Jakarta Metropolitan Area Research Articles

TOD-related features and station-level ridership: insights from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

AbstractThis paper contributes to the extensive literature on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) by examining the association between TOD-related features and station-level ridership using the Commuter Rail Line system in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia, as a case study. We empirically test this hypothesized association through a series of statistical analyses, drawing from the Direct Ridership Model (DRM) literature. We incorporate indicators of station-level built environment as TOD-related features, along with socio-demographics and transit service characteristics as controls, to predict station-level ridership. Owing to the spatial dependency nature of the data, our results primarily focus on spatial regressions, suggesting that employment density and land-use entropy are consistent TOD-related features influencing station-level ridership. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy insights based on the findings, considering governmental initiatives in developing TOD policies.

Suburban transport complexity in Indonesia

This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of suburban transportation transformation within the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, with a specific focus on the evolution of the Commuter Line and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems. Utilizing spatial analysis, qualitative descriptions, and stakeholder insights, the paper unveils self-organizing dynamics. It critically examines the role of transportation infrastructure in shaping the broader landscape of urban development. Unlike a traditional approach, the paper seeks to unravel the self-organization processes embedded in transportation planning, unveiling adaptive strategies crafted to tackle the distinct challenges of suburban transportation. By using autonomy, flexibility, adaptability, and collaboration frameworks, the paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of suburban transportation dynamics, with implications for policymakers, planners, and researchers grappling with similar challenges in diverse metropolitan regions.

Commuting Behaviors of People with Disabilities and the Implications for Transport Planning and Policy: A Preliminary Study

This research aimed to obtain an initial understanding of the commuting behaviors of people with disabilities, which has not been widely discussed in the transportation planning literature in Indonesia. Facets studied included frequency of weekly commuting; trip duration to the workplace; trip chaining behavior; usage of public transportation; and utilization of private vehicles. Commuting trips were limited to the home-work-home context, and the research was conducted on adult disabled commuters (aged 17 to 60) in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabodetabek). A total of 51 commuters with motor and sensory (visual and auditory) disabilities participated in the survey. The results indicate that people with disabilities tend to spend more hours commuting; use public transportation, with the TransJakarta Bus Rapid Transit and paratransit in the form of online motorcycle taxis as the primary modes of transport; and engage in pre-planned trip chaining activities, primarily for visiting family, friends, and clients as well as doing grocery shopping and getting medical treatment. The research findings can serve as valuable resources for developing inclusive transportation policies and planning, such as improving and enhancing access to public transportation for people with disabilities, supporting inclusive training policy in the public transportation field, implementing TOD strategies, and advancing transportation technology to enhance convenience for people with disabilities.

Determining factors influencing flood preparedness among citizens in Jakarta: A protection motivation theory approach

The Jakarta Metropolitan Area is one of the cities heavily affected by floods in Asia. Effective disaster risk reduction strategies require deep understanding of what motivates its citizens towards preparedness and mitigation actions. This study aimed to discern these motivating factors among Jakarta's residents through the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) approach. Through an online survey, 304 participants provided insights into how the extended PMT factors shape their Protection Motivation (PM) towards flood preparedness. A total of nine (9) variables and 41 constructs were considered in this study. PMT factors were comprised of PM, Perceived Severity (PS), Perceived Vulnerability (PV), Response Efficacy (RE), and Perceived Self-Efficacy (SE) along with additional factors such as Media (M), Government Preventive Actions (GA), Flood Experience (FE), and Geographical Perspectives (GP). Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that SE had the most substantial impact on influencing PM (β = 0.522) followed by PV, PS, and RE. The results also showed the significance of M and GA to both SE and RE. Meanwhile, FE illustrates positive impact to both PV and PS. Interestingly, GP was found to be only significant to PV and not to PS. External factors M and GA demonstrated a significant indirect effect on PM through SE, whereas GP exhibited a significant indirect effect on PM through PV. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and disaster management practitioners, emphasizing the power of media and the need for comprehensive strategies that address both the psychological and practical aspects of flood disaster readiness in Jakarta and potentially other flood-prone regions.

The Influence of Factors on Students' Financial Management: SEM Approach

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing student financial management in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. The study included 206 Jakarta Metropolitan Area respondents who met the following criteria: active students at Jakarta Metropolitan Area universities aged 17 to 25 years. The study employed the SEM-PLS method as the primary analysis approach. The results indicated that several factors showed positive and negative correlations on student financial management in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. Specifically, self-control and financial literacy, which are internal factors, influenced financial management, while allowances and good lifestyle, which are external factors, had no influence. These findings suggest that individuals tend to manage their finances effectively when equipped with a thorough understanding of financial principles and strong self-control. The results of this study offer significant practical implications for the Jakarta Metropolitan Area government in designing strategies to increase financial inclusion more effectively. This study emphasizes the importance of self-control and financial literacy as the main factors affecting financial management skills among college students, and lifestyle factors and the amount of pocket money have no significant effect. Furthermore, financial institutions can use these findings to develop better financial products to meet consumers' preferences for sound financial principles. By providing a better understanding of the factors influencing financial management, this research can contribute to more responsible, sustainable, and compliant financial management within society.

Comprehensive spatiotemporal evaluation of urban growth, surface urban heat island, and urban thermal conditions on Java island of Indonesia and implications for urban planning

Urban heat island (UHI) and thermal comfort conditions are among the impacts of urbanization, which have been extensively studied in most cities around the world. However, the comprehensive studies in Indonesia in the context of urbanization is still lacking. This study aimed to classify land use and land cover (LULC) and analyse urban growth and its effects on surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) and urban thermal conditions as well as contributing factors to SUHI intensity (SUHII) using remote sensing in the western part of Java Island and three focused urban areas: the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA), the Bandung and Cimahi Municipalities (BC), and the Sukabumi Municipality (SKB). Landsat imagery from three years was used: 2000, 2009, and 2019. Three types of daytime SUHII were quantified, namely the SUHII of urban central area and two SUHIIs of urban sprawl area. In the last two decades, urban areas have grown by more than twice in JMA and SKB and nearly 1.5 times in BC. Along with the growth of the three cities, the SUHII in the urban central area has almost reached a magnitude of 6 °C in the last decade. Rates of land surface temperature change of the unchanged urban pixels have magnitudes of 0.25, 0.15, and 0.14 °C/year in JMA, SKB, and BC, respectively. The urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI) and discomfort index (DI) showed that the strongest SUHI effect was most prevalent in urban pixels and the regions were mostly in the very hot and hot categories. Anthropogenic heat flux and urban ratio have positive contributions to SUHII variation, while vegetation and water ratios are negative contributors to SUHII variation. For each city, the contributing factors have a unique magnitude that can be used to evaluate SUHII mitigation options.

Reasons for freehold homeownership of the younger generations to live in vertical housing in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Reasons for freehold homeownership of the younger generations to live in vertical housing in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

From agriculture to new town: land conversion towards new-build gentrification in the southwest of Jakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Located in the southwest of Jakarta, Pagedangan has been known as one of the hotspots for large-scale residential complexes or ‘new town’ in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia. By using a diachronic approach, we aim to examine spatial transformations of rural Pagedangan at micro-scale from 1901 to 2022 which shows the trajectory of new-build gentrification in the study area. This study thoroughly examines how land conversion transforms the rural Pagedangan into gentrifying urban landscape using historical maps and multitemporal imageries. During the last decade, Pagedangan has experienced massive agricultural land conversion which increased land price in the area. It has become gentrified seen by the rise of new town’s urban economy. Meanwhile, pre-existing irregular settlements, or kampungs, have remained as an assemblage of enclaves in a new town, a realm that completely differs from their previous rural environment. Despite displacement has not yet been the main issue in Pagedangan, kampungs are still possibly at risk of disappearance. This study delivers a comprehensive empirical study on physical gentrification process to provide insights into urban studies discourse, especially in urban Asia. This study proposes kampung as an important spatial entity which government should consider in Indonesian land use planning and urban policy making.

THE TRANSITION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE OF THE JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA

Global population growth and improved transportation The Jakarta metropolitan area contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The DKI Jakarta Provincial Government has implemented policies to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, but the growth of electric vehicles in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area still faces challenges. The study aims to investigate the psychological and social factors influencing people's intention to switch to electric vehicles and their contribution to the region's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The quantitative approach was taken using an online survey method on 200 Jakarta metropolitan communities with a purposive sampling withdrawal technique. This study chose the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis technique. The analysis showed that electric vehicle knowledge and environmental concern significantly positively affected subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioural control. These three psychological drivers found their role in the intention to switch to electric vehicles and SDGs Contribution. Recommendations focused on strengthening fiscal transportation policies, supporting infrastructure and sustainable transportation planning at metropolitan Jakarta and national scales.

Pandemic at the Gates: The Improvement of Social Capital and Collective Efficacy in Neighbourhoods of the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area

This study seeks to interpret the presence of social capital and collective efficacy among residents of neighbourhoods in the Greater Metropolitan Jakarta Area (GJMA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A quantitative study was undertaken by surveying 922 GJMA residents on the basis of their perception of the improvement of five components of social capital. During this period, neighbourhood residents improved their social capital and practised collective efficacy in several concrete forms to meet their common goals and procure the required goods. Although this study finds the shared values and norms, social network size, mutual aid and trust, civic engagement and participation in activities improved during the pandemic, the level of monthly income and marital and tenurial status implicated the quality of social ties and capital.

Spatial Interactions between Planned Settlements and Small Businesses: Evidence from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Rapid urban growth is reshaping cities and promoting economic development in low and middle-income countries throughout Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of Micro-, Small-, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSME) emerging as a crucial factor. This study explores the complex relationship between MSMEs and planned settlements within the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia. Utilizing official government data and extensive GIS sources analyzed using a Spatial Lag Model, the research assessed the spatial interactions between MSMEs and sixteen variables, revealing the statistical significance of eight of these variables. Notably, the study identified a negative correlation between the prevalence of planned settlements and the number of MSMEs, indicating that areas with a higher proportion of planned settlement land use tend to have fewer MSMEs. Emphasizing the importance of land use and built environment policies, the findings underscore MSMEs’ preference for locations with a greater share of commercial land uses. Moreover, the research highlights the localized nature of MSMEs, suggesting a tendency to cluster in specific areas. As Indonesia and other Global South countries experience rapid urbanization and potential increases in planned settlements, the study underscores the need for policymakers to develop strategies that foster a synergistic relationship between planned settlement development and MSME growth to support sustainable urban development.

Kapabilitas sumber daya transformasi industri 4.0 dan pengaruhnya terhadap industri mikro kuliner berkelanjutan dan ekonomi sirkular kawasan metropolitan

Industrial Revolution 4.0 (I4.0) is a major trend in various sectors, including IMK, which is very important in Indonesia. I4.0 supports sustainable development and sustainable business while minimizing environmental impact. This study aims to identify key resources for the adoption of Industry 4.0 and its impact on the sustainable business and circular economy of the Jakarta culinary IMK. This study uses mixed methods (mixed methodology) with exploratory analysis (Explanatory Factor Analysis/EFA) and modeling-based hypothesis testing. The initial stage involved a PRISMA-based systematic literature review (SLR) to form a theoretical model. Model testing uses structural equation modeling with partial least squares (SEM PLS). Data was obtained from field questionnaires given to 293 culinary micro- and small-industry (IMK) players in the Jakarta metropolitan area. The research results found that production system management, HR leadership, and green business operations influence the adoption of I4.0 and sustainable culinary production systems. The use of information technology as an important key also supports the adoption of Industry 4.0 and the sustainable production system of Jakarta metropolitan culinary IMK. In the end, both the adoption of Industry 4.0 and sustainable culinary production systems have a significant impact on circular economy capabilities and sustainable business. This study provides recommendations for local governments to facilitate technology adoption, provide financial support, and have adequate IT infrastructure. The government can also start integrating sustainable circularity rules into the requirements for IMK Culinary to enter the consumer goods procurement market on the government's agenda. The IMK Association can promote collaboration and education, as well as advocacy for circular IMK business. Academics can provide training and innovation research related to technology adoption and sustainable practices at culinary IMKs in Jakarta.

Gender Wage Gap and Commuting Time: An Empirical Analysis in The Jakarta Metropolitan Area

Gender Wage Gap and Commuting Time: An Empirical Analysis in The Jakarta Metropolitan Area

The crucial role of motorcycle-based ride-hailing among commuters: The case of Jakarta and Bandung in metropolitan areas

In Indonesia, issues in the metropolitan transportation sector are considered severe. For instance, peripheral districts in the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA), such as Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi, contribute to the high mobility rate within the metropolitan area. This article examines the extent of motorcycle-based ride-hailing for commuting in the JMA and Bandung metropolitan areas (BMA). In particular, this study explores ride-hailing users’ characteristics—social, economic and spatial—and their proportion to the total commuter mobility in a metropolitan area. The study employed descriptive statistical models using commuter data in the JMA and BMA, respectively. Our results indicate that young and lower-income commuters are the dominant users of ride-hailing services. As motorcycle taxi services are relatively cheaper and accessible, young and lower-income commuters, including informal workers, prefer ride-hailing services. The study also suggests the impact of the intensification of inter-peri-urban mobilities of post-suburbanisation on the increasing demand for ride-hailing. In this sense, the study proposes that the long-overdue strengthening of metropolitan-scale governance is urgently required. It is also crucial for metropolitan governments to issue appropriate inter-district public transportation policies and engage in development.

Long-term trends of ozone precursors and ozone sensitivity in Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A view from space

Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) is an urban agglomeration in Indonesia where the air quality has dramatically changed from relatively clean to polluted. Economic growth, increased population, and village-to-city expansion marked the development of Jakarta and the satellite cities surrounding it, such as Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. In line with human activities, large amounts of air pollutants are emitted and affect human health and vegetation. Ozone (O3) is a secondary air pollutant formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This study aims to investigate the long-term trend of ozone precursors and ozone sensitivity in JMA from space. Trends analysis is studied using quantile regression. We used NO2 and formaldehyde (HCHO) column density from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard Aura Satellite from 2011 to 2022. Ozone sensitivity is derived from the ratio of HCHO and NO2 (FNR). The results show an upward trend in HCHO and a slight NO2 downward over JMA. In general, FNR changed from a predominantly VOC-limited regime in urban JMA to a transitional regime suggesting control of VOC and NOx is needed to reduce ozone concentration. Meanwhile, FNR in suburban and rural areas such as Bogor is toward a more NOx-limited regime.

Effects of Climate Change on Environmental Health in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area

This research investigates community perceptions of climate change and its implications for environmental health in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) through a quantitative analysis of 150 participants. The study assesses awareness levels, attitudes, and adaptive measures, employing a regression analysis to identify factors influencing climate change awareness. Results reveal a generally high level of awareness, with specific concerns about air and water quality, vector-borne diseases, and perceived threats to overall well-being. The community actively engages in adaptive measures, expressing a desire for increased governmental involvement. The regression analysis highlights age, educational background, and socio-economic status as significant predictors of climate change awareness. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the importance of targeted educational campaigns, community engagement initiatives, and addressing awareness disparities to enhance climate resilience in urban settings.

Effects of Product Pricing, Product Packaging, and Place on Consumer Buying Behavior through Customer Satisfaction

This study aims to analyze the effect of product pricing and product packaging on consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction. This research was carried out by distributing questionnaires via Google Form to 125 respondents who are Mixue consumers in the Jakarta metropolitan area, at least 17 years old, have made at least 2 product purchases in the last six months, and know Mixue products and prices. This study used a quantitative approach by collecting data through surveys and purposive sampling. The data obtained was processed via SEM with SmartPls software. This research finds that product pricing significantly affects consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.0). Product packaging also directly and significantly influences consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.0). The place also directly and significantly influences consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.033). Customer satisfaction also directly and significantly influences consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.0). Product pricing positively and significantly influences consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction. Product packaging positively and significantly influences consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction (p-value 0.030). The place also positively and significantly influences consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction (p-value 0.040).

Linking Jakarta’s Typical Indonesian Urban Context, Air Pollution, and Child Health

Introduction: Jakarta, the second largest metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo, has experienced rapid development that may not have adhered to the established urban planning regulations. These have caused multiple urban health risk issues, such as high private transportation use, coal-powered plants, lack of green spaces, and industrialization. All of regulations have contributed to the high level of air pollutants in Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Air pollution is one of the most significant health problems in the world and children are especially exposed confirmed. The fact that children’s organs are still in growth and development phase means that they are especially susceptible to the pollutants entering the body. Existing data showed that the air pollutants in JMA, specifically PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO are categorized as moderate to high compared to the international standards, therefore, could potentially become a contributing factor to the mortality and morbidity of children living in Jakarta. Conclusion: More aggressive approaches are required to tackle air pollution issues, especially because the United Nations News. UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right. 2022. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482.

The study of social inclusion and gender equality on public transport satisfaction: Case of Metropolitan Jakarta

Three types of mass transit services have been developed in Jakarta metropolitan area; however, it was found that the majority 80% of commuters are still using private vehicles. This paper aims to explore the reasons why most commuters are still preferring to opt using private vehicles. A total of 23 attributes concerning the quality of public transport services have been investigated by conducting surveys and collecting data. As result, even majority of users mentioned that they are satisfied with the overall quality of the mass of transit, they are still hoping for improvement in some services attributes. Also, female passengers and teenagers consider security officer presence as one of the attributes needed to be improved. To enhance social inclusion and promote gender equality, practical strategies are recommended such as discounts and improvement of feeder service, special wagon for female and youth passengers, and adjusted schedules to conform with school time.

Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban heat Island of Jakarta metropolitan

Around 151 million people (56%) of Indonesia's population currently live in cities. When the inner city sees substantially warmer temperatures than neighboring rural areas, a city experiences the urban heat island (UHI) effect. For both day and night time, the inner city within the Jakarta area tends to have a higher land and surface air temperature in comparison to its surroundings. Using available remote sensing satellite data (MODIS and Landsat) and surface meteorological observations, this research detects and defines the spatiotemporal land surface (SUHI) development in the Jakarta agglomeration region. In this paper, how the intensity of land surface (SUHI) and surface air UHI (AUHI) is measured, the trend assessment of 20 years SUHI area, as well as how land use change contributes to UHI development in the Jakarta Metropolitan area, is discussed. The results show that the SUHI intensity is approximately 3°C–6°C and AUHI is approximately 1°C–2.5 °C. This paper offers a comprehensive feature of UHI in Greater Jakarta as a research novelty, which is getting worse in response to global warming.