Jacob Method Research Articles

UPPER WEATHERED ZONE TRANSMISSIVITY ESTIMATION OF HARD-ROCK HORIZONTALLY LAYERED MASSIF

The results of flowmeter tests of wells in the upper part of the layered rock massif indicate a model of the permeability medium in the form of separate horizontal thin fracture zones, separated by layers with a thickness of several meters. A study of pumping was done on a model in cylindrical coordinates for two thin aquifers. The upper one works with a constant pressure in pumping well, determined by the position of the zone, and a decreasing rate, and the lower — with an increasing rate, is additional to the pump rate. The filter intervals of the central and the only observation well are the same. The processing of pumping results using the commonly used Jacob method showed the main features — strong differences in transmissivity in different variants of well locations, unrealistically large values of the storage coefficient, ultra-small calculated radius of the pumping well.

Characteristics of hydrogeological aquifer in potential lime stone by analysis pumping test in Campurdarat District, Tulungagung Regency, Indonesia

Extraction of clean water from dug wells and drilled wells is a source of water that is obtained locally without buying, for example, clean water from the Drinking Water Company (PAM). Surface water and groundwater are generally used frequently, even though the utilization of groundwater is not optimal compared to surface water. One way to determine the potential of groundwater contained by aquifers or aquifer discharge is by pumping test wells. In this test, water is pumped to the surface through a test well dug into the designated aquifer. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of hydrogeological aquifer of limestone by the pumping test analysis approach using the Theis and Cooper - Jacob methods in Campurdarat District, Tulungagung Regency. Pumping tests have been carried out on two observation and production wells with the results of the Theis method showing a transmissivity (T) of 73,193 m2/day, storage capacity (S) of 1,080×10-3 and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 1,220 m/day while Jacob shows a transmissivity (T) value of 71,682 m2/day, storage capacity (S) of 0.4512 and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 4,667 m/day. The Theis method was chosen because it has a relative error smaller than Jacob method, namely 29.77%.

Thermodynamics in a quantum corrected Reissner–Nordström–AdS black hole and its GUP-corrections

We calculate the thermodynamic quantities in the quantum corrected Reissner–Nordström–AdS (RN-AdS) black hole, and examine their quantum corrections. By analyzing the mass and heat capacity, we give the critical state and the remnant state, respectively, and discuss their consistency. Then, we investigate the quantum tunneling from the event horizon of massless scalar particle by using the null geodesic method, and charged massive boson W ± and fermions by using the Hamilton–Jacob method. It is shown that the same Hawking temperature can be obtained from these tunneling processes of different particles and methods. Next, by using the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), we study the quantum corrections to the tunneling and the temperature. Then the logarithmic correction to the black hole entropy is obtained.

Determination of Aquifer Parameters by Using Aqtesolv-software

Several aquifer properties regulate groundwater inflow/outflow to any area, and determination of propertieslike hydraulic conductivity (K), transmissibility and storativity (S) is essential to ascertain the sustainablewell yield. In situ estimation of these properties/parameters is accomplished by conducting pumpingtests. Aquifer parameter tests deliver vital information to resolve regional and local groundwater flowconcerns. In both the confined and unconfined aquifers, there are numerous methods for the determinationof aquifer parameters. In the present research, ten pumping tests were conducted at different geologiclocations in the hardrock region-dominated watershed to estimate aquifer properties. Method “Papadopulos-Cooper (P)” was considered a reference, and “AQTESOLV (Aquifer Test SOLver)” software methods whichinclude (Theis method, Cooper and Jacob (C) method, Neuman (N) method and Tartakovsky-Neuman (T)method) were utilized for the estimation of aquifer properties. Results revealed that T values calculatedusing the P-C method varied from 105.1 square meters per day to 322 square meters per day. However, Tvalues estimated employing AQTESOLV ranged from 122 to 300 square meters per day. All approachesusing the software gave T values that were found to be strongly correlated with the P-C method (Curvematching technique).

Software for Evaluating Pumping Tests on Real Wells

As the climate is changing, greater exploitation of groundwater reserves is becoming evident; however, this would have been apparent even without climate change. Therefore, increasing emphasis is given to maintaining well functionality. Wells are susceptible to aging, which reduces their efficiency. Today, there exist several solutions for determining the size of additional resistance (the skin effect), which indicates a well’s current state and that of its close surroundings. The implementation of most of these solutions is often time-consuming. To improve our tools, a goal has been set to accelerate and facilitate the method of determining the size of additional resistance. In this study, we present new software that accelerates this process. It applies an innovative method based upon a partial differential equation describing the radially symmetric flow to a real well, which occurs under an unsteady regime, using the Laplace transform. Stehfest algorithm 368 is used to invert the Laplace transform. Such software can be used to evaluate an additional-resistance well, even when a straight section evaluated using the Cooper–Jacob method is not achieved in the semilogarithmic plot of drawdown vs. log time during the pumping test. This solution is demonstrated in the comprehensive evaluation of 10 wells and 3 synthetic pumping tests.

Effect of the Exercise Classics for the Development of Memory in Children at Lessons of Physical Culture

Background A physical education lesson at school allows comprehensive physical development of children at school. The present study was aimed at studying the effect of physical exercise on the memory of schoolchildren in general education schools in Russia. We aimed to determine the impact of exercise Classics on the development of memory in children 9-10 years old. Materials and Methods A pedagogical study was conducted in Kirov (Russia) in 2020, at secondary school No. 60. The control group was engaged in a standard program of physical culture. The children in the experimental group additionally used the exercise Classics in each lesson. The study was conducted over a period of 9 months, in which forty 9-10-year-olds took part. Physical education classes were held 2 times a week for 40 minutes each lesson. The level of development of coordination abilities was assessed by the Shuttle run test, and the children's memory indicators were assessed by the Jacobs Method test. Data were analyzed using Bio-stat 2009, Microsoft excel 2016 programs. Results In control group, in the Shuttle run test, the indicators improved by 2.9% (P>0.05), and in the test for the level of memory development, the indicators improved from 5.7±0.6 to 5.9±0.4 (P>0.05). In experimental group, in the Shuttle run 3x10 m test, performance improved by 14.1% (p <0.05), and in the Jacobs Method test, performance improved from 5.4±0.3 to 6.5±0.4 (p <0.05). Conclusion These results indicate the effectiveness of using Classical exercises in physical education lessons when working with younger schoolchildren.

Dimensional Analysis of Transmissivity Equations and Comparison of Dependent Variables Using Birnin Gwari Aquifer Characteristics in Northern Nigeria

This study established relationship among three transmissivity equations using dimensional analysis, comparing three dependent variables inherent in the transmissivity equations, and use correlation analysis to examine the nature of interrelationship between drawdown and specific capacity in the Birnin-Gwari local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria between October 2018 and October 2019. Relationship between three transmissivity equations, namely, Jacob, Logan and Babuskin was determined using dimensional analysis. The equations and the outcome were applied to the hydraulic data obtained from 26 producing boreholes in the study area. Comparison of the dependent variables, namely discharge, drawdown and hydraulic conductivity, was carried out to observe the relationship among them. The Correlation analysis was used to examine the nature of interrelationship between drawdown and specific capacity, while the plots of depth-to-water table and depth-to-basement were made to provide pictorial comparison between positions of water table and the underlying Basement. The results showed that the values computed from the Jacob method are the lowest among the three, while Logan method gave higher values, although they all trend in similar manner. The study revealed an inverse trend in the drawdown versus discharge and hydraulic conductivity. Correlation analysis between drawdown and specific capacity gave a regression coefficient of -0.593 and correlation coefficient of 0.352, indicating a weak relationship between them. The graphical relation of water level versus basement rock surfaces portend a near-parallel trend possibly determined by the underlying geology. Transmissivity values computed from the Babuskin method gave almost average values among the three methods. Both the regression and correlation coefficients gave low to average values between drawdown and specific capacity. The depth-to-basement versus depth-to-water plots showed that water table variations are probably controlled by the type and trend of basement topography.

Modelling aquifer parameters using surficial geophysical techniques: a case study of Ovwian, Southern Nigeria

Vertical electrical sounding (VES), pumping test and grain size distribution techniques have been used to model the hydraulic parameters in Ovwian, Nigeria. Twenty-two depth soundings were carried out with a maximum current electrode separation of 400 m to delineate the aquifer layers while the pumping test and grain size distribution procedures were conducted by drilling two boreholes where thirteen representative soil samples were collected at an interval of 3.048 m. The field data obtained from the resistivity sounding were modelled using the Win Resist software and the results when correlated with borehole log identified five geoelectric units made up of the topsoil, clayey sand, sandstone, fine grain sand and coarse grain sand. The sands of the third and fourth geologic layers constitute the aquiferous units with depth which varied between 6 and 42 m while the aquifer resistivity ranged between 100 and 2100 Ωm. The pumping test was analysed using the Copper Jacob method and the results revealed that the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the aquifer from the reference well are 30.467 m/day and 495.072 m2/day, respectively. These results together with results from the vertical electrical soundings were used to model the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values for the area. This showed that the hydraulic conductivity of the area ranged from 28.595 to 38.435 m/day, with a mean value of 30.757 m/day while the transmissivity ranged from 185.697 to 1310.636 m2/day, with a mean of 495.752 m2/day. The grain size distribution analysis also revealed the hydraulic conductivity value of 1.46–171.94 m/day with an average of 38.880 m/day, while transmissivity ranged from 23.725 to 2794.025 m2/day with an average values of 631.738 m2/day. The close approximations of the results revealed the reliability of the VES, pumping test and grain size distribution analysis in the estimation of aquifer hydraulic parameters for groundwater resource development. Analyses of the results obtained in this study suggest that the aquifer is prolific and highly permeable with a high degree of rechargeability.

Distribution of aquifer characteristics in different geomorphologic units in a granitic terrain

Knowledge of aquifer characteristics is essential for groundwater development and management studies. Detailed hydrological studies were carried out in a granitic terrain consisting of different geomorphologic units to resolve the coverage, performance, and characteristics of the aquifer parameters through the application of the pumping test method. An interpretation was performed by different methods, viz., Theis, Jacob, Hantush, and Rushton and Redshaw (numerical finite difference method) to ascertain the aquifer parameters. These parameters are vital for future groundwater development and management studies. Transmissivity (T) values estimated by Theis method range from 3.83 to 436 m2/day; 3.77 to 718 m2/day; and 16 to 160 m2/day, by Jacob method it ranges from 3.90 to 436 m2/day; 3.73 to 769 m2/day; and 17.3 to 152 m2/day, by Hantush method it ranges from 1.63 to 189 m2/day; 0.53 to 755 m2/day; and 19.3 to 118 m2/day, while by numerical method it ranges from 3 to 455 m2/day, 3 to 700 m2/day, and 17 to 148 m2/day in pediplain with moderate weathering (PPM), pediplain with shallow weathering (PPS), and buried pediplain with shallow weathering (BPPS) geomorphologic units, respectively. Similarly, a radius of influences ranges from 9.75 to 1391.0 m; 8.0 to 698.09 m, and 380.78 to 433.76 m in PPS, PPM, and BPPS geomorphologic units, respectively. The aquifer parameters obtained by the pumping tests were correlated with the structural features and different geomorphologic units. It was found that these parameters have wide variations within each geomorphologic feature. The radius of influence of each test well was calculated and compared with the in situ measured discharge of various wells within the area. The high values of transmissivity (T) are attributed to aquifer controlled by fractured zone in the area.

Comparing pumping test between Boulton and Neuman in unconfined aquifer

Groundwater is known as a crucial source of water in the history of human, as it less contaminated, it has more preferable than surface water. Analyzing data of pumping test for evaluating aquifer parameters specific yield (Sy), transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) are usually using standard procedures like Theis or Jacob method. Boulton was the first to present the delayed response concept of unconfined aquifers under pumping conditions. Then Neuman used a different method than Boulton to develop an analytical model for a fully penetrating well in unconfined aquifers. The Neuman's model is depended on physical parameters which are well defined in aquifer system that is the main difference comparing to Boulton model. The main objective of this research on understanding water table aquifers in the Xabat area is to analyze the two main Boulton and Neuman methods by using aquifer test pro 2016 software and to see which of them are most appropriate for this area, which is the main reason for applying and comparing the two methods. The results of the layer property (specific yield, transmissivity, and storativity) are similar depending on the user and the availability of the methods, as well as the future development of the program analysis.

Evaluation of automated groundwater level measurements for transmissivity and storativity calculation

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the accuracy of aquifer transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) values, obtained through the processing of hourly and 5-min groundwater level data, regularly and accurately recorded by automated stations. In particular, we discuss the role of the selection of (a) the initial undisturbed hydraulic head level, which might be influenced by prior pumping cycles, and (b) the exact time of start or shutdown of the pump, which might not be exactly recorded. Furthermore, the accuracy of T and S values based on sparse measurements is also examined. The Cooper–Jacob method and the recovery test method have been applied to obtain both T and S, and T values, respectively. Groundwater level measurements at Moudania aquifer, Chalkidiki, Greece, are used as an illustrative example. Our main conclusions are (a) assuming that pumping starts earlier than it actually does, leads to the underestimation of T and the overestimation of S, (b) transmissivity might be overestimated if the residual drawdown, due to previous pumping cycles, is substantial, (c) in recovery tests, the deviation of the straight line that fits the experimental points from the point (1,0) is an indication of residual drawdown, and (d) sparse measurements can offer reasonable estimates.

Revision of archive recovery tests using analytical and numerical methods on thermal water wells in sandstone and fractured carbonate aquifers in the vicinity of Budapest, Hungary

This study offers a reinterpretation of archive aquifer tests, predominantly on the basis of recovery data, from an original datasheet of thermal water wells located in carbonate and sandstone aquifer units in the vicinity of Budapest, Hungary. The study compares the hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss) values derived in the first instance from an aquifer test evaluation. This included an initial application of the classical analytical Cooper and Jacob method. Subsequently, the visual two-zone (VTZ) numerical method was applied, then third, a more complex model, namely, WT software. It was found that the simple analytical solution is not able to represent the field conditions accurately, while in the course of the application of the VTZ model, it proved possible to alter the various hydraulic parameters within reasonable limits to fit the field data. In the case of the VTZ model, the researcher is required to calculate the accuracy of the fitted model separately, while with the WT model, this is automatic, the software seeks out the best fit. In addition to VTZ parameters, the WT model can efficiently incorporate data on up to 500 model layers, water level, and pressure. The optimization of the parameters may be achieved by automatic calibration, improving the accuracy of the numerical results. Recovery tests for 12 wells were numerically simulated to obtain values for vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity and specific storage for Triassic and Eocene fractured carbonate and the Upper-Miocene-Pliocene granular sandstone aquifer units. When an analytical solution is applied, only average values could be obtained. The conclusion reached was that the results of the analytical solution can be improved by the use of numerical methods. These methods are able to incorporate basic information on well design, aquifer material and the hydrogeological environment in the course of the evaluation. The revision of the archive recovery data using numerical methods may assist in the quest for better data for numerical flow and transport simulations without the need to perform new tests. In addition, the methods employed here can explain cases in which the original analytical interpretations proved unable to yield reliable data and predictions.

A Simplified Solution Using Izbash's Equation for Non-Darcian Flow in a Constant Rate Pumping Test.

This paper derives an equivalent of Darcian Theis solution for non-Darcian flow induced by constant rate pumping of a well in a confined aquifer. The derivation, which is valid at later times only, is original. It utilizes Izbash's equation. This introduces an additional parameter to Darcian condition, namely, empirical exponent. The solution is a non-Drcian equivalent of Jacob straight line method for analyzing pumping tests at late times. It can be used to determine aquifer parameters: storativity, analogous hydraulic conductivity, and empirical exponent. However, while the Jacob method requires a minimum of only one pumping test with one observation well, the additional parameter in the present solution means that a minimum of two observation wells in one test or two pumping tests at different rates with one observation well are required. The derived solution is applied to a case study at Plomeur in Brittany, France, and is shown to provide a practical and efficient method for analyzing pumping tests where non-Darcian groundwater flow occurs.

The Use of the [H2O–CO2] Arbitrary Decomposition Assumption to Predict the Performance of Condensed High Explosives

The plate dent test is one of the simplest tools for fast determination of the detonation pressure. The test is based on the observation that the detonation pressure correlates with the depth of the dent produced by a detonating explosive on a metal witness plate. The present study is aimed at developing a model for estimating the dent depth, which is used not only to obtain the detonation pressure, but also to evaluate the brisance relative to a reference explosive. It is shown that the experimental dent depth values for CHNO and CHNOClF explosives can be successfully reproduced by a model based on few parameters, namely: loading density, number of moles of gaseous detonation products per gram of the explosive, and average molecular weight of the gaseous products, where the number of moles and the mean molecular weight of the gaseous products are calculated according to the [H2O–CO2] arbitrary decomposition assumption. Furthermore, the predicted values of the dent depth and the Kamlet–Jacobs method are used to estimate the detonation pressure for 37 explosives. The results show that the pressures obtained on the basis of the dent depth values are in better agreement with experimental/thermochemical code data than the predictions of the Kamlet–Jacobs method.

Hydrogeological characterization to determine the deterioration of water quality in the a yarada media aquifer

The aim is to hydrogeologically characterize the La Yarada Media aquifer using the parameters by means of long-term pumping tests (Jacob and Theis recovery methods), as well as to characterize the water quality referred to the physicochemical parameters according to the current regulations and verify the possible deterioration of water quality in the aquifer. Between 2010 and 2015, 42 pumping tests were used, determining that the transmissivity to the southeast fluctuates between 602 and 4 235 m2/d (high to very high), indicating that the aquifer is free and has good hydraulic conditions, to the northwest it fluctuates between 53 and 494 m2/d, representing low and medium values, related to the tuffs of the Huaylillas Formation —being the area most affected by the continuous decrease in the piezometer level—. To the southeast, the permeability fluctuates between 13 and 86 m/d, high values unlike the sector located to the northwest where the permeability has a fluctuation between 1 and 9.8 m/d, representing low values. The overexploitation of the aquifer has caused that high and average values of transmissivity and permeability, now change to means and lows respectively in Settlement 4, since this static level was in the Quaternary deposits and has now descended, being in contact with the Huaylillas formation. Even more, it has caused the water quality to go from acceptable to bad, evidencing its deterioration that is related to the increase of the exploitation volumes and the decrease of the secondary recharge of water of good quality.

IDENTIFICATION AQUIFER PARAMETERS THROUGH SINGLE WELL PUMPING TEST SERIES AT PT. KALTIM KARIANGAU TERMINAL, BALIKPAPAN, EAST KALIMANTAN

Aquifer Parameters are very important in groundwater and well management. The objective of this research is to determine aquifer parameter in order to be used in determining suitable production rate of well. Research was carried out in PT. Kaltim Kariangau Terminal, which is administratively, located in Balikpapan City, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. PT. Kaltim Kariangau Terminal has developed four wells with distance of each of well is between 50 and 300 meters, but it is a pity because just one well was completed by pumping test without observation well. Result of constant pumping test analyzing through Cooper – Jacob method has shown that value of Transmissivity (T) of aquifer is 319.0718283 m2/day, and it is known from geophysical logging and well construction design that the thickness of aquifer is 48 m, so hydraulic conductivity (K) of aquifer is 6.6473 m/day. Coefficient of aquifer loss is 0.0013 and coefficient of well loss is 0.0000008. Factors development of well could be classified as very effective with the well condition is properly designed and developed.

Computational assessment of energetic salts containing 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole

The computational design of energetic salts based on 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium (cation A) and 3,7-diamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium (cation B) is described. Selective energetic anions have been combined with these cations to tune the performance parameters. All the designed salts (A1–11 and B1–11) exhibited reasonable densities ranging from 1.54 to 1.85 g/cm $$^{3}$$ , and positive heats of formation between 301 kJ/mol and 854 kJ/mol. The detonation properties for the A1–11 and B1–11 salts were computed using Kamlet–Jacobs method, and the corresponding values were found in the ranges of 6.12 km/s to 8.79 km/s and 15.12 GPa to 34.84 GPa. Admirable energetic performance and reasonable sensitivity indicate A4 and B4 as promising energetic salts. SYNOPSIS The computational design of energetic salts based on 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium and 3,7-diamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium is described. All the salts possess positive HOF range from 301 to 854 kJ/mol. Among the designed salts, two salts (A4 and B4) exhibit superior performance, and efforts can be made for their development as potential high energy materials (HEMs).

On the interpretation of multi-well aquifer-pumping tests in confined porous aquifers using the Cooper and Jacob (1946) method

The Cooper and Jacob (Trans Am Geophys Union 27:526–534. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR027i004p00526 ; Cooper, Jacob, Trans Am Geophys Union 27:526534, 1946) method is widely used to interpret data from both single- and multi-well aquifer-pumping tests in a porous homogenous and isotropic confined aquifer system. The method can be used to interpret both pumping and observation well drawdown. For observation wells (piezometers), the method said to be valid when u < 0.01 when drawdown observations are made in the near vicinity of the pumping well after a sufficiently long time of pumping. Despite the wide use of the method, the effects of using the Cooper and Jacob method to interpret multi-well aquifer-pumping test data are hardly discussed. The study illustrates and discusses the effect of using the Cooper and Jacob method to interpret multi-well aquifer-pumping tests. This is achieved with the help of simulations in 3 homogeneous one-layered confined and isotropic aquifer models using MODFLOW. Simulated drawdown is interpreted using the Cooper–Jacob method. The study shows that the transmissivity estimated from observation well data exponentially increases with the observation distance irrespective of the value of u. Only interpretation of pumping-well data with the Cooper and Jacob method correctly estimated the prescribed model transmissivity. Storativity estimates from observation data appears to decrease with increase in the observation distance as controlled by the Copper and Jacob equation but remained in the same order of magnitude as the prescribed model storativity. The study contributes towards a better practical understanding of the effects of using of using the Cooper and Jacob method to interpret multi-well aquifer-pumping test data for groundwater practitioners.

The Way of Improvement of Cooper-Jacob solution for different wells in Erbil surrounding

The application of cooper-Jacob method remains more reasonable than most alternatives, due to its simplicity and reliability, however the fundamental requirements of the equation are limited for the conditions of small radial distance, and long duration of pumping test, to get u<0.01, Alternatively Jacob (1946) method simplified Theis(1935) equation for the similar conditions of isotropic, homogeneous,fully penetrated confined aquifer, areal extend. The aim is to improve cooper-Jacob’s (1946) time versus drawdown straight line equation and applying to estimate the Transmissivityfor unconfined aquifer wells located in both Kapran and Bashtapa of Erbil's sub-basin,with large saturated aquifer thickness and small drawdown

Aquifer Hydraulics Parameters Determination regarding One Well Base on Geolistric Data (A Case Study in Bugbug Karangasem Bali)

Aquifer parameters knowledge was necessary for interpreting the aquifer state. It included porosity (Ф), hydraulic conductivity (K), specific storativity (Ss), storativity (S) and transmissivity (T). There were some methods for knowing the aquifer hydraulics parameters was Chow Method, Jacob Method, and Theis Method...