Jammu Kashmir Research Articles

Predictive ARIMA Model with a Machine Learning (ML) Approach for COVID-19 Data in Pakistan

This study is based on the application of an ARIMA (p, d, q) based machine learning (ML) approach to evaluate the dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on estimating epidemic trends and performing diagnostic scrutiny with model fitting. The data including all four waves of the pandemic pertaining to Pakistan, covering all four provinces (Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, as well as Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Jammu Kashmir, and the capital city Islamabad, collected from February 26, 2020, to September 30, 2021, is analyzed. The ML algorithm is used to optimize the results of ADF, unit root test which ensures the minimum of ACF, and PACF graphs intention of the data series. The results employ the fitted ARIMA models (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, 7) for the 1st to 4th waves, confirming daily infected cases across the entire dataset of Pakistan. The cumulative trained observations are from the 1st wave (February 26, 2020, to October 20, 2020), 2nd wave (October 21, 2020, to March 16, 2021), 3rd wave (March 17, 2021, to July 10, 2021), and 4th wave (July 11, 2021, to September 30, 2021), with a further 14-day forecast (from October 1 to October 14, 2021). The results show a strong correlation between the trained and predicted values, ranging from 0.8789 to 0.99236. To select predictive model parameters, the model that results in the minimum Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) value and residuals from the datasets obtained after detaching the unnecessary errors and the 95^% CI for the forecasting error ( ) are calculated. These values would help to decide the best fitted predictive model.

Evaluating iodine deficiency and goiter in hilly areas of District Poonch Azad Jammu Kashmir.

Iodine deficiency is considered as a global challenge, even after decades of efforts to solve the issue. Our objective was to assess the iodine deficiency status and associated prevalence of goiter in population groups (school-age children and women) from rural areas of District Poonch, and to assess the determinants of iodine deficiency in the area. Cross-sectional study was conducted in District Poonch Azad Jammu and Kashmir from 25 April 2022 to 30 June 2023. A total of 150 goiter patients from different villages of the District Poonch was included. Their urinary iodine concentration and goiter prevalence was assessed. Using palpation techniques, a trained and experienced public health officer assessed the presence of goiters based on WHO/ UNICEF/ICCIDD criteria. Descriptive statistics were computed for continuous variables and presented in frequency and percentage, based on the distributional characteristics of the data. chi-square was used to check association between socio-demographic factors and goiter. It was a HEC Project No.: 20-16988/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021. Iodine status and associated goiter prevalence was high and 59.3% of them were severely iodine deficient. Within the district, the highest severe iodine deficiency was observed in 81.1% goiter patients of the Rawalakot subdivision, Hajira and Abbaspur subdivisions. Regarding goiter status 40% of the patients were classified with palpable-visible goiter and 56% were characterized with visible but nodular goiter. Study showed that there was a severe iodine deficiency and associated goiter prevalence in the area. Policymakers should take actions for future to overcome iodine deficiency in future.

Susceptibility pattern of pediatric uropathogens: Insights from Mirpur Azad Jammu Kashmir Pakistan

Susceptibility pattern of pediatric uropathogens: Insights from Mirpur Azad Jammu Kashmir Pakistan

Distribution and survival of medicinal and aromatic plants is threatened by the anticipated climate change

Changing climatic scenarios has been recognized as a prominent threat to biodiversity globally. Given the decline in biodiversity, there are more and more local, national, and global awareness campaigns as well as legislative initiatives devoted to biodiversity conservation. The present study aims to increase our knowledge and understanding of the distribution of six medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Jammu Kashmir, India under present and future climatic scenarios using an ensemble species distribution modelling approach. Results of the present study revealed changes in the habitat range of the plant species due to changing climatic scenarios leading to the expansion or contraction of their distribution range. A significant decline in the suitable habitats of Arisaema jacquemontii, Lamium album, Phytolacca acinosa and Urtica dioica is predicted. Podophyllum hexandrum and Thymus linearis are predicted to expand their distribution ranges, however, losing their currently suitable habitats. Thus, the present study recommends that these MAPs should be prioritized for conservation and abrupt appraisal of their present population status and updated IUCN categorization should be carried out. Furthermore, to provide more reliable information for conservation decision-making under future climate scenarios, more thorough models that take into account both the biotic and abiotic factors contributing to species persistence should be used.

Quality assessments of spring water available in various Districts of Azad Kashmir

The study was conducted to find out the health of spring water available in different districts of Azad Jammu Kashmir. A total of 8 districts (Muzaffarabad, Kotli, Poonch, Sudhanati, Jhelum Valley, Bagh, Neelum, and Haveli) were selected where spring water is available and people are using that water for drinking purposes. Physiochemical analysis and microbiological analysis were monitored by using standard methods (PSQCA and WHO). The physiochemical analysis of most samples revealed the range as per the standard of PSQCA and WHO. On the other hand, in microbiological analysis, total plate count, coliform, and E. coli were found higher in districts Bagh and Haveli. The results of the microbiological analysis may be influenced by contamination during sample collection or by environmental circumstances.

EFFECT OF ITEM WRITING FLAWS IN MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT GROUPS AND RELIABILITIES OF TESTS IN AZAD JAMMU KASHMIR MEDICAL COLLEGE

BACKGROUND: MCQs can test different levels of cognitive knowledge from recall to analysis. This study was to determine the item writing flaws in multiple choice questions and their effects on students’ academic achievements and test reliabilities. Methods: This study was conducted at the Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) Medical College Muzaffarabad from December 2017 to June 2019. Ten end-of-block exams were used in this study. The item review committee went over every MCQ. Two tests from each class of MBBS were taken. The initial tests without being reviewed were deemed to be flawed tests. The outcomes of each test were assessed, and the students were ranked into three achievement levels high, moderate, and low based on their scores of >79.9, between 50 and 79.9, and <50%, respectively. After removal of flawed items from the exams, the scores of each test (the standard test) were calculated, compared to the flawed tests, and its impacts were evaluated among three achievement groups. The post-exam analysis of test items was done on optical mark reading (OMR) classic-4 programme and data analysis on SPSS-25. Results: In one test i.e. test no 6 the null hypothesis was rejected with p<0.05. However, in all other tests null hypothesis could not be rejected on statistical basis. Moderate achievers and low achievers had statistically significant correlation (p<0.05). The flawed tests had better reliabilities with statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Flawed MCQs had negative impact on high and moderate achievers. Reliabilities of flawed test were greater than standard tests.

Portrayal of Jammu-Kashmir in Bollywood Narrative

Bollywood often shows the amazing beauty of Jammu-Kashmir. However, the region is also shown as a place of socio-political conflict and complexity. The portrayal of Jammu Kashmir in Bollywood serves as a visual and narrative backdrop that both celebrates its natural beauty and raises awareness of the ongoing issues in the area. This study explores the representation of the Jammu Kashmir region in the context of Bollywood. This research goes through the portrayal of Jammu Kashmir over the decades. The aim and objective of this study are to understand the complex relationship between Bollywood and this beautiful area. The methodology of this research is an in-depth examination of how Bollywood has depicted Jammu Kashmir. The study identifies themes and stereotypes associated with Jammu Kashmir in cinemas. It would contribute to our understanding of the representation of Jammu Kashmir in Indian cinema. It would provide insights into how filmmakers show sensitive socio-political issues within their storytelling in cinemas. The research findings will offer a glimpse into Bollywood's engagement with this part of India.

TYPES OF ITEM WRITING FLAWS IN MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THEIR EFFECT ON PASSING RATE OF STUDENTS

Background: The most popular written exam in health professions education is the multiple-choice style question (MCQ). This study sought to understand the effects of multiple-choice writing errors on students' academic performance in medical education. Methods: This descriptive study was done from December 2017 to June 2019 in Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) Medical College, Muzaffarabad. Ten block examinations were included. The item review committee reviewed all MCQs for flaws. Two tests from each class of MBBS were taken. The original tests containing all items were labeled as flawed tests and the result of each flawed test was evaluated. The students were graded into high, moderate and low achievement groups with scores of more than 79.9, between 50–79.9 and less than 50 percent respectively. Flawed items were then removed from the tests by the review committee and the scores of each test (standard test) were determined and compared with flawed tests and its effects were assessed in three achieving groups of students. Optical mark reading (OMR) classic-4 software was used for post-exam analysis and data were analyzed by using SPSS-25. Results: The passing rate ranged from 68.18% to 90.82% in flawed and 75.54% to 93.69% in standard tests. Most standard tests (7) had higher passing rates than flawed tests. Conclusion: Tests containing in-house developed MCQs have frequent item writing flaws and their inclusion in assessment did affect the passing rates of students but were not statistically significant. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):49–52

A Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Thalassemia among the People of Gilgit and Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Thalassemia, an inherited blood ailment with a 5 to 8% frequency in the beta-thalassemia gene, is a significant health issue in Pakistan, regardless of ethnicity. A study was conducted in Gilgat, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan, to assess the general public's awareness of the disease. A systematic questionnaire was created, asking 24 questions on awareness. Only 178 participants answered the questionnaire, indicating low knowledge. Those who correctly answered 13-18 questions had average knowledge, while those who answered more than 18 questions had strong knowledge. Of the 178 participants who had heard the term, 5.4% had a "good" level of awareness, 20.6% had average understanding, and 74% had poor understanding. The study revealed that the general population of Gilgit and Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan, had little understanding of Thalassemia.

Autopsy Based Pattern of Asphyxial Deaths in Forensic: A Retrospective Study

Background: A substantial portion of autopsies involve fatalities resulting from violent incidents, and one significant contributor to such fatalities is violent asphyxiation. Objective: To determine the pattern of the asphyxial deaths among the forensic autopsies. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Settings: Department of Forensic Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur Azad Jammu Kashmir. Duration: June 2020 to December 2022. Methods: A total of 77 autopsies were classified as asphyxial cases. This data was extracted from forensic autopsy reports and was gathered using a predefined data collection sheet, with consent obtained from the close relatives of dead body. Collected was analyzed through SPSS version 21. Results: Among total autopsies asphyxial deaths were identified in 77(10.26%). There were 17 cases (22.07%) in the 1-12 years category, 16 cases (20.77%) in the 13-18 years category, 37 cases (48.05%) in the ≥19 and <60 years category, and 8 cases (10.38%) in the ≥60 years category. In urban areas, there were 41 cases (53.24%), and in rural areas, there were 36 cases (46.75%) of asphyxial deaths. Among males, drowning accounted for 88.37% of cases, hanging 46.15%, strangulation 66.66%, suffocation 42.85%, and throttling 60.0%. Among females, drowning was 11.62%, hanging 53.84%, strangulation 33.33%, suffocation 57.14%, and throttling 40.0%. Conclusion: Males and young adults having in age range of 19 to 49 years are at a greater risk of becoming victims of fatal asphyxial incidents. Drowning emerged as the predominant asphyxiation mechanism in forensic autopsies, with hanging also accounting for a significant portion of asphyxial fatalities.

Contextual factors influencing incomplete immunization and investigation of its geospatial heterogeneity in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study based on PDHS (2017–18)

BackgroundImmunization is one of the most effective public health initiatives, saving millions of lives and lowering the risk of diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, influenza, and measles. Immunization saves an estimated 2–3 million lives per year. A study of the regional variations in incomplete immunization will be useful in identifying gaps in the performance of immunization programs that are not noticed by standard vaccination programs monitoring. The primary goal of this study was to identify factors influencing child immunization status and to examine regional variations in incomplete immunization among children aged 12 to 23 months in Pakistan.MethodsFor the current study, the data were taken from the Demographic and Health Survey for Pakistan (PDHS 2017–2018). Ever-married women who had children aged 12–23 months were included in this study. The immunization status of children was used as an outcome variable. In order to determine the effects of different factors on incomplete immunization, multilevel logistic model was used. To study the geographical variation of incomplete immunization, hotspot analysis was done using ArcGIS 10.7 and SaTScan software and to identify significant predictors of incomplete immunization, GWR 4 software was used.ResultsPlace of delivery, gender of child, mother’s educational level and region were identified as significant determinants of incomplete immunization of children in Pakistan. Chances of incomplete immunization of children were found significantly lower for educated mothers (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.34–0.79) and mothers who had delivered children in the health facilities (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.32–0.83). Female children were more likely (AOR = 1.44, 1.95% CI 1.04–1.99) to be incompletely immunized as compared to male children. FATA (AOR = 11.19, 95% CI 4.89–25.6), and Balochistan (AOR = 10.94, 95% CI 5.08–23.58) were found at the highest risk of incomplete immunization of children as compared to Punjab.The significant spatial heterogeneity of incomplete immunization was found across Pakistan. The spatial distribution of incomplete immunization was clustered all over Pakistan. The high prevalence of incomplete immunization was observed in Balochistan, South Sindh, North Sindh, South KPK, South FATA, Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Jammu Kashmir, South and East Punjab. Drang and Harcho were identified as hotspot areas of incomplete immunization in Gilgit Baltistan. Secondary clusters with a high risk of incomplete immunization were found in regions Balochistan, Sindh and FATA.ConclusionGender biasedness towards female children, regarding complete immunization of children prevailed in Pakistan. Spatial heterogeneity was also found for incomplete immunization of children. To overcome the problem access to health facilities is the foremost step. Government should target hotspot areas of incomplete immunization of children to provide primary health care facilities by opening health care units in these areas. The government in collaboration with the media should launch awareness campaigns in those areas to convince people that complete immunization is the right of every child regardless of gender.

Stability Analyses of pearl Millet Genotypes (Pennisetum glaucum) and its Related Traits Using the Freeman and Perkins Model

In the present study, twenty-nine genotypes were carried out to determine the stability of morphological characters viz., dry fodder yield, Days to 50% flowering, and Days to maturity of pearl millet in eight different environments viz., ARS Mandor, Bikaner, RARI Jaipur, Jamnagar, Hisar, Gwalior, Ranchi and Jammu Kashmir using Freeman and Perkins model. Data was collected from ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) of pearl millet, Agricultural University, Mandor, Rajasthan, India for one year (2019). The combined analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes, environments and Genotype by Environment (G x E) interaction for all morphological characters under study. Mean, regression coefficient and deviation from regression were used as stability measures. Genotype G23 exhibited stability across all studied traits, while G10 and G29 demonstrated stability specifically for dry fodder yield and days to 50% flowering. Furthermore, genotype G22 displayed stability for dry fodder yield and days to maturity in all environments.

Sequential viral introductions and spread of BA.1 across Pakistan provinces during the Omicron wave

BackgroundCOVID-19 waves caused by specific SARS-CoV-2 variants have occurred globally at different times. We focused on Omicron variants to understand the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness of SARS-CoV-2 strains in various regions of Pakistan.MethodsWe studied 276,525 COVID-19 cases and 1,031 genomes sequenced from December 2021 to August 2022. Sequences were analyzed and visualized using phylogenetic trees.ResultsThe highest case numbers and deaths were recorded in Sindh and Punjab, the most populous provinces in Pakistan. Omicron variants comprised 93% of all genomes, with BA.2 (32.6%) and BA.5 (38.4%) predominating. The first Omicron wave was associated with the sequential identification of BA.1 in Sindh, then Islamabad Capital Territory, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK), Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) and Balochistan. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Sindh to be the source of BA.1 and BA.2 introductions into Punjab and Balochistan during early 2022. BA.4 was first introduced in AJK and BA.5 in Punjab. Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) analysis revealed relatedness between the earliest BA.1 genome from Sindh with Balochistan, AJK, Punjab and ICT, and that of first BA.1 from Punjab with strains from KPK and GB.ConclusionsPhylogenetic analysis provides insights into the introduction and transmission dynamics of the Omicron variant in Pakistan, identifying Sindh as a hotspot for viral dissemination. Such data linked with public health efforts can help limit surges of new infections.

SODIUM AND CALCIUM LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER AND ITS CORRELATION WITH HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

Introduction: Patients with chronic liver disease have a specific susceptibility to an electrolyte imbalance that can deteriorate their condition to hepatic encephalopathy. It occursin about 57% of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis is an in dependent risk factor for mortality and is common in patients with end-stage liver disease. These patients had a significantly higher incidence of hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatic encephalopathy is worsened by the presence of hyponatremia and hypocalcemia. Aim:The aim of this study is to evaluate sodium and calcium levels in CLD patients and its correlation with hepatic encephalopathy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in SMHS Hospital,Govt.Medical College Srinagar, Jammu Kashmir,India, during a three-year period. 150 patients with chronic liver disease admitted to the general medicine and gastroenterology department were included. Data was entered in SPSS software version 20. Qualitative data were analyzed using chi-square, and quantitative data were analyzed using independent t-tests. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Our study on 150 CLD patients showed that the serum sodium level and serum calcium level were significantly lower in patients with hepatic encephalopathy with P-Values of 0.0006 and 0.002, respectively. Conclusion: It seems that reducing serum sodium and calcium level can be predictive of hepatic encephalopathy inpatients with chronic liver disease.

Current Scenario of Sericulture Industry in Traditional Silk Producing States of India

The study concerned about the growth rate of mulberry area, production and productivity and cocoon and raw silk production and productivity five major traditional sates (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir and West Bengal) in India during 1980-81 to 2016-17. In Tamil Nadu, Compared with all the seven periods the highest significant compound growth observed in mulberry area and production was 17.50 per cent, 21.02 per cent during the period IV (1998-99 to 2001-02) and mulberry productivity 2.63 per cent since improved mulberry varieties like S36 and MR2 was released during that period II (1988-89 to 1997-98). Overall period (1980-81 to 2016-17), the cocoon productivity (2.67%) was positively significant in Tamil Nadu. There was a positively significant growth rate of cocoon production and productivity in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Even though there was negative significant growth in productivity (-7.62%), but the growth of production (0.51%) was non-significant in Jammu Kashmir. There is significant positive growth of production (2.33%) and productivity (2.96%) in India. In Tamil Nadu, The growth rates of raw silk production (2.17%) and productivity (5.25%) was found highly significant during the overall Period (1980-81 to 2016-17). There was a highly significant growth rate of raw silk production and productivity in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and for India as a whole. In Jammu Kashmir; the growth rates of cocoon production alone (4.14%) were significant.

Surveillance of Bacterial Canker of Peach in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and its Bio-Management

Bacterial canker of peach caused by Pseudomonas syringae is an increasing problem in Azad Jammu Kashmir with more than 50 pathovars on the basis of host. A detailed survey was conducted in peach growing areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir for the determination of disease prevalence and incidence. Pathogen was isolated and characterized from the collected samples using LOPAT and GaTTA scheme. Furthermore the results of biochemical identification was confirmed using PCR followed by sequencing of obtained expected bands. For the bio-management of virulent pathogenic strains indigenous rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, characterized and evaluated using dual culture as well as in a greenhouse pot experiment against P. syringae pathovars. During a positive sampling method used for the surveillance it was found that maximum disease prevalence was 75% in district Bagh while there was 25% disease prevalence found in Haveli and Sudhanoti. Similarly maximum disease incidence was found in district Bagh that was 16%. A total of 32 isolates were recovered from the collected samples that were further screened on the basis of their virulence. It was found that the total of 18 isolates screened were similar to the already reported strains of P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on the basis of biochemical and molecular tools. From total 17 rhizobacterial isolates recovered were subjected to dual culture technique and was found that 06 isolates showed promising zone of inhibition upto 11.5 mm. The results of greenhouse evaluation revealed that the minimum disease incidence was recorded 3% using R-9 and R-17 in consortium against Pss as compared to the control treatment (39%). It was concluded that the ecofriendly management practices against this destructive disease must be adopted and appreciated

Containing Contagion in a Garrison State

Containing Contagion in a Garrison State

A Case Study of Radha Krishna Temple Muzaffarabad: Art and Architecture

The capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is Muzaffarabad, a city that has had a significant historical impact that continues now. Its rich cultural past reflects its unique heritage and historical influences because it is the capital of Azad Jammu Kashmir and is located on historic traveller routes.The district is home to many historical sites that provide proof of its prior civilizational history. Any civilization's living monuments and architectural remains represent the legacy and historic importance of the area. The buildings and construction techniques are passed down through the architectural monuments and ruins, but they also transmit the practices, traditions, and religious beliefs of the different cultures. With the current study, two important aspects of the Hindu legacy that exists in the city's core are covered in depth. The architectural components come first, followed by the interior paintings and frescoes painted inside the temple.

Improved Support Vector-Recurrent Neural Network with Optimal Feature Selection-based Spoken Language Identification System

Objective: Spoken language identification being the fore-front of language recognition tasks and most significant medium of communication has to be enhanced in order to improve the accuracy of recently developed spoken language recognition systems. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the Spoken Language Identification (SLID) model using hybrid machine learning with deep learning model for regionally spoken languages of Jammu & Kashmir (JK) and Ladakh. Method: Initially, the speech signals of different languages of JK and Ladakh are manually collected from diverse sources, and it is preprocessed using Spectral Noise Gate (SNG) filtering technique. Once the speech signals are pre-processed, the feature extraction is performed by the cepstral features like Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), Relative Spectral Transform-Perceptual Linear Prediction (RASTA-PLP), and spectral features like spectral roll off, spectral flatness. Findings: From this feature extraction, the length of the feature vector seems to be long, and it is required to reduce the feature length. Hence, optimal feature selection is accomplished using the new meta-heuristic algorithm termed Adaptive Distance-based Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (AD-TSA) by considering the minimum correlation as objective. Finally, the language identification is handled by the hybrid classifier termed Improved Support Vector Machine-Recurrent Neural Network (ISVM-RNN). Novelty: The identification learning algorithm is enhanced by the AD-TSA by considering the minimum correlation as objective among features in order to get minimum number of features that are sufficient for language identification process. The efficiency of the proposed hybrid approach is validated by simulating the experiment on a user-defined language database of JK and Ladakh speech signals in the working platform of Python. Keywords: Language Identification; Kashmir Languages; Optimal Feature Selection; Improved Support Vector MachineRecurrent Neural Network; Adaptive DistanceBased Tunicate Swarm Algorithm

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF B.Sc. NURSING STUDENTS REGARDING PREVENTION OF PRESSURE ULCERS IN SELECTED NURSING COLLEGES OF KASHMIR

Title: A study to assess the knowledge and attitude of B.Sc. Nursing Students regarding prevention of Pressure Ulcers in selected Nursing Colleges of Kashmir. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of pressure ulcers among B.Sc. Nursing Students. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. With the non-probability consecutive sampling 60 study participants from B.Sc. Nursing 2nd and 3rd year were selected. Tool used in this study included three sections, Section-I including demographic Performa of students such as age, gender, area of residence and family type. Section-II including standardized Pressure ulcer knowledge assessment tool with 25 item questionnaire on knowledge and prevention of pressure ulcers. Section-III including standardized Likert Scale to assess attitude regarding prevention of pressure ulcers Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical technique. Result: The data analysis revealed that the majority of study subjects 68.3% had poor knowledge and 83.3% of study subjects have neutral attitude, regarding prevention of pressure ulcers. Conclusion: The study concluded that study subjects had average knowledge and neutral attitude regarding prevention of pressure ulcers and there should be more awareness regarding prevention of pressure ulcers which can be achieved by giving more knowledge to students regarding prevention of pressure ulcers. All specialized nursing courses should cover pressure ulcer prevention issues in order to provide better knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention to students. To advance nursing knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention in Jammu Kashmir, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the course material of pressure ulcer prevention in the nursing curriculum.