Jamming Scheme Research Articles

A Review of Game Theory Analysis in Cognitive Radar Anti-jamming

The core research contents of radar countermeasures are the games of countermeasures between jamming strategies and anti-jamming strategies. As a hotspot in the field of electronic warfare, radar countermeasures have been paid much attention by scholars. This paper summarizes that the scholars employ the cooperative and non-cooperative game methods to analyze the radar against jamming while probing targets. Different radar systems make use of cognitive techniques perceive and learn the complex electromagnetic environment, and reasonably allocate transmitting power, control coding sequence, design waveform, investigate detection and tracking methods and allocate resources of radar communication etc. In this way, radar can not only reduce power consumption, but also search and track the target without being detected by the enemy. Thus, radar can achieve its optimal performance in the complex and changeable modern battlefield environment. Finally, game theory in cognitive radar anti-jamming is summarized and prospected, and it also points out some potential problems and challenges of game theory in cognitive radar anti-jamming.

Secrecy-enhancing design for two-way energy harvesting cooperative networks with full-duplex relay jamming

To guarantee secure information transmission within two sources, a full-duplex (FD) relay jamming scheme for two-way energy harvesting (EH) cooperative networks is proposed, in which the relay can achieve simultaneous information reception and jamming transmission. The EH relay node scavenges energy from two source signals, and then, uses the harvested energy for information relaying and jamming transmission by the power splitting (PS) protocol. Considering multiple eavesdroppers, the non-convex optimization for maximizing the smaller bidirectional secrecy rates is formulated by jointly optimizing the power allocation and PS factor. Furthermore, an iterative algorithm based on successive convex approximation and alternate search method is proposed to solve this non-convexity. Simulation results verify the proposed iterative algorithm and show that the proposed jamming scheme can achieve substantial performance gain than other conventional schemes.

처프 대역 확산 시스템에서 단일 선형 처프 기반 통신 유사 재밍 기법의 성능 비교 분석

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 본 논문에서는 통신과 재밍을 하나의 신호로 동시에 수행하는 통신 유사 재밍 기법에서 아군의 통신 성능을 향상하기 위해 스펙트럼 효율성을 높이는 부호화기법을 제시한다. 제안하는 기법은 기존의 통신 유사재밍 기법과 거의 동일한 비트오율 성능을 유지하면서도 향상된 스펙트럼 효율을 보인다. #Communication-Like Jamming #8-Bi-Orthogonal Code #Spectral Efficiency 요약ABSTRACTⅠ. 서론Ⅱ. 제안된 Coded SLC-CLJⅢ. 모의실험 결과 및 결론References

Optimal power allocation‐based novel control jamming scheme for nonorthogonal multiple access enabled decode‐and‐forward relay network

SummaryIn this work, a new control jamming (CJ) scheme has been proposed for a cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network with optimal power allocation factors by employing decode‐and‐forward (DF) relay. Maximization of secrecy rate at both NOMA users with the aid of CJ under total transmit power constraint is considered as an optimization problem. In this regard, invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm‐based approach is proposed to facilitate optimal power allocation for the considered network. In this analysis, performance metric secrecy rate is analyzed with CJ at both NOMA users by varying the location of eavesdropper with respect to the relay and jammer. In addition, the performance of fixed power allocation (FPA) and proposed power allocation (PPA) schemes is investigated with CJ and compared with jamming (J) and without jamming (WJ) conditions. Simulation result analysis specifies that secrecy performance is enhanced remarkably by CJ and PPA outperforms the FPA.

Radar active antagonism through deep reinforcement learning: A Way to address the challenge of mainlobe jamming

Among different jamming techniques, mainlobe jamming is difficult to deal with for the radar and traditional passive anti-jamming methods are less effective because the angular separation between the jammer and the target is almost the same. In contrast to these passive methods, active antagonism requires the radar to take measures in advance to avoid being jammed and this can be achieved via frequency agile (FA) radar. In order to enable the FA radar to combat the jammer and obtain good performance, a deep reinforcement learning (RL) based anti-jamming strategy design method is proposed in which a transmit/receive time-sharing jammer may adopt multiple different jamming strategies. To combat the individual jamming strategy, we propose a specialized strategy learning algorithm that treats probability of detection as the reward signal and uses proximal policy optimization to solve the RL problem of the radar and the jammer. Based on the learned specialized strategies, policy distillation technique is applied to design a unified strategy which enables the FA radar to combat multiple jamming strategies. Simulation results show that the FA radar can avoid being jammed and obtain a high probability of detection whether the jammer adopts individual or multiple jamming strategies through the proposed method.

Fast Clustering of Communication Signals

In the modern and digital battlefield, grasping the electromagnetic power of battlefield system is the key to deciding the outcome of the war, and accurate and comprehensive electromagnetic situational awareness is of great importance. Communication protocol analysis is a prerequisite for smart jamming in non-cooperative electronic countermeasures. The design of efficient jamming strategy for synchronous or networked signals can make up for the shortcoming of insufficient jamming power, solve the problems of remote and covert jamming, greatly reduce the cost of jamming equipment and improve the survivability of battlefield. Therefore, the rapid analysis of communication signal protocol has important military application value. Traditional protocol analysis requires parameter estimation layer by layer on the communication protocol, and bitstream analysis of the protocol word can only be carried out on the premise of solving modulation pattern identification and demodulation, interweave and scrambling parameter estimation and demodulation, channel decoding parameter estimation and decoding. This analysis method has the following disadvantages: long analysis cycle, strong expert dependence and high algorithm complexity. It is difficult to meet the demand of real-time analysis of unknown and flexible electromagnetic signals. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an idea of fast clustering of signal protocols in the physical layer by artificial intelligence method.

UAV Networks Against Multiple Maneuvering Smart Jamming With Knowledge-Based Reinforcement Learning

The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) networks are very vulnerable to smart jammers that can choose their jamming strategy based on the ongoing channel state accordingly. Although reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can give UAV networks the ability to make intelligent decisions, the high-dimensional state space makes it difficult for algorithms to converge quickly. This article proposes a knowledge-based RL method, which uses domain knowledge to compress the state space that the agent needs to explore and then improve the algorithm convergence speed. Specifically, we use the inertial law of the aircraft and the law of signal attenuation in free space to guide the highly efficient exploration of the UAVs in the state space. We incorporate the performance indicators of the receiver and the subjective value of the task into the design of the reward function, and build a virtual environment for pretraining to accelerate the convergence of anti-jamming decisions. In addition, the algorithm proposed is completely based on observable data, which is more realistic than those studies that assume the position or the channel strategy of the jammer. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can outperform the benchmarks of model-free RL algorithm in terms of converge speed and averaged reward.

Intelligent Secure Networking in In-band Full-duplex Dynamic Access Networks: Spectrum Management and Routing Protocol

Recent developments in self-interference cancellation (SIC) techniques have made in-band full-duplex (IBFD) transmission systems possible. IBFD technology can enhance, or theoretically speaking double, spectrum utilization by allowing simultaneous transmission and reception using the same radio-frequency channel. Integrating the IBFD technology in cognitive radio (CR) systems can further enhance spectrum utilization and provide huge spectrum opportunities for efficient deployment of next-generation multi-hop wireless systems. Routing protocols for typical CR networks (CRNs) assume that CR users are equipped with half-duplex receivers. Limited number of protocols have been designed for FD-based CRNs. However, these protocols do not account for security threats in wireless environment, which could significantly affect system performance. In this paper, we develop a security-aware intelligent routing scheme that aims at mitigating the effects of jamming attacks on IBFD CRNs. This scheme considers the unique characteristics of the CRN environment while being IBFD-aware. Specifically, it considers the primary user’s channel-availability time, channel quality and jamming strategy. For a source-destination pair, our protocol collects a set of loop-free paths. Then, it attempts to assign channels for the hops along each path with the goal of achieving the highest Probability of Success (PoS) of each path. The per-hop channel selection for each path is derived as an optimization problem, for which sub-optimal solutions are found using a polynomial-time approximate method. Based on the computed channel assignment and PoS over each path, the path with the highest PoS between the source and destination is selected. Simulation results show that our secure-aware IBFD-based routing can significantly mitigate the jamming effects on CRN performance by improving the packet-delivery ratio, and consequently network throughput compared with existing FD-based routing protocols.

An Improved Scattered Wave Deceptive Jamming Method Based on a Moving Jammer Beam Footprint Against a Three-Channel Short-Time SAR GMTI

To effectively generate a verisimilar false moving target against a three-channel synthetic aperture radar ground moving target indication (SAR GMTI), a scattered wave deceptive jamming method performed by the time-delay modulation and the phase modulation (STP) is first proposed by using traditional deceptive jamming strategies. In addition, a novel three-channel short-time SAR GMTI method (TCSTSG) is heuristically inspired by the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) method and proposed with anti-jamming capacity. The procedure of the TCSTSG method is to divide the whole-time data into shorter segments, and each segment will be processed by displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) technique and along-track interferometry (ATI) technique. With the TCSTSG method, the moving target will have different positions in each segment. However, the false target generated by the traditional deceptive jamming method based on multiple jammers (DJ-MJ) and the STP method has the same position in each segment and a verisimilar false moving target cannot be generated. To meet this challenge, an improved scattered wave deceptive jamming method based on the moving jammer beam footprint (SMJBF) is proposed. Compared with the traditional scattered wave jamming methods, the improvement is that the jammer can control the azimuth position and velocity of the footprint. The position and velocity are calculated by comparing the detection results of the moving target and those of the false target with the TCSTSG method. Then the false target will be similar to the moving target. Finally, simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enabled Secure Cooperative Transmission for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks

In this paper, we propose an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) empowered secure cooperative transmission strategy for satellite-terrestrial integrated networks. In such networks, an IRS is deployed near the satellite user to reflect the common-spectrum friendly interference from the terrestrial network to help protect the satellite downlink transmission from being eavesdropped. We seek to minimize the target signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) at the eavesdropper required to guarantee the reliable communication at the terrestrial network user and to limit the maximum tolerable interference at the satellite user. Then, an alternation optimization scheme is developed. Simulation results verify that the proposed IRS enabled cooperative jamming scheme can reduce the target SINR at the eavesdropper significantly, thus achieving a great secrecy gain.

A Fountain-Coding Based Cooperative Jamming Strategy for Secure Service Migration in Edge Computing

In 5G, users can easily enjoy services by accessing the edge devices (EDs) deployed around the base stations. Generally, due to the uneven distribution and mobility of users, one ED is required to serve multiple users simultaneously, that results in the ED overload, seriously affecting the quality of experience (QoE) of the users. By responding to users’ requests, service migration realizes the cross edge device migrations, that dynamically provides services for mobile users, which effectively improves the resource utilization rate of edge servers and the QoE of users. However, during the service migrations, malicious users may deploy pseudo base stations, gateways and other devices to illegally eavesdrop or tamper with user service data, that causes user information loss or disclosure. To prevent these security issues, a fountain-coding based cooperative jamming strategy is proposed in this paper. Specifically, the fountain coding technology is introduced to construct a three-node transmission model, including an original node, a target node and a malicious node, to realize the secure data transmission process in service migration. Besides, a group of relay nodes are employed to carry out cooperative jamming, that deteriorate the illegal eavesdropping quality of malicious nodes on service data. Then secrecy rate and outage probability are utilized to evaluate the security and reliability of the whole service migration. Finally, the theoretical analysis is shown by simulation results.

A Secure Multiuser Privacy Technique for Wireless IoT Networks Using Stochastic Privacy Optimization

With the exponential increase of interconnected communicating devices which make up the Internet of Things (IoT), securing the network transmission and the fifth generation (5G) systems which is the bedrock for IoT concept actualization is becoming more and more challenging. One of the major attacks which poses a great risk to data transmission is the eavesdropper (Eve) attack which occurs in both single input, single output (SISO), multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) systems. Thus, in this study, our focus is to establish a secured connection in a multiple-antenna transmission when the channel state information (CSI) of Eve is unknown to the network users. Our model comprises a secure wireless communication standard where Eve performs either optimal matched filtering (OMF) or a basic matched filtering (BMF) while the transmitting IoT node employs smart jamming strategy in order to compromise the activities of Eve. With respect to this and in attempt to realize maximum privacy, we examined the design of optimal jamming parameters. In the end, the numerical analysis of our investigation indicates that a substantial privacy advantage is achievable while utilizing only full-duplex jamming against using artificial noise from the transmitter only. However, a joint performance of both results shows a higher privacy improvement.

Secure Millimeter-Wave Ad Hoc Communications Using Physical Layer Security

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications are highly promising to improve the capacity of modern wireless networks, while the physical layer security (PLS) techniques hold great potential to enhance the critical secrecy performance therein. By carefully exploiting the significant signal difference between the Non-Light-of-Sight (NLoS) and Line-of-Sight (LoS) mmWave links, this paper proposes a Sight-based Cooperative Jamming (SCJ) scheme to improve the PLS performance of mmWave ad hoc communications. In this scheme, each potential jammer that has no LoS link to its nearest receiver but may have LoS links to eavesdroppers is selected with a certain probability to generate artificial noise such that channel advantages at legitimate receivers can be achieved. For performance modeling of the new jamming scheme, novel and efficient theoretical approximation approaches are firstly developed to enable the challenging issue of interference distribution modeling to be tackled, and then a theoretical framework based on stochastic geometry is proposed to capture the secrecy transmission capacity behavior under the SCJ scheme. Finally, extensive numerical results are provided to illustrate the SCJ scheme under various network scenarios.

Secure Communication With Energy-Harvesting Buffer-Aided Jammer

Information security and self-sustainability are crucial to resource-limited wireless networks. In this paper, we assess the secrecy performance of the legitimate link without having eavesdropper's channel state information (CSI) while considering an energy harvesting (EH) jammer with finite and infinite energy buffer sizes. The EH jammer utilizes accumulated energy from its buffer and transmits artificial noise (AN) to ensure secure communication. To manage the uncertainty in harvested energy and consumption, we analyze on-off (OO) jamming and always-on (AO) jamming schemes. The analytical expressions are obtained for secrecy outage probability (SOP). This analysis models the energy arrival and departure process by a discrete-time continuous-state Markov chain to eliminate the computational complexity and inaccuracy of a discrete-state Markov chain. Both the schemes are compared using SOP and secure throughput. This analysis shows the adequacy of a finite buffer for an EH jammer and also the fact that the availability of jamming power has a more pronounced effect on SOP as compared to a larger number of antennas at the jammer.

Secure Multiuser Scheduling for Hybrid Relay-Assisted Wireless Powered Cooperative Communication Networks With Full-Duplex Destination-Based Jamming

In this paper, we investigate secure communication in a hybrid relay (HR)-assisted wireless powered cooperative communication network (WPCCN), where an eavesdropper tries to intercept the data transmitted by a source user and the HR simultaneously. The HR has the ability to wireless powered the energy-constrained multiple users in the downlink and to relay the received confidential information in the uplink. In particular, the full-duplex destination-based jamming (FD-DBJ) strategy is exploited to improve the secrecy performance. Moreover, in order to conduct effective secure communications, we design two multiuser scheduling schemes, i.e., random user selection (RUS), and best user selection (BUS) based on the main channel quality. In order to evaluate the secrecy performance, we analytically derive the energy outage probability (EOP), the secrecy outage probability (SOP), and the hybrid outage probability (HOP), respectively. As such, we formulate the secrecy throughput (ST) maximization problem to optimize the predetermined transmission rate. Our analysis and numerical results reveal that: 1) The BUS scheme has better security performance. 2) Both of the energy conversion efficiency and the number of users have a positive effect on secrecy performance. 3) The FD-DBJ scheme is an effective method to achieve secure communications. 4) The time-switching factor and predetermined transmission rate have a crucial influence on the secrecy performance, which should be considered carefully in system design.

Secure Transmission in Multiple Access Wiretap Channel: Cooperative Jamming Without Sharing CSI

This paper investigates the secure transmission in multiple access wiretap channels, where multiple legitimate users transmit private information to an intended receiver in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. In order to improve security, we propose a novel cooperative jamming scheme, in which users do not share channel state information (CSI) but the legitimate channels will not be degraded by the artificial noise. The basic idea is to make each user exploit its own CSI in two slots to design artificial noise, so that the intended receiver can eliminate all the artificial noise but the eavesdroppers cannot. In this process, the interference between users plays a key role to achieve security, because it guarantees that the artificial noise from different users helps each other. We consider the non-collusion and collusion of eavesdroppers and analyze the secrecy performance for both scenarios. We adopt the secrecy sum-rate as the main metric, and show that positive secrecy sum-rate can be achieved by using the proposed scheme. Especially, we observe that when eavesdroppers collude and their additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) close to zero, the number of users must not be less than twice the number of eavesdroppers to ensure positive secrecy sum-rate. Finally, simulation results are provided to corroborate our theoretical findings.

Research on ship infrared jamming strategy based on water curtain

Research on ship infrared jamming strategy based on water curtain

Ometanje prebrisavanjem sa diskretnim podopsezima - napredna strategija za sprečavanje dronova korišćenih u zlonamerne svrhe

Malicious drones jamming is a subject of numerous researches in the world. The implemented jamming strategy is different in various cases and each improvement in the analysis, modeling and realization contributes to the jamming procedures originality. In this paper, we have analyzed implementation performances of sweep jamming with discrete subbands. This advanced method allows decreasing the problems caused by drone communication and/or telemetry signals jamming on the undesired disruption of navigation signals (GPS and GLONASS) used for the localization of friendly devices in the drone vicinity. The problem is analyzed on the example of one signal frequency intended for drone communication with its operator. Drones with this specific signal frequency are used relatively rarely, but the obtained results are the most illustrative for practical consideration of the problem. The specificity of this frequency is that it is nearest to the navigation signal frequencies which means that important conclusions made for this frequency are satisfied significantly easier for other frequencies intended for drone communication, video and telemetry signals transmission.

A Survey of Cooperative Jamming‐Based Secure Transmission for Energy‐Limited Systems

Considering the ongoing development of various devices and rich applications in intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) systems, it is a crucial issue to solve secure transmission of legitimate signals for massive data sharing in the systems. Cooperative jamming‐based physical layer security is explored to be a complement of conventional cryptographic schemes to protect private information. Yet, this method needs to solve a game between energy consumption and signal secure transmission. In this paper, we summarize the basics of cooperative jamming and universal security metrics. Using the metrics, we study a series of typical cooperative jamming strategies from two aspects, including power allocation and energy harvesting. Finally, we propose open issues and challenges of further works on cooperative jamming in an IoT system with energy constraints.

Can a multi-hop link relying on untrusted amplify-and-forward relays render security?

Cooperative relaying is utilized as an efficient method for data communication in wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, sometimes due to the necessity of multi-hop relaying in such communication networks, it is challenging to guarantee the secrecy of cooperative transmissions when the relays may themselves be eavesdroppers, i.e., we may face with the untrusted relaying scenario where the relays are both necessary helpers and potential adversary. To obviate this issue, a new cooperative jamming scheme is proposed in this paper, in which the data can be confidentially communicated from the source to the destination through multiple untrusted relays. In our proposed secure transmission scheme, all the legitimate nodes contribute to providing secure communication by intelligently injecting artificial noises to the network in different communication phases. For the sake of analysis, we consider a multi-hop untrusted relaying network with two successive intermediate nodes, i.e, a three-hop communications network. Given this system model, a new closed-form expression is presented in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region for the Ergodic secrecy rate (ESR). Furthermore, we evaluate the high SNR slope and power offset of the ESR to gain an insightful comparison of the proposed secure transmission scheme and the state-of-arts. Our numerical results highlight that the proposed secure transmission scheme provides better secrecy rate performance compared with the two-hop untrusted relaying as well as the direct transmission schemes.