Jalisco Research Articles

Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and cheese produced in Mexico: a review

Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.

A GIS Methodology to Determine the Critical Regions for Mitigating Eutrophication in Large Territories: The Case of Jalisco, Mexico

Inadequate management practices for solid waste and wastewater are some of the main causes of eutrophication globally, especially in regions where intensive livestock, agricultural, and industrial activities are coupled with inexistent or ineffective waste and wastewater treatment infrastructure. In this study, a methodological approach is presented to spatially assess the trophic state of large territories based on public water quality databases. The trophic state index (TSI) includes total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll A, chemical oxygen demand, and Secchi disk depth values as water quality indicators. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to manage the spatiotemporal attributes of the water quality data, in addition to spatially displaying the results of TSI calculations. As a case study, this methodological approach was applied to determine the critical regions for mitigating eutrophication in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Although a decreasing trend was observed for the TSI values over time for most subbasins (2012–2019), a tendency for extreme hypereutrophication was observed in some regions, such as the Guadalajara metropolitan area and the Altos region, which are of high economic relevance at the state level. A correlation analysis was performed between the TSI parameters and rainfall measurements for all subbasins under analysis, which suggested a tendency for nutrient wash-off during the rainy seasons for most subbasins; however, further research is needed to quantify the real impacts of rainfall by including other variables such as elevation and slope. The relationships between the water quality indicators and land cover were also explored. The GIS methodology proposed in this study can be used to spatially assess the trophic state of large regions over time, taking advantage of available water quality databases. This will enable the efficient development and implementation of public policies to assess and mitigate the eutrophication of water sources, as well as the efficient allocation of resources for critical regions. Further studies should focus on applying integrated approaches combining on-site monitoring data, remote sensing data, and machine learning algorithms to spatially evaluate the trophic state of territories.

Incidencia en el consumo de pornografía infantil en Colombia y México durante el confinamiento en el primer semestre del 2020

La situación generada a causa de la pandemia del COVID-19 ha incrementado el uso de las TIC en el mundo y con ello ha aumentado el número de usuarios que visitan páginas pornográficas. En la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos del Niño (2006), la pornografía infantil es definida como toda representación, por cualquier medio, de un niño dedicado a actividades sexuales explícitas, reales o simuladas, o toda representación de las partes genitales de un niño con fines primordialmente sexuales. La pandemia trajo consigo también un incremento considerable en el volumen de descargas de pornografía infantil. En México, aumentó un 73 % durante el periodo de marzo a abril de 2020. Por su parte, en Colombia se reportaron 498 denuncias en el primer semestre del 2020. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo revisar la incidencia en el consumo de pornografía infantil en Colombia y México, específicamente en el Departamento del Atlántico y en el Estado de Jalisco, respectivamente. Este artículo se enmarca en una investigación con enfoque mixto y en el ámbito del paradigma histórico-hermenéutico, es decir, tiene como misión descubrir el significado de las cosas, interpretar las palabras, los escritos, y, en general, el comportamiento humano. El método de investigación es inductivo y descriptivo; es una investigación de base documental. La principal conclusión a la que se llega después de comparar las estadísticas entre México y Colombia es que en ambos países hubo un aumento en el mes de mayo y una disminución en junio.

The Realization of Environmental Justice: Case of the Santiago River in the Municipalities of El Salto and Juanacatlán.

This research work develops the problem of the application of the legal framework of the right to water for its protection and reparation as well as to the environment, since this is closely related to the first mentioned right, when there is an affectation. For this, we study the case of the Santiago River, one of the most important bodies of water in Mexico and with the longest length.For this reason, when we talk about the Santiago River we will refer to the body of water located in the municipalities of Juanacatlán and Salto del State of Jalisco, which, for a long time, was contaminated by dumping various types of substances, without measures being taken to reduce said activity to date. This is done with the study of the national and international legal framework on the matter, to later develop the circumstances in which they caused the damage to the River, and like these, they encouraged the various authorities to issue resolutions trying to repair the damage. Despite the existence of such determinations, they are not sufficient for the protection of this right, so in the end we propose the creation of an environmental court that is capable of solving these types of problems.

Jalisco Is Mexico: Race and Class in the Encuentro Internacional del Mariachi y la Charrería in Guadalajara, Mexico (1994–2003)

Abstract Mariachi, one of Mexico’s most recognizable musical traditions and symbols, is often associated with the western state of Jalisco and its capital Guadalajara. In particular, the Encuentro Internacional del Mariachi y la Charrería has actively promoted this association since the early 1990s. Incorporating a combination of archival and ethnographic research, this paper examines the origins of this festival in its first 10 years (1994–2003) as a site wherein notions of race and class were produced, reified, and undermined.

Use of the effectiveness of cuachalalate from healing plants in Mezquitic, Jalisco

Cuachalalate is (Amphiterigium adstringens )an arboreal species of the low deciduous forest whose bark has been used since pre-Hispanic times in traditional medicine because it is one of the products of greatest demand of Mexican herbalism and the economic importance for the communities that live in this ecosystem in the inifap Since 1989, research has been carried out to improve its management, which currently allows its sustainable and legal use. This study was carried out in Jalisco Zacatecas whose objective was to know the use of the curative plants of cuachalalate with traditional medicine as preventive of a scarring of some of the wounds as well as the most frequently consumed and the results indicate that the main areas or fronts of the cortex are from the State of Jalisco for the human

An Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Environmental Sustainability in Agro-Industrial Waste Management Practices: The Case of the Tequila Industry

Sustainable waste management is a key component needed to achieve multiple of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations for the year 2030. Such waste management can reduce the degradation of superficial water sources and can contribute to the sustainable and efficient use of resources. Due to their usually high nutrient and organic loads, agro-industrial wastes pose a threat to soil and water resources and are a major contributor to greenhouse gas generation. In this study, a novel approach was proposed to assess the environmental sustainability of vinasse management practices, integrating an extensive physicochemical characterization of tequila vinasses, a GIS-based weighted overlay analysis and a scenario analysis. Mathematical models were applied for the determination of discharged pollutants (nitrogen, phosphorus, BOD5), as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This methodology was applied to an environmental sustainability assessment of the management practices of tequila vinasses, which are one of the main waste streams generated by the agro-industry in the Mexican state of Jalisco and are one of the main contributors to organic and nutrient loads affecting the water quality of Jalisco’s superficial water sources. Through this integrated approach, critical regions for the management of tequila vinasses were determined and an extensive physicochemical characterization of tequila vinasses was performed and applied to assess the environmental sustainability of four management scenarios for tequila vinasses. These results can be used by decision-makers for the implementation of public policy and infrastructure for the improvement of local and regional waste management systems. Additionally, these data may be used to increase the environmental sustainability of the tequila industry. The proposed methodology has the potential to be applied to different waste-intensive regions as well as different organic waste streams for the assessment of the environmental sustainability of specific management practices considering the local and regional context.

COVID-19 and gastrointestinal symptoms in Mexico, a systematic review: does location matter?

BackgroundCovid-19 in Mexico is on the rise in different parts of the country. We aimed to study the symptoms and comorbidities that associate with this pandemic in 3 different regions of Mexico.MethodsWe analyzed data from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients evaluated at healthcare centers and hospitals of Mexico (n = 1607) including Northwest Mexico (Sinaloa state), Southeast Mexico (Veracruz state) and West Mexico (Jalisco state) between March 1 and July 30, 2020. Mexico consists of a total population that exceeds 128 million. Demographics, comorbidities and clinical symptoms were collected. Statistical descriptive analysis and correlation analyses of symptoms, comorbidities and mortality were performed.ResultsA total of 1607 hospitalized patients positive for COVID-19 across all 3 regions of Mexico were included. The average age was 54.6 years and 60.4% were male. A mortality rate of 33.1% was observed. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (43.2%), obesity (30.3%) and diabetes (31.4%). Hypertension was more frequent in West (45%), followed by Northwest (37%) and Southeast Mexico (29%). Obesity was around 30% in Northwest and West whereas an 18% was reported in Southeast. Diabetes was most common in West (34%) followed by Northwest (22%) and Southeast (13%). This might be related to the highest mortality rate in Northwest (31%) and West (37%) when compared to Southeast. Most common symptoms in our overall cohort were fever (80.8%), cough (79.8%), headache (66%), dyspnea (71.1%), myalgia (53.8%), joints pain (50.8%) and odynophagia (34.8%). Diarrhea was the main gastrointestinal (GI) symptom (21.3%), followed by abdominal pain (18%), and nausea/ vomiting (4.5%). Diarrhea and abdominal pain were more common in West (23.1 and 21%), followed by Southeast (17.8, and 9.8%) and Northwest (11.4 and 3.1%).ConclusionOur study showed a high mortality rate likely related to high frequencies of comorbidities (hypertension, obesity and diabetes). Mortality was different across regions. These discrepancies might be related to the differences in the frequencies of comorbidities, and partially attributed to differences in socio-economic conditions and quality of care. Thus, our findings stress the need for improved strategies to get better outcomes in our population.

Regional Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis for the Mexican Subduction Zone From Stochastic Slip Models

AbstractThe Mexican subduction zone is prone to large earthquakes that impact populated coastal and inland cities due to strong shaking and can generate potentially disastrous tsunamis. Even though the population and infrastructure on the Mexican Pacific coast may experience tsunamis, only sparse instrumentation and scarce tsunami observations exist for both, historical and instrumental, records. This study presents a probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis that can provide information for managing and assessing risks in the region. We use ensembles of numerical tsunami simulations to estimate the probability of exceedance of the maximum tsunami amplitudes, considering the contribution of near sources and slip heterogeneities, for return periods of 100, 500, and 1,000 years. According to 7,946 simulated scenarios, the amplitudes can reach up to 9.5 m along the shoreline. Moreover, tsunami hazard maps, curves, and disaggregation analyses reveal critical hazard points along the coasts of the states of Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Behavior, and Practices of Self-Breast Examination in Jalisco, Mexico.

The importance of self-breast examination to identify early signs of breast cancer has been widely discussed in scientific literature. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of women aged 18 years and over (n = 547) living in urban and rural areas in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. Survey questions included measures on knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and practices related to self-breast examination. We compared these measures between women living in urban and rural areas and women aged 18-39 years and 40+ years. Using t-test, we tested the significance of these differentials. Our results indicate that there is no significant difference in knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and practices regarding self-breast examination between women living in urban and in rural areas of Jalisco. However, we found some difference in these measures between women in 18-39 years and 40+ years. While the State of Jalisco has taken significant steps toward promoting significance of cancer prevention, further attention to women in the older cohort is recommended.

Incidence of dengue illness in Mexican people aged 6 months to 50 years old: A prospective cohort study conducted in Jalisco.

The burden of dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne pathogen, remains difficult to assess due to misdiagnosis and underreporting. Moreover, the large proportion of asymptomatic dengue cases impairs comprehensive assessment of its epidemiology even where effective surveillance systems are in place. We conducted a prospective community-based study to assess the incidence of symptomatic dengue cases in Zapopan and neighboring municipalities in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Healthy subjects aged 6 months to 50 years living in households located in the Zapopan and neighboring municipalities were enrolled for a 24-month follow-up study (NCT02766088). Serostatus was determined at enrolment and weekly contacts were conducted via phone calls and home visits. Participants had to report any febrile episode lasting for at least two days. Suspected dengue cases were tested by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), detection of non-structural protein 1 (NS1), anti-DENV immunoglobulin G and M (IgG and IgM) assays. A total of 350 individuals from 87 households were enrolled. The overall seroprevalence of anti-DENV IgG at enrolment was 19.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.5-25.6) with the highest seroprevalence rate observed in the adult group. Over the 27-month study period from July 2016 to September 2018, a total of 18 suspected dengue cases were reported. Four cases were confirmed by RT-qPCR and serotyped as DENV-1. A fifth case was confirmed by the NS1 assay. The 13 remaining suspected cases were tested negative by these assays. Based on the 5 virologically confirmed cases, symptomatic dengue incidence proportion of 1.4% (95%CI 0.5-3.8) was estimated. No severe cases or hospitalizations occurred during the study. Community-based active surveillance was shown as efficient to detect symptomatic dengue cases. NCT02766088.

Relation between soil solution composition and petiole cellular extract of crops in western Mexico

Crop fertilization greatly impacts food production. However, insufficient applications can lead to poor yields. On the other hand, an excessive application leads to soil and aquifers pollution. In this paper, field studies were carried out to determine the ranges of mineral concentration and the interaction of the ions in the soil solution (SS) and the petiole cellular extract (PCE) in several cultures established in the states of Guanajuato, Colima and Jalisco, Mexico. The hypothesis states that there is a causal relationship between the mineral composition of the soil solution (SS) and the minerals and total soluble solids (TSS) in petiole cellular extract (PCE). The following cultures were studied in this research: avocado, blueberry, broccoli, cauliflower, raspberry, strawberry, lettuce, cantaloupe, papaya, and pepper. For each culture, PCE samples and SS samples using a press to break tissue and ceramic tip lysimeters were obtained. The results were processed to obtain ranges of variation within 50% of the closest values to the median. Correlations between the several ion concentrations were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed values (mg L-1) of NO3- (40-620), PO43- (17-66), K+ (3-377), Ca2+ (27-582), Na+ (15.3-500), Mg2+ (10-53), Fe3+ (0.6‑1.8), and Zn2+ (2.8-7.4) in soil solution, which allowed obtaining values of NO3- (27-9225), K+ (820-9375), Ca2+ (1.0-650), Na+ (25-620) and TSS (2-13 °Brix) in petiole cellular extract of petiole. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the concentrations of the SS ions regarding the concentrations in PCE in crops suggesting a relationship between the plant nutritive assimilation and cations or anions present in soil solution. The conclusion derived from this study is that ionic concentration ranges registered in the SS and in the PCE provide an approximation to the ranges of nutritional sufficiency for the horticultural crops established in the summer-winter in western Mexico.

<p><strong><em>Chusquea contrerasii </em></strong><strong>and<em> C. guzmanii </em>(Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico</strong></p>

Chusquea is the richest genus of woody bamboo worldwide, with 191 described species distributed from Mexico, the Antilles, and Central America to southern South America. Mexico has 22 described species distributed along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur, Sierra Madre Oriental and Chiapas Highlands. Two of the five subgenera recognized within Chusquea, subg. Chusquea and subg. Swallenochloa, are present in Mexico. Chusquea subg. Chusquea is classified into six sections, of which Chusquea sect. Longifoliae has 12 described species; four of them are present in Mexico. Based on recent morphological work that included an extensive taxonomic investigation of herbarium specimens and fieldwork carried out in the Mexican state of Jalisco, two new Chusquea species, C. contrerasii and C. guzmanii, are described and illustrated here. Both species are endemic to Jalisco, Mexico. Morphologically, Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanni are similar to C. nelsonii. A comparative morphological table is presented, and in addition to the scientific illustrations, photographs of both species are also presented here. These two new species increase the total number of Chusquea species in Mexico to 24. Sect. Longifoliae now has 14 species, six of them distributed in Mexico and the total diversity of Chusquea increases to 193 described species.

Análisis descriptivo de las diferencias por sexo en los estudiantes de licenciatura de la Universidad de Guadalajara

Existen características biológicas y psicológicas que distinguen a hombres y mujeres. Si bien tales diferencias se manifiestan en todas las áreas de la vida y en todas sus etapas, particularmente se evidencia en la etapa universitaria, donde se suscitan en los jóvenes cambios personales trascendentales. El presente estudio tiene como finalidad hacer un estudio comparativo para identificar y cuantificar las diferencias por sexo que existen entre los estudiantes de licenciatura de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Se analizaron distintas variables de diversa índole: desde demográficas y académicas hasta de orientación sexual adicciones y de bienestar general. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de una consulta online e incluye una muestra de 5245 alumnos de licenciatura de los diferentes centros universitarios de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara y regionales de Jalisco. Se realizó un análisis gráfico, descriptivo e inferencial de las diferencias por sexo. Los resultados revelan diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los rubros analizados; por ejemplo, la proporción de mujeres que son madres es mayor que la de hombres que son padres (4.57 % vs. 2.69 %); las mujeres tienen una calificación promedio mayor a la de los hombres (86.40 vs. 84.75), y el porcentaje de quienes han probado alguna droga es mayor en hombres que en mujeres (34.67 % vs. 22.57 %).

Analysis of the beef supply in Veracruz, Jalisco and Chiapas states, Mexico, 2000-2019

Objective: to determine the effect of the variables that impact the supply of beef in Veracruz, Jalisco and Chiapas states, Mexico, from 2000 to 2019.Methodological design/approach: a multiple linear regression model was used; where the supply was the dependent variable and the price of beef, corn price and annual rainfall were the explanatory variables.Results: the dynamics of the beef production in Veracruz, Jalisco and Chiapas were directly and inelastically explainedby its price with a value of 0.89, 0.13 and 0.49; inversely and inelastically by the price of corn (-0.05, 0.005 and -0.05)and directly and inelastically by the state annual precipitation (0.16, 0.01 and 0.21).Study limitations/implications: it is suggested to test the statistical and economic significance with the Cobb-Douglas supply models to contrast their elasticities.Findings/conclusions: the variable that explained the dynamics of bovine production in these Mexican states was the price of the product, while the price of corn was the one with the least impact

Presence of Mycobacterium sp in the feces of captive wild birds in three municipalities of the State of Jalisco

Presence of Mycobacterium sp in the feces of captive wild birds in three municipalities of the State of Jalisco

Population Dynamics of the Predator Mite Bdella longistriata1 Collected by Malaise Trap at Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Bdella longistriata Atyeo is a mite with restricted distribution that has been registered in the United States of America (Texas) and Mexico (Colima, State of Mexico, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas). Were colected 130 mites in different stages of development, except larvae and eggs. Population structure collected by the Malaise trap were 85% females, 9% males, and 6% immature stages. The mites were compared with those collected in a Berlese funnel from a tropical deciduous forest in the State of Jalisco.

Climatology and vulnerability to climate change in the “Altos de Jalisco” region, Mexico

The State of Jalisco has high levels of vulnerability to climate change, so it is necessary to identify the areas that present the highest risk. At present, it is important to have information to design and implement measures that reduce the effects of climate change on water resources.

First record of a wild population of Laelia dawsonii f. dawsonii (Orchidaceae) for the state of Jalisco, Mexico

The existence of a wild population of Laelia dawsonii f. dawsonii is recorded for the first time in the Mexican State of Jalisco. Laelia dawsonii has a wide geographical distribution throughout the Sierra Madre del Sur (Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Jalisco); however, the populations are very isolated, and each one has very few individuals. Until now, no wild populations of this species had been registered outside of the State of Oaxaca. The population found in Jalisco is composed of about 100 plants. Due to its horticultural importance, L. dawsonii has been frequently extracted from the field, and its Oaxacan populations have been decimated since the end of the 19th century. Currently, this species is considered endangered in Mexico.
 Keywords: biogeography, conservation, Laeliinae, Laelia anceps

First detection of orchid fleck virus in orchids in Mexico.

For the first time, an isolate of the dichorhavirus orchid fleck virus (OFV, family Rhabdoviridae) was found infecting an orchid plant in Mexico. The infected sample of Epidendrum veroscriptum was collected in a nursery in Lagunillas, municipality of Zihuateutla, Edo. Puebla. Mites gathered on this plant were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy, which consistently indicated the presence of adults of the species Brevipalpus californicus, the common vector of OFV. Viral identification was based on symptoms, cytopathology, and reverse transcriptase-PCR/sequencing of genome fragments of the RNA1 and 2 molecules. Since isolates of OFV causing citrus leprosis have been previously detected in the Mexican states of Chiapas, Querétaro, and Jalisco, we promote a pertinent discussion and thought-provoking questions regarding the epidemiology and putative evolution of OFV.