (Book Overall, Author, Plot, Character) and Recommendation. While Evaluation is the only obligatory stage, Metapragmatic Comment serves to prepare the reader for the Evaluation that follows. The recommendation stage is common in both English and Chinese reviews but is conspicuously absent in their Japanese counterpart. In terms of rhetorical patterns, Contrast, Concession and Antithesis relations are preferred in Metapragmatic Comment and Evaluation, while Motivation is typically present in the recommendation stage. This paper proposes a methodology for the contrastive analyses of pragmatic phenomena, illustrating this methodology through the study of an emerging online genre.

Perception of musical melody and rhythm as influenced by native language experience.

This study used the Musical Ear Test [Wallentin, Nielsen, Friis-Olivarius, Vuust, and Vuust (2010). Learn. Indiv. Diff. 20, 188-196] to compare musical aptitude of native Japanese and Chinese speakers. Although the two groups had similar overall accuracy, they showed significant differences in subtest performance. Specifically, the Chinese speakers outperformed the Japanese counterparts on the melody subtest, but the reverse was observed on the rhythm subtest. Within-group comparisons revealed that Chinese speakers performed better on the melody subtest than the rhythm subtest, while Japanese speakers showed an opposite trend. These results indicate that native language pitch and durational patterns of the listener can have a profound effect on the perception of music melody and rhythm, respectively, reflecting language-to-music transfer of learning.

Local Renewable Energy Initiatives in Germany and Japan in a Changing National Policy Environment.

Our article explores the contribution of local initiatives to the creation of path dependencies for energy transition in Germany and Japan in the face of resistance from entrenched incumbents at the national level. We use a process-tracing methodology based partly on interviews with local participants. In particular, we explore the role of local initiatives in securing "socio-political space" for the expansion of renewable energy and in embedding themselves in "ecosystems" of public and private institutions. German energy activists were more successful than their Japanese counterparts in expanding this space and creating positive feedbacks in part because they were able to build horizontal networks that anchored the energy transition firmly in local communities. Although problems with grid technology have led to retrenchment in both cases, Japanese activists' reliance on vertical networks has limited their ability to weather a backlash from national government and utility actors. Our study demonstrates the interaction of political, economic/technological, and legitimation paths to energy transition and highlights the importance of the latter two.

Parameterization in labeling: Evidence from child language

AbstractThis paper examines very early child grammars from the minimalist perspective. It discusses the well-known erroneous strings very young children produce such as Root Infinitives in English and their Japanese counterparts, preverbal object sentences in English, and sentences without Case markers in Japanese. The main question to be addressed is whether those sentences children produce are labeled, and if so, how the labeling takes place. Assuming that ϕ-feature agreement and suffixal Case markers play crucial roles for labeling in English and Japanese respectively (Chomsky 2013; Saito 2016), I consider two possibilities. One is that children are equipped with those almost from the outset although they are not phonetically realized. This means that even the erroneous strings children produced are properly labeled. The other is that those strings are not labeled in the adult way and that children at the relevant stage are still in the process of figuring out how the {XP, YP} structure is labeled in their respective languages. I argue that the latter is a viable possibility, given the parameterization in the labeling mechanism, and receives support from the child data as well. This conclusion implies that a main part of the acquisition of syntax is for a child to discover how her/his target language labels the {XP, YP} structure.

Methods to Market Mario: An Analysis of American and Japanese Preference for Control in Video Games

Video game developers and journalists on both sides of the Pacific agree that the preferences of Japanese and American video gamers are quite different. Their consensus is that Americans prefer a relatively higher level of control in most aspects of their video games, compared to the Japanese. This difference is largely attributed to differences in culture. This study compares American and Japanese on three factors: 1) their desire to control aspects of a video game, 2) their tendency to avoid ambiguous or uncertain situations in their everyday lives, and 3) their desire to have control over their everyday lives. The results show that Americans desire a relatively higher level of control in their everyday lives, but prefer a relatively lower level of control in their video games compared to their Japanese counterparts. This difference is most pronounced in low-usage video gamers and becomes weaker as users play games more frequently.

Supply chain risk management and the role of project managers: a comparative analysis of US and Japanese firms

In today's tremendously uncertain business environment, business firms are faced with a wide variety of risks, and risk management is now widely accepted as an important tool in the management of businesses and projects. However, research suggests that there may be differences in the ways that risks are perceived and managed in different cultures. This paper contributes to our understanding of risk management across cultures through the analysis of a risk-management survey administered to firms in both Japan and the USA. The analysis compares risk management practices of Japanese and US firms. Specifically, this paper investigates the patterns of product risk management utilised by US and Japanese firms and discusses possible causes of their differences and how the differences affect firm behaviour. Key findings include that 1) US firms have relatively weak risk management systems compared to their Japanese counterparts; 2) US firms using both project managers and quality management departments for risk management are proactive in their risk management; 3) those firms using only project managers for risk management are reluctant to expand or renew their risk management systems. Possible causes of these differences and how the differences affect firm behaviour are discussed.

The Korean Particles -nun/un and -ka/i and Their Japanese Counterparts, with Reference to the Topic-Marking Expression -tte

The Korean Particles -nun/un and -ka/i and Their Japanese Counterparts, with Reference to the Topic-Marking Expression -tte

Older Korean adults have lower physical function despite longer exercise times compared to their Japanese counterparts: A Japan-Korea comparative study

Older Korean adults have lower physical function despite longer exercise times compared to their Japanese counterparts: A Japan-Korea comparative study

Samurai: An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors by Constantine Nomikos Vaporis

Reviewed by: Samurai: An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors by Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Karl Friday Samurai: An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors. By Constantine Nomikos Vaporis. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2019. 419 pages. Hardcover, $94.00. The figure of the samurai occupies a prominent place in Japanese culture—and an even larger place in perceptions thereof. For more than half its recorded history, the archipelago was politically and socially dominated by its warrior order. And while the samurai were officially abolished in 1871, the influence of these warriors and their traditions on popular and political culture has continued to grow and evolve. For Japanese and foreign audiences alike, the role of the samurai has become iconic, analogous to that of the cowboy in contemporary America: he is at once an entertaining, romantic figure and a fundamental symbol of the national character. Martial arts and sports derived from samurai traditions are practiced around the globe. Samurai are the heroes of films, television series, advertisements, manga, and anime. Corporate executives in the West look to samurai texts, such as Miyamoto Musashi's Gorin no sho (The Book of Five Rings; ca. 1645), as tools for understanding their Japanese counterparts. And politicians—particularly those on the right—continue to invoke samurai imagery for their causes. Yet, as historians of premodern and early modern Japan are only too painfully aware, popular perceptions of samurai customs, institutions, and behaviors are overwhelmingly dominated by misconceptions, misinformation, and outright fabrications. Some of this stems from deliberate attempts at distortion and the invention of tradition, such as the efforts by pundits in the Meiji, Taishō, and early Shōwa eras to manufacture an ostensibly ancient bushidō (Way of the Warrior) code and marshal it in the service of nationalism. But far more of it is a product of the relative paucity—especially in Western languages—of books for general readers by qualified historians. The resulting gap between the public appetite for information and scholars' efforts to address it has been filled largely by aficionados lacking in formal academic training on the subject and often even in the ability to read Japanese sources. The consequences of this situation can be amusing: years ago, for instance, a karate instructor in Japan related to me that a New Zealand man who came to train with him was utterly convinced that samurai were still living on some sort of reservation on the far side of a nearby mountain. They can also, however, be profoundly frustrating for those of us who spend semester after semester laboring to correct canards and caricatures deeply ingrained in the hearts and minds of our students. Constantine Vaporis's new volume represents a welcome, and exceedingly helpful, addition to the scholarly assault on the citadel of stereotypes and misinformation. As its title suggests, the book is a compendium rather than a research monograph. Addressing primarily general rather than scholarly audiences, Vaporis offers up 105 essays along with new translations of fifteen short texts, an extensive bibliography, and a [End Page 350] very useful timeline of samurai history from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenth centuries. The entries that form the core of the volume are based on primary sources—literary texts, government edicts and publications, personal diaries, and the like—as well as the best available scholarship in Japanese and English, all filtered through Vaporis's three decades of experience as a scholar and teacher. They are arranged in alphabetical order in addition to being listed at the front of the book under six topical headings: People, Material Culture and Samurai Practices, Social Organizations/Groups, Events, Texts, and Institutions and Systems. Vaporis also includes dozens of tables, photographs, and other illustrative material and concludes each entry with a short list of suggestions for further reading (all in English). The volume focuses on the Tokugawa period, albeit with a few excursions into late sixteenth-century and late nineteenth-century topics. In that light one might argue that the title misleads readers into expecting wider coverage, but no single volume could address the full, millennium-long history of Japanese warriors in the kind of depth that Vaporis demonstrates here. Moreover, the early modern period constituted a...

I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer by Nathan Altice

Reviewed by: I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer by Nathan Altice Casey O’Donnell (bio) I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer. By Nathan Altice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015. Pp. 440. Paperback $30. I desperately wanted to write this book. Of course, then it wouldn’t have been this book. When I was told someone else was going to be writing “the NES book,” I was intensely jealous. Consequently, I went into my reading of the text with unreasonable expectations. I have critiqued the atheoretical perspective of many of the platform studies texts, and I have an intense sense of care for the object of this text. Nathan Altice does an exceptional job of overcoming my unreasonable expectations, making this jilted lover of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) appreciate his take on the project. The NES and its Japanese counterpart the Nintendo Famicom (Famicom) sit central in this Platform Studies series text published by MIT Press, [End Page 378] edited by Nick Montfort and Ian Bogost. The series draws heavily on a conceptual framework rooted in object-oriented ontology. What is most intriguing in the choice of studying both the NES and Famicom simultaneously is that Altice runs the perfect gambit by destabilizing the “objectness” of the NES/Famicom from the very beginning. While it does not run explicitly throughout the text, he leverages “translation” in an explicitly Derridean sense, which again defuses some of my critiques of the platform studies approach. Most importantly, the book also explores the NES/Famicom as an object not ready made, but rather an object becoming. Throughout the text, the NES/Famicom shifts and swerves over time. On the one hand, we have the opportunity to learn of the history of the Famicom and its simultaneously limited and yet innovative design and construction. The nuances of this device have come to have lasting impacts on videogame design and development and an entire generation of developers that drew heavily on the resulting “8-bit” aesthetics. Altice gives us a distinct perspective on the NES/Famicom and the games produced for these systems through the lens of translation: PAL/NTSC, Japanese/English, and PRG-ROM/CHR-ROM. While on the one hand the book can feel at times overly technical, Altice decodes the objects and ushers the reader through a very nuanced and detailed unpacking of a device almost constantly under translation. The author walks readers through the construction of things like levels of Super Mario Bros., which becomes a kind of translational object for understanding game design and development practice. “Design data” is as much a part of a game as its “engine” or pixelated art “assets.” There is a sense of contingency and lack of closure, which at its core troubles the foundations of platform studies. The NES/Famicom as a platform under translation and manipulation sits at the core of the text. Altice draws on Mark Sample’s notion of the “pre-platform,” or as I might say, the object-becoming. Early versions of a North American bound version of the NES trouble the idea of a kind of steady or self-assured product development cycle. The Famicom’s strange set of peripheral devices that made the device’s lifespan in Japan significantly longer than that of its American-bound counterpart encourage us to see every port on the device as an opportunity for platforms to swerve out of control. Clearly this level of attention tells us something new about platforms, particularly those like the NES/Famicom. Ever present in the text is the figure of the emulator, to which members of the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) would be well suited to pay heed. The history and archival future of videogames is intimately tied to software systems that they would rather classify as the tools of pirates. Throughout the text, FCEUX (an NES/Famicom/Famicom Disk System emulator) and Macifom (an NES emulator) loom large. [End Page 379] Piracy and ideas about software and development become encoded into the platform in interesting ways, as I have written about in my work as well. Altice’s devotion to the device makes it clear that this is a kind of labor of love...

Asian Place, Filipino Nation: A Global Intellectual History of the Philippine Revolution, 1887–1912 by Nicole Cuunjieng Aboitiz

Reviewed by: Asian Place, Filipino Nation: A Global Intellectual History of the Philippine Revolution, 1887–1912 by Nicole Cuunjieng Aboitiz Sven Matthiessen NICOLE CUUNJIENG ABOITIZ Asian Place, Filipino Nation: A Global Intellectual History of the Philippine Revolution, 1887–1912 New York: Columbia University Press, 2020. 272 pages. Nicole CuUnjieng Aboitiz contextualizes the Filipinos' struggle for independence in the Philippine Revolution, initially against the Spanish and subsequently the American colonial rulers, in relation to the independence movements throughout Southeast Asia. In doing so, her book, Asian Place, Filipino Nation: A Global Intellectual History of the Philippine Revolution, 1887–1912, connects this decisive moment in Philippine history with the history of the entire region and thus closes a gap in the historical perspective of the Philippines and Southeast Asia. The author is research fellow at Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, as well as executive director of the Toynbee Prize Foundation. Her main research interest lies in the intellectual and transnational history of Southeast Asia, having earned a PhD in Southeast Asian and international history at Yale University. Overall, Aboitiz succeeds in embedding Filipino nationalism in a superordinate Pan-Asian context, thereby refuting to a certain extent the thesis, which is widespread in research, that Filipino nationalism should be viewed largely in isolation from Asia. Aboitiz argues that Philippine Pan-Asianism has to be distinguished from that in Japan due to the colonial perspective of the former. Furthermore, she offers a new perspective on [End Page 505] the Philippine Revolution, taking into account the Pan-Asianist motifs that played a role in its instigation. The book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the genesis of the conceptualization of Southeast Asia as a region. Chapter 2 then provides a history of the origins of the concepts of Asia and the Malay race, as well as the influence of early Pan-Asianism on the development of a Filipino nation. The third chapter focuses on the Philippine Revolution and its interaction with other Asian independence movements such as the Vietnamese Dông Du movement. In chapter 4, Mariano Ponce is introduced as a representative of the Philippine Revolution, who, in addition to the goal of independence for his country, also pursued Pan-Asianist ideals. Finally, the last chapter examines the consequences and aftermath of the Philippine Revolution for the Philippines and Asia as a whole. Pio Duran and Benigno Ramos are presented as staunch Pan-Asianists who saw Japan as the hegemonic power for the liberation of Asia. Despite Aboitiz's overall convincing argumentation, I have two points of criticism. A central argument in her book is "that one must distinguish the Pan-Asianism flowing from within the uncolonized world, centered on Japan, from that flowing from the still-colonized world, such as the Philippines under Spanish rule and the Vietnamese in French Indochina" (98). In this respect, the Filipino Pan-Asianists have to be viewed differently from their Japanese counterparts due to their colonial perspective, since their priority was the achievement of independence. This assertion seems doubtful to me insofar as the Japanese Pan-Asianists also developed their ideology from the perspective of the oppressed, or at least those treated unfairly. Japan was not a colony when Pan-Asianism developed there. However, the unequal treaties imposed on Japan first by the US and then also by Russia, France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands at the end of the feudal period in the middle of the nineteenth century and the unequal treatment the Japanese received in relation to the other victorious Western powers after the First World War were still, I would argue, in the collective memory of the Japanese. In this respect, I would not make this clear distinction between the Pan-Asianism that developed in the Philippines and in Japan. In both cases there was an interaction between Pan-Asianism and nationalism in the period from the Philippine Revolution to the Second World War. Likewise, there were nationalists in both Japan and the Philippines who used Pan-Asianism as a vehicle for their nationalism. Aboitiz further explains that "during this [End Page 506] colonial era in Southeast Asia essentially no activist political thinker was untouched by priorities of self-determination...

An Analysis of School-Level Factors Affecting Teachers’ Professional Development Activities: Focusing on Korea and Japan

[연구목적] 본 연구는 한국과 일본을 중심으로 교사의 전문성 개발 활동에 미치는 학교수준 요인을 밝히고자 하였다. [연구방법] 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 교사 전문성 개발 활동으로 참여 활동의 다양성(참여한 활동종류의 수)과 참여시간을 설정하였으며, 교사집단, 교장, 시스템이 라는 세 가지 측면에서 영향요인을 분석하였다. 분석대상은 OECD가 주관하는 TALIS (Teaching and learning International Survey) 2018 데이터 중 한국 중학교 150개교 및 2,542명의 교사와 일본 중학교 191개교 및 3,175명의 교사이다. 분석은 교사-학교의 2수준 다층모형을 적용하였으며 분석결과는 다음과 같다. [연구결과] 주요 연구결과는 첫째, 기술통계 분석결과 교사전문성 개발 활동의 다양 성과 참여시간 모두 한국이 일본보다 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교사전문성 개발에 있어 다양성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 한국과 일본 모두 교사집단의 혁신성이 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교사전문성 개발에 참여한 시간의 경우 한국은 교사의 혁신 성이, 일본은 시스템상의 자율성이 정적 영향을 미치고 있었다. [결론] 본 연구 결과에 따른 한국과 일본의 교사 전문성 개발의 차이를 기반으로 각국의 특수성을 반영한 정책적 시사점을 제안하였다.Purpose: This study analyzed the factors within schools in South Korea and Japan, including teacher groups, principals, and systems, which affect teachers’ professional development activities. Methods: This study employed a two-level HLM approach to analyze data from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey 2018. The sample was comprised of 150 South Korean middle school principals, 2,542 South Korean middle school teachers, 191 Japanese middle school principals, and 3,175 Japanese middle school teachers. Results: First, Korean teachers were found to participate in more diverse professional development activities and spend longer on them than their Japanese counterparts. Second, the innovation level of the teacher group seemed to affect the number of professional development activities the teachers completed positively in both Korea and Japan. And third, in terms of hours spent on professional development activities, the innovation level of the Korean teacher group and the autonomy level in the Japanese group had positive impacts. Conclusion: Based on the differences in the professional development of teachers in Korea and Japan in this study, education policy implications were discussed based on the specific educational characteristics of each country.

A comparative look at the exchanges between China and Japan’s inorganic compound names, 1842–1945

Starting from China’s loss of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894, Chinese people began to widely adopt Japanese chemical terms. Inorganic compounds were the most affected field. Before this dramatic change, Chinese inorganic compounds were mostly written word-by-word after their chemical formula. For example, sodium chloride was written as na lu (鈉氯) and potassium chloride as jia lu (鉀氯). However, from the early 20th century, many Chinese books translated from Japanese sources began to switch the order of the elements and inserted the word hua (化) between the two elements. Therefore, the above-mentioned names became lu hua na (氯化鈉) and lu hua jia (氯化鉀). In the end, China’s official inorganic naming scheme was created after its Japanese counterpart.

Visible Fat Content of Hotpot Beef Acceptability by New Zealand Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Consumers

Hotpot meat is a popular way of meat consumption in some Asian countries. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of visible fat content on consumer acceptability of hotpot meat. Hotpot beef with six visible fat levels (11%–35%) was produced and digitally photographed, and the images were ranked by panels of New Zealand Chinese (110), Japanese (145), and Korean (118) consumers. For all the nationalities, a preference for visible fat was influenced by both gender and age. The Chinese preferred the visibly fattiest hotpot beef, whereas the Koreans preferred the leanest with the Japanese preferring the two fat extremes equally. For individuals in the age range of 19–30 years, both Chinese males and females preferred the higher fat meat (35%), while their Japanese and Korean counterparts preferred the second visibly leanest (14%). For those over 50 years, Chinese females preferred the lower fat meat compared to their male counterparts, whereas there was no gender difference at this age for the Japanese and Koreans preference for the visibly lean hotpot beef. This study indicates that there are subtle differences between nationalities in terms of their preference for the fat content of hotpot beef that may have implications in meat merchandising, product development, and health policies.