James Green Research Articles

Melvyn Dubofsky, Hard Work: The Making of Labor History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000. 249 pp. $17.95 paper; James Green, Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000. 352 pp. $50.00 cloth; $19.95 paper.

Few fields in American history are as conscious of their historiography as American labor and working-class history. The oft-cited narrative traces the roots of the field to the work of E. P. Thompson and, in particular, to his Making of the English Working Class. Thompson's vision of the working class as the product of common experiences and his boundless belief in the agency of working people helped spur American historians to revisit dusty archives and collect and listen to oral histories in order to give ordinary people a central place in American history. Where the “old labor history” had been located in economics, not history, departments and focused almost exclusively on trade unions as a source of political moderation, the first practitioners of the “new labor history” looked beyond unions for the origins of American radicalism and examples of collective resistance to capitalism. David Montgomery, Herbert Gutman, and David Brody are usually described as the fathers of the “new labor history.” In Hard Work, Melvyn Dubofsky claims his place in that historiographic pantheon.

Book Reviews : Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Move ments. By James Green. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000. 352 pp., $50 cloth, $19.95 paper

Book Reviews : Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Move ments. By James Green. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000. 352 pp., $50 cloth, $19.95 paper

Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements

Deftly blending autobiography and history, James Green here reflects on thirty years as an activist, educator, and historian. He recounts how he became deeply immersed in political protest and in recovering and preserving the history of progressive social movements, and how the two are linked. His book, written in an engaging and accessible style, tells powerful stories of people in struggle, framed by the personal account of his own development. As a historian, Green gives voice to generations of Americans who banded together to fight for social justice. His subjects range from the martyrs of the Haymarket tragedy to the Bread and Roses strikers of 1912, from depression-era struggles for democracy to the civil rights crusaders, from recent Rainbow Coalition campaigns to the latest union organizing drives. As an activist, Green describes how his participation in the civil rights and labor movements of our own time has transformed his life, first as a student and radical scholar in the 1960s, then as a public historian and teacher of working-class students. He also describes his efforts to break free from academic confinement and tell movement stories in public, in an attempt to offer hope and counsel to those still fighting for equality and fairness. He concludes with a revealing look at how awareness of past social activism has contributed to the revival of the labor movement during the last ten years, an effort in which Green has been vigorously engaged.

Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements James Green

Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements James Green

"Indian Jugglers" 1820 by James Green

"Indian Jugglers" 1820 by James Green

Review of <em>Cultural Awareness in the Human Services: A Multi-Cultural Approach.</em> James Green. Reviewed by Yuhwa Eva Lu, New York University.

Review of <em>Cultural Awareness in the Human Services: A Multi-Cultural Approach.</em> James Green. Reviewed by Yuhwa Eva Lu, New York University.

4867119 Engine piston assembly and forged piston member therefor having a cooling recess : Bruce C Cooper, Kenton L Erickson, James Green, David Nycz assigned to Caterpillar Inc

4867119 Engine piston assembly and forged piston member therefor having a cooling recess : Bruce C Cooper, Kenton L Erickson, James Green, David Nycz assigned to Caterpillar Inc

Data System Users Working Group meeting report

Nearly 40 scientists, space physics data system managers, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters personnel who are members of the Data System Users Working Group (DSUWG) met at the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) on July 18 and 19, 1985. The main topic of the meeting was discussion on the use of the Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) for the rendezvous of the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft with Comet Giacobini‐Zinner. Ron Zwickl, from the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL, Los Alamos, N.M.), explained the procedures to be used for the transfer of near real‐time ICE data from Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC, Greenbelt, Md.), to remote investigator facilities at LANL, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory QPL, Pasadena, Calif.), University of Iowa (Iowa City), TRW (Redondo Beach, Calif.), and back to NSSDC. These procedures were successfully tested in an encounter rehearsal 2 days before the DSUWG meeting. James Green of NSSDC explained how the newly developed SPAN‐to‐Europe gateway would be used to support a European science analysis team at European Space Technology Center (ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands). Successful testing of ICE data transfer to Europe occurred just the day before the DSUWG meeting.

James Green Stewart (1825-1881)

James Green Stewart, a classic example of the often-neglected second rank of the northern exploratory corps, made a noteworthy contribution to the opening of the far northwest. Although his part in northern exploration has been obscured by the more dynamic and public careers of his superior officers, most notably Robert Campbell, Stewart played a vital role in the Hudson's Bay Company's efforts to expand into the Yukon River valley. ... Campbell had been active in the Liard and Pelly River regions for almost a decade and had just opened Fort Selkirk at the junction of the Pelly and Lewes (Yukon) rivers when Stewart joined him in 1848. As Campbell's assistant, Stewart faced the onerous task of helping to make this isolated fur post a viable enterprise. The challenge proved difficult and, ultimately, unsuccessful. Fort Selkirk was poorly positioned, for it thrust the Company's trade into the midst of trading networks maintained by the coastal Tlingit Indians, who, ironically, exchanged their furs at coastal points with other Hudson's Bay Company traders. The post suffered as well from its isolated position. Supplies had to be brought in along the Liard River, a violent and dangerous stream that claimed the lives of many Company tripmen. ... in 1852, Campbell and Stewart were forced to abandon the post they had fought so hard to sustain, when Chilcat (Tlingit) Indians, long-time rivals of the Hudson's Bay Company traders at Fort Selkirk, attacked it. ... for both Stewart and Campbell, the debacle at Fort Selkirk marked the end of their Yukon careers. Stewart, however, continued to serve in the North. He was stationed for short periods at Fort McPherson, Fort Carleton, and Fort Resolution. In 1855, Stewart was assigned to assist James Anderson's Back River expedition, sent to confirm reported sightings of the lost crew of John Franklin. The journey was wracked by discord between the two principal men. Anderson repeatedly overruled Stewart, challenging his selection of guides and route. Bad luck and poor planning plagued the trip throughout. Anderson claimed that Stewart had used poor judgement in securing bark for the canoes, which proved incapable of handling the rough waters of the Back River and the heavy ice conditions along the coast. The troubles continued at the end of the expedition, when Stewart was accused of lacking initiative and chastised for not following orders. ... The experience severely damaged Stewart's reputation, which clearly had peaked during his Yukon career. Stewart remained with the Company, rising to the rank of Chief Factor in 1869. He served at Cumberland House, Oxford House, and Norway House before being dropped from the Hudson's Bay Company's list of officers in the deed poll of 1871. James Green Stewart died 10 years later, at the age of 55.

U.S. Corporate Interests and the Political Economy of Trade Policy

This paper examines the behavior of American corporations with respect to international trade policy initiatives during the 1970s using survey-generated data on revealed corporate trade policy interests and firmand industry-level data on company characteristics. Direct or proxy variables were developed and applied in linear regression equations using an ordered probit specification, and in an alternative approach using factor analysis to construct a composite dependent variable. Hypothesized relationships were verified between corporate positions on trade liberalization and the intensity of competition from imports, the benefits from improved access to foreign markets, and internal risk-pooling capabilities of firms. FIRMS exposed to the international competitive environment inevitably have a stake in national trade policy. This paper explores the revealed behavior of U.S. corporations on matters of trade policy in the 1970s. It develops a set of hypotheses linking corporate trade-policy positions to a series of company and industry attributes. These hypotheses are tested using survey-generated information regarding corporate behavior on trade policy matters beginning with the protectionist Burke-Hartke initiatives of the early 1970s through the post-Tokyo Round period at the end of the decade. Studies of the political economy of protection typically begin with the proposition that import barriers create rents that can be appropriated by the protected industry. The size of the rents to be obtained and their probable division among the various participants in the industry partly determine the intensity of protection-seeking behavior (lobbying) undertaken by participants in the industry (Brock and Magee, 1978). The intensity is also influenced by the degree of success expected in the political arena, and by imperfections in the lobbying process-for instance, the incentive to be a free-rider on the lobbying efforts of others (Walter and Jones, 1981). The actual outcome of protection-seeking activity is conditioned by a variety of political considerations as well. For instance, politicians may be constrained by the possibility of repercussions from groups adversely affected by protection, including consumers and export-oriented industries. Foreign competitors are also affected, so that issues concerning foreign relations enter into the decision process. In addition, politicians may be influenced more generally by ideology, party platforms, or attitudes toward equity. A number of researchers, including Ball (1967), Fieleke (1976), Clark (1980), and Ray (1981a, 1981b), have verified that a significant positive correlation exists between nominal tariff rates (or effective rates of protection) across manufacturing industries and low skilled-labor intensity, taken to be an indicator of the intensity of import competition and thus related to the size of the rents that could be obtained by protection.' Cheh (1974) and Bale (1977) analyzed the determinants of the percentage reductions in rates of duty resulting from the Kennedy Round tariff cuts, concluding that the cuts were determined in such a way as to minimize labor adjustment costs (see also Allen, Lewis, and Tower (1980)). Marvel and Ray (1983) also explored the determinants of Kennedy Round tariff cuts, finding the size of tariff cuts tended to be smaller if an industry was more concentrated or sold a larger fraction of its output to household consumers, and larger if the industry was more intensive in research and development (R & D) or more highly unionized. The result for R & D presumably represents the desire at the industry level for improved access to export markets achievable through larger reciprocal reductions in protection on the part of foreign countries. Along somewhat different lines, Baldwin (1976) analyzed several key Congressional votes on the Received for publication November 21, 1983. Revision accepted for publication December 14, 1984. *New York University. The authors are grateful to Robert Lipsey, Robert J. Levenson, J. Peter Jarrett, and James Green for providing data that contributed to this study, to Jang Ro Lee, Ashok Chatterjee, and Monica Kaufmann for research assistance, and to Bill Greene for providing advice on the estimation technique and computer program used to perform the statistical analysis. Thomas A. Pugel is also grateful for the support of an Esmee Fairbaim Research Fellowship at the University of Reading. 1 In both studies Ray also explores nontariff barriers (NTBs) across U.S. manufacturing industries. Aside from finding a positive relationship between tariff rates and NTBs, the results are not easily interpreted. However, there is some inferential evidence in Walter (1971), which finds a significant positive relationship between NTB incidence and (presumably relatively low-skill-intensive) developing country exports.

American Workers/Workers America: A Review of Recent Works by David Brody and James Green

The emerging historiography at the beginning of the twentieth century took it for granted that the future belonged to labor. Our preeminent materialist historian Frederick Jackson Turner believed that with the closing of the frontier, the nation's destiny had passed from farmers to workers and industrialists. Charles Beard was patron of workers' education in this country and at Ruskin College, while Mary Beard wrote valuable history of The American Labor Movement that depicted labor as a great social force akin to titanic forces in the natural world. She spoke for her generation in saying, Anything so fundamental, so impressive, so fraught with possibilities for the future surely deserves an intensive study by those outside the labor movement as well as by those who work within it.l Her own volume was based on the intensive study by John Commons and his associates in the Bureau of Industrial Research. Commons' magificent Documen tary History and the exhaustive four volume History of Labor in the United States were monument to the centrality of labor in Progressive thought, as were works by Abbott, Brissenden, Hoxie, and others. Later generations returned again and again to this monument, most to honor, some to worship. And no one has yet come forth with structure of rival scope and influence. Now, however, the publication of books by David Brody and James Green on labor in the twentieth century gives some reason to believe the labor question is again moving to the forefront of our historical memory.2 It is not that Brody's Workers in Industrial America and Greens' World of the Worker proffer new grand synthesis. Brody himself has called attention to the absence of such synthesis in an essay prepared for the American Historical Association.3 Nor is it to disparage these books in any way to say they are not the latter-day equivalent of the Com mons project. They have no such pretension. Rather, they show that the study of working people is essential to understanding the main lines of twentieth-century American development, not just the collateral branch of labor history (important as that is). It is clear from their work that neither the distribution of power nor the lived experience of the American people as whole can be understood apart from the struggles and experiences of workers. Both authors treat American workers in their

James Green's World

James Green's World

Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964. An Experiment in Democracy

A thorough study of Brazilian politics from 1930 to 1964, this book begins with Getulio Vargas' fifteen-year-rule - the latter part of which was a virtual dictatorship - and traces the following years of economic difficulty and political turbulenece, culminating in the explosive coup d'etat that overthrew the constitutional government of President Joao Goulart and profoundly changes the nature of Brazils' political institutions. The first book by Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930 - 1964, immediately became the definitive political history in English and in Portuguese of those turbulent times. It was published by OUP in 1967 in hardcover but it has been out of print in recent years. For this 40th anniversary, James Green, who is Skidmore's literary executive and successor at Brown University, will write a new foreword for the book, placing it in the context of the literature.

Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964. An Experiment in Democracy.

A thorough study of Brazilian politics from 1930 to 1964, this book begins with Getulio Vargas' fifteen-year-rule - the latter part of which was a virtual dictatorship - and traces the following years of economic difficulty and political turbulenece, culminating in the explosive coup d'etat that overthrew the constitutional government of President Joao Goulart and profoundly changes the nature of Brazils' political institutions. The first book by Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930 - 1964, immediately became the definitive political history in English and in Portuguese of those turbulent times. It was published by OUP in 1967 in hardcover but it has been out of print in recent years. For this 40th anniversary, James Green, who is Skidmore's literary executive and successor at Brown University, will write a new foreword for the book, placing it in the context of the literature.

John William Colenso: a Fresh Appraisal

It is probably no one's fault that general histories of the Church in the nineteenth century are so misleading about bishop Colenso. Unless one gets down to the primary source material, which is almost all in South Africa, there is no way of escaping from the distortions of controversy. Almost all the books about Colenso are unreliable. His own biography was written by an ardent admirer who hoped to succeed him as bishop of Natal. The lives of his principal opponents, Robert Gray and James Green, are just as unsatisfactory. Gray's life was written by his son. Green's was written by Dr. Wirgman, a frank and open controversialist. Histories of the Province of South Africa are either missionary propaganda, or else become so immersed in the constitutional and legal issues connected with Colenso, that the character of the man himself is lost. In consequence, the bishop of Natal appears in history as a kind of religious schizophrenic—on the one hand a great missionary who loved the Zulu people with an infinite tenderness and, on the other, a wilful and spiteful heretic for whom no action was too base and mean. Or, worse still, he is represented as a brilliant but misunderstood fore-runner of modern biblical scholars who was also by accident a South African missionary.

James Green as Canal Engineer

James Green as Canal Engineer

Post-glacial Foraminifera from the English Fenlands

There are three principal types, peat, fen clay (otherwise called blue buttery clay), and silt, in the post-glacial deposits of the Fenlands, which lie mainly within the shires of Cambridge and Lincoln, and Norfolk. It has long been known that Foraminifera occur in the silt and clay. The genus Lagena was recorded from the silt by Williamson in 1848, with twelve species from March, and sixteen species from Boston. In 1865, Parker and Jones listed thirty-five species of various genera from four samples of sub-Recent clay and silty clay from near Peterborough, Boston, and Wisbech. In 1870, H. B. Brady described the living brackish water Foraminifera from our coasts, and compared them with those recorded from the sub-Recent Fenland deposits by Parker and Jones. In a footnote (p. 306) he added the record of eight more species, so he presumably had a private communication from these authors, or himself studied further material. In 1881, James Green in two short papers noted the occurrence of abundant Foraminifera in layers of the March roddon, and figured nine species therefrom.