Jacques De Research Articles

Review of On-Farm Food Waste and Loss

The global challenge of food waste has gained increasing attention in recent years, highlighted by Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 to halve global food waste by 2030. On-farm practices are pivotal in influencing the amount of food lost before it reaches consumers. It is estimated globally that 15% of food is wasted before it leaves the farm. This project conducts a review of existing tools, technologies, management practices, and strategies designed to prevent, minimise, and manage on-farm food waste. This project is in collaboration with the Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor to support them with their upcoming report on food waste prevention.
 Supervised by: Jacques de Satgé, Miranda Mirosa, Grace Clare

Magical Monsters: Hybrids and Witchcraft in Early Modern Art

Abstract Studies of early modern images of witchcraft interpret the motif of hybrid creatures as representations of demonic incarnations intended in part to demonstrate the artists’ inventive prowess and capacity for phantasia. This article broadens the scope of analysis by arguing that the hybrid functions as a prolific site of reflection on the symbolic analogy between art and witchcraft, highlighting the common creativity attributed to the artist and the magician both. A comparative analysis of Italian, German, and Dutch images produced in the long sixteenth century identifies three distinctive aspects of the hybrid: as the offspring of Circe's magic of transformation in the works of Pellegrino Tibaldi and Annibale Carracci, as the figurative expression of witchcraft-associated features in Jacques de Gheyn II's engraving, and as an artistic invention in a theatrical design after Raffaello Gualterotti and an engraved grotesque ornament by Heinrich Aldegrever.

Non-invasive analysis of heritage textiles with MA-XRF mapping—exploring the possibilities. The study of Bishop Jacques de Vitry's mitres and fragile medieval reliquary purses from Namur (Belgium)

This manuscript explores the potential of macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) for the non-invasive analysis of heritage textiles. XRF, especially with the portable instruments, is a well-known technique for the non-destructive examination of various cultural heritage objects. It allows analysis of elemental composition based on single-point measurements. However, large, or complex textiles require numerous analysis points to identify the materials used and correctly interpret the spectra. MA-XRF takes this type of research to the next level, as it is possible to visualise the element distribution over an entire mapped area. In this paper, we discuss the application of this technique to the study of complex and multi-layered textile objects from exceptional Belgian heritage collections, including two mitres attributed to Bishop Jacques de Vitry, dating between twelfth and thirteenth century, and two of the seven extremely fine medieval reliquary purses from Namur. These are very fragile, richly decorated textile objects whose current state of preservation is a major impediment to sampling. MA-XRF mapping was applied for the identification of the elements of different materials in a non-invasive manner, including metal threads, ink, dyes, and various materials used in illuminations. In addition to material identification, stratigraphic information was obtained from the visualisation of element distributions, and hidden structural details were discovered. MA-XRF was also tested on some areas with more relief, such as the embroidery and braid made with metal threads, and the undulated multi-layered structure of the parchment mitre. Even though the analyses here could not be carried out in optimal conditions, these locations could also be analysed, albeit at a lower resolution. Finally, the technique proved very effective as a tool for screening, allowing samples to be taken at a more informative and representative location and minimising sampling.

Baltic Question in Russia’s Foreign Policy (1558—1730)

The issue of the development of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the Baltic region after the death of Peter I is considered as a continuation of the foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible. The aim of the work is to study the continuity of foreign policy in the Baltic on an all-Russian scale. The study is based on clerical sources: correspondence of the French representative in Russia, Jacques de Campredon, notes and business correspondence of the Vice-Chancellor of the Russian Empire, Baron A. I. Osterman. Record keeping materials of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, taken from the archives of the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, were used. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the influence and significance of the Baltic issue in the context of the development of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the first years after the death of Peter I. The influence of the Baltic question on the foreign policy of Russia in the 18th century in the context of the formation of military-political blocs in Europe after the War of the Spanish Succession is demonstrated. The author comes to the conclusion that the continuity of the Baltic issue can be traced from the time of Ivan the Terrible to Peter I and his heirs. It is argued that subjective factors had a strong influence on the foreign policy of Russia in the first post-Petrine years, but were successfully leveled by the foreign policy department under the leadership of A. I. Osterman.

Jacques de Vitry (d. 1240) and the Religious Life of his Time

AbstractIn this article the scholar, preacher and bishop Jacques de Vitry (d. 1240) is taken as a vantage point to look at the religious life of his time. He had personal involvement with the nascent university of Paris, the earliest beguines of the Low Countries, the crusades against heretics and Muslims, and the first friars. He left varied and vivid descriptions of these movements. His writings also constantly reveal a counter‐current of scepticism and derision on the part of those who dismissed these religious movements as sanctimonious or hypocritical.

ISKUSTVENA NASPRAM SIMBOLIČKE GEOGRAFIJE: INOVACIJE MARKA POLA U OPISIMA ISTOKA U ODNOSU NA SREDNjOVEKOVNU DIDAKTIČKU KNjIŽEVNOST

This article aims to examine Marco Polo’s innovations of the descriptions of the Orient in his travelogue Le Devisement du monde (13th century). Unlike other geographical texts largely transmitted in the Middle Ages (Pierre de Beauvais’ Mappemonde, Jacques de Vitry’s Historia Orientalis, Goussouin de Metz’ Image du monde, La Lettre du Prêtre Jean) and the medieval bestiaries, Marco Polo’s travelogue (transcribed actually by Rustichello da Pisa in Franco-Ital- ian) manifests mostly its practical side: it informs the reader on the landscapes, climate, plants and animals in Asia, as well as the peoples who live there, their customs and the reign of the Great Khan, Kublai. Thus, this text clearly differs from the cosmographical tradition of sym- bolic representations, which the author questions, moreover, by the explicit deconstruction of some legends (the ones of the unicorn or the salamander, for instance).

A Pious Belligerence: Dialogical Warfare and the Rhetoric of Righteousness in the Crusading Near East by Uri Zvi Shachar

Reviewed by: A Pious Belligerence: Dialogical Warfare and the Rhetoric of Righteousness in the Crusading Near East by Uri Zvi Shachar John Tolan A Pious Belligerence: Dialogical Warfare and the Rhetoric of Righteousness in the Crusading Near East. By Uri Zvi Shachar. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2021. Pp. x, 320. $65.00. ISBN: 9780812253337.) In the year 1211, according to various Hebrew sources, several hundred French-speaking Jews, mostly from France and England, landed in Acre, principal port of the kingdom of Jerusalem and de facto capital since Saladin captured the Holy City in 1187. They had come to live in the Holy Land; some of them settled in Jerusalem, although when the Ayyubid sultan al-Mu‘azzam dismantled the defensive walls of the city to prevent crusaders from taking and holding it, many of these Jews resettled in Acre. Various writers from this community of immigrants presented their aliya (return to the Holy Land) as what Uri Shachar calls a “Jewish Crusade.” The return to the Holy Land of these pious Jews would play a key role in purifying the world, and would herald the emergence of the Messiah, who (according to at least one source) would be a member of this European Jewish community in the Holy Land. The voyage itself was an act of piety and renunciation, which purified the immigrant Jews (in comparison with those who chose to remain in Europe to pursue base earthly interests). And these Jews would purify the Holy Land itself, sullied or “polluted” by the occupation of infidels, Christians, and Muslims. [End Page 186] Shachar carefully analyzes a rich and complex group of texts associated with these European Jews in the Holy Land. Some of these Jewish authors refashioned apocalyptic texts first composed five or six centuries before, complex and layered treatises that were continuously reworked by Hebrew authors who sought to inscribe their current hopes and tribulations into an apocalyptic scenario of the last days. They “stylize historical events into common apocalyptic structures” (pp. 140–1). One of the great strengths of Shachar’s work is that he does not limit himself to analyzing these Hebrew works from European Jewish immigrés, but places them in the broader political and cultural history of the thirteenth-century Near East, where conflicts between Frankish princes, Ayyubid sultans, and crusaders created a fragmented political landscape and continual military and political struggles. This forged an atmosphere propitious to apocalyptic speculation on the part of Christians and Muslims as well as Jews. In the wake of the death of Saladin in 1193, the territory he had dominated, stretching from the Jazira (in Iraq) to Egypt, was fragmented in a power struggle between the late sultan’s brother, sons, and nephews. Meanwhile, the Franks of the Levant (kings, princes, knights, and military orders) were often at odds with one another. Add to that the periodic arrival of crusaders from Europe who had their own agendas, which did not necessarily coincide with those of local Franks. This led to alliances between Muslim and Frankish principalities: as Shachar shows, numerous battles in the region over the course of the thirteenth century pitted one alliance of Muslims and Christians against another alliance of Muslims and Christians. Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre, arrived from Europe and was consternated at what he saw: Christians, Muslims, and Jews mixed together, speaking a Babel of languages. The eastern Christians had a confusing variety of rites, doctrines, and habits; he was at a loss to establish who was to be considered a true Christian and who a heretic. As Shachar shows, the new bishop was particularly critical of the “Poulains,” as he calls the Franks settled in the Holy Land: They had become corrupted and effeminate; they entered into alliances with infidel Muslims instead of combatting them. The new bishop pinned his hopes on forthright crusaders fresh from Europe, uncorrupted by contact with the Orient, though as he stayed on in the East after the failure of the Fifth Crusade, he tempered his criticism of the Poulains. It is impossible in a brief review to do justice to this rich study. Shachar presents subtle and nuanced analyses of historiographical and apocalyptic works...

Friends, Enemies, and Diplomacy in Constantinople: The French Embassy of Jacques de Germigny (1579–84)

Friends, Enemies, and Diplomacy in Constantinople: The French Embassy of Jacques de Germigny (1579–84)

Ad Astra ou paradoxes et dynamiques intermédiales dans l’œuvre d’Henri Hébert

This article describes the rediscovery of a 16mm film corpus in the Cinémathèque Québécoise (CQ) archive and offers a theoretical reflection on this fascinating series, especially on the parts relating to a major work from the artist, the memorial he dedicated to the pioneering aviator Jacques de Lesseps (1883–1927). We assess the intermedial opportunities the 16mm format offered sculptor Henri Hébert precisely when the aesthetical paradigm of modernity was starting to inform his artworks. Highlighting the device’s great mobility, and thanks to the images recorded on film from Paris to Gaspé at various steps during the making of the memorial, we trace the creation and completion process of this atypical sculptural endeavour.

Stumme Boten. Jacques de Gheyns schriftliche und zeichnerische Geste

This paper analyses a pen and brown ink drawing by Jacques de Gheyn II (circa 1565-1629), which is preserved in the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin, in relation both to written and drawn gestures, explicating the connection between image and word. Through the bodily articulation of the artist as well as through the gestural presence of the figure (“Handeling” meaning manner and action) the sheet addresses a co-productive act of making by various forces. The boy in the drawing salutes the beholder, simultaneously gesturing toward himself: he is a delegate in an act of communication between the artist (De Gheyn) and his patron-friend (Willemsen). The mute messenger is identified via his own portrait on the letter to Willemsen. He is hence a part of what he delivers. In de Gheyn’s work, both the sensibility and materiality of the media (drawing, letter) as well as their tensions and interdependencies, are illuminated and placed within a specific sociohistorical context of human communication, namely the Netherlands in the late sixteenth century.

Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song ed. by Rachel May Golden and Katerine Kong

Reviewed by: Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song ed. by Rachel May Golden and Katerine Kong Juliana Starr Golden, Rachel May, and Katerine Kong, eds. Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song. UP of Florida, 2021. ISBN 978-0-8130-6903-6. Pp. 310. This collection, comprised of an introduction by the editors and ten essays, traces the gendered manifestations and meanings of voice in France and Occitania, from the twelfth century until the early sixteenth century. The volume views medieval France as a locus of new trends in travel, trade, and cross-cultural encounters and as a hotspot of artistic ingenuity, including experimentation with French and Occitan (newly valued vernaculars), the productions of learned, Latinate scholars and scribes, the blossoming of troubadour and trouvère lyric, liturgical innovations that responded to changing needs, and the formation of the polyphonic song. Through such utterances—in song, liturgy, romances, letters, treatises, and sermons—medieval people cultivated their performative and political selves, shaping contemporaneous belief systems about gender. Most chapters engage in the important work of recuperating female-voiced genres, restoring female voice and subjectivity to their rightful place in medieval French literature and lyric. In chapter 1, however, Katherine Kong examines the exercise of Lancelot’s masculine voice in Chrétien de Troyes’s Le chevalier de la charrette, not as constitutive of a universal gendered subjectivity but rather to consider how its privileged status overrides abject, liminal, and subjugated performances of voice. In chapter 2, Tamara Bentley Caudill examines how gendered voices operate within conventions of particular troubadour lyric genres like the tenso and canso, while reinforcing and challenging gendered expectations. In chapter 3, Anne Adele Levitsky explores how the troubadour Aimeric de Peguilhan challenges gender binaries in his classification of song genres, by distinguishing grammatical gender from socially constructed notions of song types. In chapter 4, Meghan Quinlan examines two linked trouvère songs and traces their poetic-musical interrelationships. Chapter 5, by Rachel May Golden, focuses on two anonymous trouvère lament songs that develop the voice’s capacity to engage with and reinterpret losses stemming from crusading contexts. In chapter 6, Lydia M. Walker examines how bishop Jacques de Vitry (d. 1240) strategically constructs a preaching voice, developing vivid imagery and vocabulary to persuasively perform sermons in support of the Fifth Crusade. In chapter 7, Lisa Colton demonstrates the distinctive polyphonic construction of the motet as a community of voices in dialogue, one that allowed composers to interact with and comment upon past conventions, create multiple registers of gendered expressivity, and newly negotiate the vocalization of striking and highly personal emotions against ecclesiastic regulations for controlling such utterances. Anna Kathryn Grau, in chapter 8, employs close musico-poetic readings of female voices within motets to uncover nuanced gendered readings. Emily J. Hutchinson, in chapter 9, locates in the textual voice [End Page 195] of Christine de Pizan acts of gendered and political resistance. Finally, chapter 10, by Daisy Delogu, examines the early sixteenth-century court of Queen Claude of France where Anne de Graville, in an act of “voiceover,” boldly adapts the work of Boccaccio, appropriating a male-authored Italian text into her own romance intended for a female patron and public. This expertly researched and crafted collection is highly recommended to all interested in the complex relationships between gender and voice in medieval French culture. [End Page 196] Juliana Starr University of New Orleans (LA) Copyright © 2022 American Association of Teachers of French

The Imperial Precipice: Jurists and Diplomats of the French Empire at the United Nations War Crimes Commission

Abstract Delving into world-spanning legal agencies, histories of exiled diplomats and lawyers, this paper explores how Free France defended at the United Nations War Crimes Commission the vision of the interwar liberal order, one that reached across the global territories of the mandate system administered by the League of Nations, into the colonial territories of the French empire. From London to Chongqing, facing Vichy collaborationist authoritarian dictatorship in metropolitan France and anti-colonial pressures from the turbulent colonial frontiers, a handful of Free French jurists and politicians worked day and night to establish the imperial sovereignty of the French exile committee of general Charles de Gaulle, and restore French republicanism rooted in the legal tradition of Nicolas Fouquet, Jacques de Maleville and Léon Duguit. Drawing upon newly-unsealed UN and French archival materials, this paper documents Free France’s intervention at the UNWCC, the activities of its representatives and reflection on empires, race and international law.

ГЕРЦОГСТВО ЛЮКСЕМБУРГ В КОНТЕКСТЕ БУРГУНДО-ИМПЕРСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ 1438–1443 ГГ.

The article deals with the diplomatic struggle for the Duchy of Luxembourg, which unfolded in 1438–1443 between the Duke of Burgundy, Philip III the Good, and the heirs of the House of Luxembourg. Not only representatives of the two dynasties were drawn into the conflict, but also a number of the most influential princes of the empire, such as Frederick III of Habsburg, the Archbishop of Trier, the Dukes of Saxony. Lacking direct rights to inherit Luxembourg, the Duke of Burgundy was able to offer its proprietress, Elisabeth de Görlitz, who held the duchy as a pledge, more favorable terms than William III of Saxony and the Archbishop of Trier, Jacques de Sirk. Philip the Good managed to achieve the neutrality of Emperor Frederick III and and win the trust of part of the Luxembourgish nobility. The entry into the duchy of Saxon contingents under the command of Count von Gleichen prevented the Duke of Burgundy from taking control of Luxembourg in 1442. Negotiations that took place during 1442-1443. did not result in an agreement between the parties. Despite the fact that by 1443 the Saxons controlled most of the duchy, Burgundian diplomacy managed to create the legal preconditions for the conquest of Luxembourg.

Policing in France. Edited by Jacques de Maillard and Wesley G. Skogan. New York and London: Routledge, 2021.

Policing in France. Edited by Jacques de Maillard and Wesley G. Skogan. New York and London: Routledge, 2021.

Abstract P3-02-05: Assessment of repeatability and uptake quantification of 68GaNOTA-anti-HER2 sdAb PET/CT in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer

Abstract Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status is an important predictive biomarker in breast cancer (BC). Tumor heterogeneity has been described, with changes in HER2 expression levels between lesions and over the disease course. HER2 expression is assessed on tissue biopsies, at primary diagnosis and in metastatic lesions. A whole-body imaging technique such as PET/CT could help understand expression levels in different lesions. A 68Ga-labeled single domain antibody (sdAb) targeting the HER2 receptor has been developed and proven safe (Keyaerts et al., 2016). Imaging is performed at 90 min post-injection (pi). We report results of a phase II trial to assess the repeatability of the technique in 20 patients and the correlation of tracer uptake with HER2 tissue expression of the lesions present at the time of imaging. Methods: Twenty patients (pts) with a locally advanced or metastatic BC with at least one lesion of minimum 12 mm were included. Pts were injected intravenously with a typical protein mass of 100 µg and a radioactive dose ranging from 98-168 MBq 68GaNOTA-anti-HER2 sdAb. PET/CT images were obtained at 90 min pi. A second tracer injection followed by PET/CT was done with a maximal interval of 8 days. To assess repeatability, up to 5 lesions per pt were selected, with no more than 2 in a single organ. Peak Standard Uptake Values (SUVpeak) of the lesions were measured on both scans and compared with a t-test and Bland-Altman Plots. Images were compared to other available medical or imaging data and interpreted considering the subject’s disease course. Serum and plasma samples were collected before injection and between 60 and 365 days pi and stored for future detection of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and liquid biopsies analysis for the presence of HER2 amplification. Tissue samples were assessed by central labs using mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry and in fluorescence situ hybridization. Results: Twenty women with BC (6 HER2+, 14 HER2-) with a mean age of 58.6 y (37-81) were included. Three pts were scanned only once (2 due to withdrawal of consent, 1 due to covid pandemic). Repeatability of the technique was visually scored as excellent. For quantification, 50 lesions were compared on both scans in 17 pts without significant differences between the two measurements (p=0.40). The repeatability coefficient (RC) was 38.2%. The mean absolute percentage difference (MAPD) was 13.6%, comparable to repeat values reported for 18F-FDG. In 3 out of 6 HER2-positive (HER2+) patients, lesions showed high uptake, even better visible than using 18F-FDG in 2 of them. In 2 HER2+ subjects with a negative scan, lesions were confirmed to be true negatives: one patient did not relapse from BC but had tuberculosis; the other was confirmed to have a radiopneumonitis after radiotherapy and no relapse. In 1 HER2+ patient, the uptake was unexpectedly low. However, the HER2 status was also not reconfirmed in the metastatic setting for this subject. In 1 HER2-negative patient, the tumor HER2 status was changed from negative to positive based on a subsequent image-guided biopsy performed in this study. High tracer uptake was also seen in many of the patients presenting with HER2-low BC (IHC 1+ or 2+), indicating the potential of the tracer to detect low-level HER2 expression. Additional correlation to centrally performed tissue and blood analysis is ongoing. Conclusion: 68GaNOTA-Anti-HER2 PET/CT shows high uptake in HER2-expressing BC lesions but also in HER2-low lesions. The technique shows good repeatability and, in some cases, even better sensitivity than 18F-FDG PET/CT. Specificity was confirmed in relapse-free lesions such as tuberculosis and radiopneumonitis. Its sensitivity makes it a promising technique to assess HER2+ and HER2-low lesions in BC patients. Citation Format: Odrade Gondry, Catarina Xavier, Wim Waelput, Omar Al Dabssi, Marian Vanhoeij, Sandrine Aspeslagh, Sofie Joris, Christel Fontaine, Guy Verfaillie, Jacques De Grève, Katrien Glorieus, Ine Luyten, Frederik Vandenbroucke, Sophie Bourgeois, Laurens Raes, Sheeno Thyparambil, Nick Devoogdt, Ilse Vaneycken, Julie Cousaert, Vicky Caveliers, Hendrik Everaert, Tony Lahoutte, Marleen Keyaerts. Assessment of repeatability and uptake quantification of 68GaNOTA-anti-HER2 sdAb PET/CT in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-02-05.

Interview of Jacques de Larosière: In search of a better world financial order

Jacques de Larosière (born 1929) played for more than half a century an influential role on the international monetary scene. He was Director of the French Treasury, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, Governor of the Banque de France and President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). In 2008, at the age of 79 years, he chaired the so-called De Larosière Committee which provided the blueprint for a fundamental reform of financial supervision in the European Union. Highlights of his career were the management of the Mexican debt crisis in the 1980s and his role in the process of economic and monetary integration in Europe, especially as a member of the Delors Committee. In his analyses he focuses on the "financialization" of our econ-omies and the ensuing problems with debt and asset price bubbles, for which the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system was an important cause. As part of a research program on collecting memories, this paper publishes the results of several interviews and discussions with him.

BETWEEN SERVICE TO THE KING AND THE BLACK LEGEND: ÁNGEL DE COSTAFORT (FL. 1362-1366), DOCTOR TO CHARLES II OF NAVARRE.

https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.20.1.1 At the trial of Jacques de Rue, the chamberlain of King Charles II of Navarre, after he was arrested in France (March 1378), we learn that the doctor Ángel de Costafort was implicated in several of the king of Navarre's plans to poison people. The credibility of the testimonies given in this trial is questionable due to the use, or not, of torture, a fact about which historians disagree. Besides Costafort's personal biography, constructed from the scant documentation conserved in the Royal and General Archive of Navarre (Pamplona, Spain), he is linked on the basis of his signature and personal seal to the practice of alchemy.

Multum prodest circa honesta officia occupari.Jacques de Vitry et les artisans en France au XIIIe siècle. Édition du sermon ad artifices mechanicarum artium (Serm. ad stat. 62)

Jacques de Vitry (ca 1165 ? - 1240) was one of the most renowned preachers of his time. The 74 Sermones uulgares uel ad status belong to an uncommon genre of preaching, namely a collection of model sermons organised according to different audiences representing the various classes (status) of medieval society, both religious and lay. Sermon 62 is addressed to manual laborers. The choice of the biblical theme: Labores manuum tuarum quia manducabis, beatus es et bene tibi erit (Ps. 127:3), suggests a positive approach to this social group and testifies to the change in the Church's attitude towards them that was already evident in the twelfth century. Vitry stresses that for all craftsmen, whatever their trade, their talent is a gift from God through which they are called to contribute to the common good. To illustrate his recommendations and warnings, he uses biblical and patristic quotations, but above all edifying anecdotes or exempla. The edition of Sermon 62 is based on eleven of the fifteen manuscript witnesses of the collection Sermones uulgares uel ad status that preserve our text. It follows the editing principles established by J. Longère for the first 36 sermons (CC CM, 255; 2013). The Franciscan preacher Guibert of Tournai († 1284) used this sermon in his own Sermones ad status diuersos. An appendix lists those borrowings by referring to the text as it is transmitted in MS Paris BnF lat. 15943.

Un fragment d’ordinaire à l’usage de l’abbaye bénédictine de Chanteuges

Two leaves in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (ms. lat. 16814, fol. 5-6v) preserve the trace of an enquiry launched by P. Lebrun at the beginning of the 18th century. It contains the copy of some specific elements of the liturgy of the abbey of Chanteuges (diocese of Clermont), which was founded in 936 by Brioude and became a dependency of the Chaise-Dieu in 1137. To identify and date the original manuscript, the analysis focuses mostly on three solemnities and draws some conclusions: the specificity of a Chaise-Dieu liturgical connection for an All Souls’ feast day on 14 January must be reexamined; the confrontation of the Vita of Marcellin (BHL 5227) with one of the capitals in the abbey shows up divergencies which, perhaps, liturgical elements could have clarified; the comparison of the ritual for Palm Sunday - a standard usage - with the phases of construction of the abbey allows us to date the original liber ordinarius to the 1500s. The Ordinal was undoubtedly made at the behest of the abbot of the Chaise-Dieu, Jacques de Saint-Nectaire, who had just modified the architectural disposition of Chanteuges. A critical edition of the two leaves completes the study.

PROPHECY, ESCHATOLOGY, GLOBAL NETWORKS, AND THE CRUSADES, FROM HATTIN TO FREDERICK II

Although interest in the influence of prophecy and eschatology on the crusade movement and on cross-cultural conceptions of righteous conflict has recently revived, to date there has been little consideration of the reception, transmission, and reinterpretation of multifarious prophecies by networks of individuals involved in the promotion of various crusades from roughly 1187 to 1240. This study tracks the circulation, adaptation, and impact of influential prophecies publicized by papal legates, by crusade recruiters trained in Paris, and by their colleagues in the Victorine, Praemonstratensian, and Cistercian orders, culminating in the crusades of Frederick II (1213–1229). Royal, imperial, noble, episcopal, and papal courts, as well as visionaries, regular religious, secular clergy, preachers, and prelates, played key roles in validating and publicizing predictions. The preservation and reinterpretation of prophecies by scholars, clerics, scribes, and historians working across Latin Christendom (and in the wider Mediterranean region and Central Asia) testifies to the cross-cultural transmission and reception of specific prognostications adapted to speak to local needs and concerns and changing circumstances. This article identifies manuscripts of prophecies which circulated both independently and in association with the crusading histories of Jacques de Vitry and Oliver of Paderborn, written during and used for the promotion of Frederick II's crusades. It concludes that prophecies and their promoters played essential roles in facilitating cross-cultural diplomatic negotiations, religious debates and conversion attempts, and in the fostering, contextualization, and commemoration of the act of pious warfare. Functioning as a common language, prophetic and eschatological expectations enabled Muslims, Eastern Christians, Jewish communities, and Latin Christians to justify their theoretical or actual roles on the orbis terrarum and to define and negotiate with other cultures. Moreover, they could be endlessly adapted both to fit and to shape existing past, present, or future circumstances. Prophecy and eschatology were not fringe phenomena or praxes, but presented holistic methods of making sense of and adapting to events and negotiating between one's own and other cultures, methods that both competed with and complemented historical and theological interpretations of the world (and texts) and rational, scientific, and philosophical modes of thought.