Japanese Beetle Grubs Research Articles

Full Season Control of Japanese Beetle Grub Control with Merit, NH, 1994

Abstract The trial was conducted 10 May on a golf course rough, Amherst, NH. Plots were 10 X 10 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design. Merit WP was applied in 4 gal water/1000 ft2 with a watering, can. Merit G granules were applied with a homemade salt shaker. Treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inch water after application. Plots were rated 30 Sep by counting the number of live grubs per 1 ft2. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 70°F; wind, 3 MPH; sky, clear; soil temperature, 1 inch, 60°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 5.4; slope 0%; soil texture, silt loam, 47% sand, 50% silt, 3% clay; soil organic matter, 6.9%; soil moisture, 21.8%.

Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Merit on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Penn-Sylvania, 1995

Abstract The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml/54 ft2 of water or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (20 Jul) the following soil and environ-mental conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 68°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 56.5% silt, 15.0% clay; organic matter, 6.8%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 34.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; application time, early-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inch of water followed by 0.2 inch of rainfall. Posttreatment counts were made 69 d later (27 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.

Evaluation of Dursban, Sevin, Talstar, and Experimental Formulations for Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 1995

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (22 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 54%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inches; soil textural class, loamy sand to sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 74.8% sand, 20.5% silt, 4.7% clay; organic matter, 23.8%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 40.2; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.2; application time, mid-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 3 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Dursban Pro, Talstar F, and Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pennsylvania, 1995

Abstract The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (29 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 80°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 79°F; RH, 75.0%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 44.4; % silt, 34.6; % clay, 21.0; organic matter, 4.6%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 20.9; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.7; application time, mid-morning; and skies partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 41d later (9 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.

Evaluation of Rh0345 and Turcam 76Wp for Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 1995

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (10 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 88°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inches; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 67.0% sand, 28.6% silt, 4.5% clay; organic matter, 22.0%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 67.1; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.4; application time, mid-afternoon; and overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.175 inch of water and 0.1 inch irrigation 14 hr after treatment. Posttreatment counts were completed on 2 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Experimental Mycogen Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1995

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (16 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 79°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 84°F; RH, 79%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inches; soil type, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 55.9% sand, 32.6% silt, 11.4% clay; organic matter, 7.9%; soil oven dry weight, 36.4; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 7.7; treatment time, early-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.225 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 16 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 by instar was recorded.

Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Dursban, Talstar, and Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1995

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%). Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (21 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 73°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 84%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 58.2% sand, 31.8% silt, 10.0% clay; organic matter, 4.9%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 25.8; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.4; treatment time, early morning; and clear skies Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 26 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft° was recorded.

Tolerance of Cool-Season Turf grasses to Feeding by Japanese Beetle and Southern Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs

Response of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L.; tall fescue,Festuca arundinacea Schreber; hard fescue, F ovina L. var. duriuscula; perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne L.; and creeping bent grass, Agrostis palustris (Hudson), to herbivory by root-feeding by grubs of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lunda Bland, was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Potted turf grasses were infested with initial densities equivalent to 73 or 146 grubs per 0.1 m2 in spring and fall trials, and effects on plant growth and grub survival were determined. All turf grasses tolerated significant damage to roots without loss of foliage yield. In fact, feeding by grubs stimulated increased growth of foliage in some grasses. With comparable densities of grubs, loss of roots tended to be proportionately less in creeping bent grass than in other grass species. Survival of grubs was similar in all turf grasses, and between low and high grub densities. P. japonica caused greater loss of roots than C. lurida in the spring trial, but the reverse was true in the fall. Root loss per grub decreased with increasing larval density, suggesting food limitation even though root systems were not completely devoured. Implications of these findings for tolerance and recovery of grub-damaged turf grasses are discussed.

Lack of Efficacy of In Vivo- and Putatively In Vitro-Produced Bacillus popilliae Against Field Populations of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs in Kentucky

Use of Bacillus popilliae Dutky, causal agent of milky disease in Japanese beetle grubs, has been limited because of its inability to produce infective spores in vitro. Recently, putative milky disease products produced by a patented in vitro process were marketed. We evaluated in vivo- and putatively in vitro-produced commercial spore formulations for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs in laboratory and field trials. In soil confinement assays, infectivity by feeding (per os) was greater for the traditional spore powder made by maceration of diseased grubs than for the putative in vitro formulation. However, in multi-year field trials on 2 golf courses, neither product was effective in inducing higher levels of milky disease or in reducing grub populations. Application of a full dose (2 g) of spore powder, the amount normally applied every 1.2 m in a grid pattern, within 0.1-m 2 field enclosures failed to induce milky disease in grub populations in soil directly beneath the treated turf. Laboratory-infected 3rd instars in late phases of milky disease continued to feed on grass roots. Putatively in vitro-produced formulations were recalled from the market in 1991 because of questions about the identity of the bacterial spores they contained. We challenge the evidence that commercially available spore powder, applied according to conventional methods, is effective for suppressing localized grub populations in turfgrass, and suggest that standard recommended practices for use of milky disease bacteria should be reevaluated.

Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on White Grub Injury to Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Turf

Root‐feeding white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are important pests of cool‐season turfgrasses in the eastern USA. We studied effects of irrigation and N fertilization on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) response to grub damage under greenhouse and field conditions. Potted turfgrasses, with or without Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) grubs (122/0.1 m2), were maintained under two irrigation regimes, with or without supplemental N fertilizer (204 kg N ha−1). Foliar and root yields, and grub survival were measured after 4 wk. In the field, sod was grown in rooting boxes, with or without spring fertilization (146 kg N ha−1) and fall irrigation (2.54 cm wk−1). Half of the plots were infested with southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala lurida Bland) grubs (66 /0.1 m−1) in late August and effects on aesthetic damage, surface temperature, foliar yield, root strength, and grub survival were measured for 9 wk. Grubs severely damaged roots of both grasses regardless of management regime. Within regimes, however, this damage significantly reduced follar yield only in turf that received both N and high irrigation. In the greenhouse, grub‐damaged grasses that received remedial N, nevertheless, had higher foliar yield than did non‐fertilized grasses without grubs. In rooting boxes, fall irrigation following spring fertilization enhanced visual quality of grub‐infested turf and root strength of grub‐damaged Kentucky bluegrass. Survival of grubs did not differ between grass species or fertilization regimes, but more P. japonica survived in pots receiving high irrigation. Irrigation during the fall feeding period, followed by remedial N fertilization, may promote tolerance and recovery of grub‐damaged turfgrasses.

Response of Plant-Feeding, Predatory, and Soil-Inhabiting Invertebrates to Acremonium Endophyte and Nitrogen Fertilization in Tall Fescue Turf

The endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams conveys resistance to herbivory in tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization generally enhances plant quality for herbivores. We studied the main effects and interaction of A. coenophialum and fertilization on plant-feeding, predatory, and soil-dwelling invertebrates in tall fescue turf. Fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), developed faster when reared on foliage from plots treated with medium or high rates of urea than on unfertilized tall fescue, but development rates were not affected by A. coenophialum. Greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum Rondani, preferred fertilized, endophyte-free fescue over nonfertilized, endophyte-free grass. Similarly, bird cherry-oat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), developed fastest on fertilized, endophyte-free tall fescue. Fertilization, however, did not override the strong, adverse effects of A. coenophialum on both aphid species. In field plots, densities of leafhoppers, flea beetles, and Staphylinidae were generally higher in fertilized than in nonfertilized turf. Flea beetles and two of the five most abundant species of leafhoppers were less numerous in endophyte-infected plots. Predatory arthropods, earthworms, oribatid mites, and Japanese beetle grubs were equally abundant in endophyte-infected and endophyte-free plots. Fertilization did not affect the densities of oribatids or P. japonica, but earthworms were more abundant in fertilized plots on some dates. Results showed variable main effects, and an absence of interactive effects of A. coenophialum and fertilization on invertebrates in tall fescue. Fertilization of tall fescue probably will not nullify the benefits of endophyte-enhanced resistance

Midsummer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Merit 75WSP on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pa, 1994

Abstract The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (26 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76CF; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 85%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 46.4% silt, 22.5% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil moisture (oven baked) 23.1%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 4.4; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 42 DAT (6 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.

Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Conventional Formulations on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pa, 1994

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%.), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (23 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 41.6% sand, 36.2% silt, 22.2% clay; organic matter, 17.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 34.2%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.2; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.275 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 27 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Insecticides on LMRC Home Lawn Research Trial Plots, University Park, Pa, 1994

Abstract The home lawn consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade topdressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time one (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.125- 0.25 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 12.2% sand, 48.8% silt, 39.0% clay; organic matter, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 19.0%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.7; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment time one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. At treatment time two (13 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 12.2% sand, 48.8% silt, 39.0% clay; organic matter, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 14.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH 6.7; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment time two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.4 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 31 DAT (30 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.

Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Conventional Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Centre County, Pa, 1994

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 64°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 64°F; RH, 95%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; soil type, loam to clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.3% sand, 36.9% silt, 26.8% clay; organic matter, 4.2%; soil moisture (oven baked), 22.0%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.1; and heavily overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area received 0.3 inches natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 15 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Early Summer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Imidacloprid Formulations on a Golf Course Tee in Centre County, Pa, 1994

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2 gal water. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (5 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 61°F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.5% sand, 41.4% silt, 22.1% clay; organic matter, 5.2%; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.1; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.0; and heavily overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area received 0.375 inches natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 8 Sep (65 DAT). Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Formulations of Dylox, Oftanol, and Turcam on a Golf Fairway in Centre County, Pa, 1994

Abstract The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 43.6% sand, 36.4% silt, 20.0% clay; organic matter, 7.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.3%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.6; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Three hours prior to treatment the area received 0.3 inches of natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 28 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Midsummer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Merit 75Wsp and Merit 0.5G on a Golf Course Fairway in Bedford County, Pa, 1994

Abstract The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a handheld shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 59°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 58°F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 39.2% sand, 46.1% silt, 14.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 33.5%; organic matter, 10.4%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.2; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 34 DAT (9 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.

Japanese Beetle Larval Control in Field Corn, 1994

Abstract Twenty-two insecticides were applied for control of Japanese beetle larvae in no-till corn. The test plot was planted into fescue sod on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 4 May in a RBD with 4 replicates. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 24 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All insecticides were applied at planting. On 25 Apr, 40 random 201 cm2 soil samples for the study area were examined for the presence of Japanese beetle grubs. Plant stand counts were recorded on 20 and 27 May. Numbers of cutworm and slug damaged plants were recorded on 20 May. Extended leaf heights were recorded from 10 plants per plot on 8 Jun. Numbers of pruned roots per 5 plants was recorded 23 Jun. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s (SAS Institute). Percentage of cutworm damaged plants was transformed using the arcsin of the squareroot prior to analysis.

Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Turcam 76W and Myx910 on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Pa, 1994

Abstract The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2 gal water. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 18.0% sand, 44.4% silt, 37.6% clay; organic matter, 9.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 26.9%; water pH, 6—7; soil pH, 6.3; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 DAT (16 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.