Item Sold Research Articles

Analysis of reduction of carbon emission and dynamic service policies in a green manufacturing system under isoperimetric fixed servicing budget constraint

In the recent highly saturated, fluctuated as well as competitive marketing situation, economic growth, stability and survival of a manufacturing company are substantial factors for the competent authority of a manufacturing firm. Again, due to the harmful effects of different chemicals and preservative oriented products, consumers gradually show their sensible interest towards the green products and their benefits. Furthermore, emission reduction and carbon emission tax become major issues on the sustainable growth and reputation of a manufacturing company. Fundamentally, considering these factors, this study demonstrates the prior decisions regarding best-found policy of a manufacturing company considering the effects of service with sold eco-friendly (green) products under the effects of emission taxation and reduction policies. The demand effected by level of greenness, price and dynamic service provided to the consumers. Now, due to the budget constraint, manufacturer estimates a fixed budget due to service to the consumers along with the items sold. Again, based on the carbon emission reduction policy, two distinct cases are arisen which are analyzed separately. Due to the budget constraint, maximization problem associated to the model becomes an isoperimetric control problem. Then to illustrate the realistic feasibility the proposed model, a physical example is taken under consideration and it is solved using Teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBOA) considering each of the cases. Finally, the sensitivity analyses are performed to get some important implications for the manager of the proposed manufacturing system.

SISTEM PENJUALAN BARANG PADA CV STAR DESIGN UNTUK BUSINESS TO BUSINESS BERBASIS WEB

Sales Information System is an information system that provides information from several processes which include procurement, warehousing and reporting. Therefore, it is necessary to create an sales Information System application to improve company performance processes which were originally manual to be computerized which will produce more detailed reports. Making this application is done by means of data collection, system planning, system analysis, system design and Database . Making application programs developed with PHP . The Database used is MySQL and scripts are developed with Macromedia Dreamweaver. It can be concluded that the design and implementation of the Sales Information System at the CV Star Design is ready to be developed. The Inventory on this website uses the Business-to-Business. By logging into the website as a staff, the staff can fill in the required Inventory data and can fill in the data on goods sold and incoming goods from suppliers, all of which will later be entered into the Inventory Database . If all data has been processed, there will be an Inventory data menu where the data it contains the first entry date of the selected item to find out when the item entered so that when it is sold, the item sold is the oldest item. With the Business-to-Business method, the sales system will run sequentially thereby reducing the impact of damage from an item that is stored for too long in the storage of goods. In this web development using the Waterfall method and implemented using php and MySQL

Semi-nonparametric estimation of secret reserve prices in auctions

This letter proposes an estimation method for the distribution of unobservable secret seller reserve prices in auctions. Within the symmetric affiliated private values model, I construct a density estimator using the semi-nonparametric quasi maximum likelihood approach developed by Gallant and Nychka (1987). I then use Monte Carlo experiments to demonstrate its performance in relatively small samples. A discussion on applying this method to structurally similar identification problems is provided. • This letter offers an approach to identify the distribution of secret reserve prices. • The model allows for affiliated private values among buyers and sellers. • Input data include the auction’s paying bid and whether the item sold at said bid. • A semi-nonparametric estimator identifies the distribution of secret reserve prices. • This method works well in relatively small samples ( ∼ 100 ).

Profitability Analysis of Home-scale SMEs Based on

Home-scale business or doing business from home by family members is one choice to sustain people’s economy during the covid pandemic. With the advance of digital technologies, these home-scale businesses should be performed through digital platforms or social media. With proper utilisation, social media can increase the profits of these businesses. The purpose of this article is to analyse how social media can generate profit for small scale businesses. The data were obtained from the sales reports of three home-scale businesses in Jakarta, which specialized in selling traditional snacks. From the data, we analyzed the profit earned from each of the social media used (Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Word of Mouth) to find out which media generated the most profit for their business. We found that the highest profit for home scale business came from Instagram because promotion through Instagram resulted in the highest number of items sold. The findings signify that using the right social media can generate maximum profit. However, the use of social media as digital marketing tool should depend on the habits and control of the business owner over the media.

An Investigation of a Supply Chain Model for Co-Ordination of Finished Products and Raw Materials in a Production System under Different Situations

In the production system, the production of a perfect item is essential for existing competitive market situations. To produce a perfect finished product, the quality of a raw material is a crucial issue of a production system. This paper has examined this issue with an insightful production-inventory model of the manufacturer of a deteriorating item selling goods to multiple markets with different selling seasons. We have provided an answer strategy to track down the optimal production plan for raw materials and the ideal creation plan for completed items. Transportation cost was incorporated for transporting the raw material. Marketing of the finished product is another crucial factor for selling products and earning revenues. The main objective of the present study is to adopt a production model in inventory for inferring request capacities for multi-item, multi-outlet circumstances. As of late, much accentuation has been given to the consideration of the control and support of creation inventories of disintegrating things. The demand rate is persistent and holding cost is a direct function of time. This paper has followed an analytical approach to diminish the entire inventory cost. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to study the effect of changes of different parameters of the model on the optimal policy. Moreover, in order to approve the determined models, we have clarified mathematical models and examined affectability.

Analisis Kata Kunci untuk Mendapatkan Konversi Tertinggi dari Platform Google dan Tokopedia

The business world is very closely related to advertising, advertisements in print, electronic and digital media, In advertising on digital media we need keywords as a reference for search engines to find what we want, Targeting the right keywords in articles is very important to help websites easy to find in search engines. However, in choosing these keywords it is often not appropriate or not in accordance with what is desired, where the inaccuracy of the keywords will make the ad not suitable for the site or product being marketed, so that it is not optimal. The first step is to determine the items to be advertised and then look for the right keywords by looking at the Click Through Rate (CTR), which is the ratio of the number of clicks to the number of impressions, then running ads based on the keywords that have been obtained for an item, then analyze the results of running ads. The results of the two platforms between Google Ads and Tokopedia get an increase of visits after running ads, running ads using keywords with high CTR is very influential on visits and sales. It was recorded that during the ads run there were 2 sales that entered Tokopedia with a total of 3 items sold. If the purpose of the ad is for Brand Awareness, it is better to use Google ads to run ads, because the number of impressions of Google ads is better, but if the purpose of the ad is to sell then it is better to use Tokopedia because the number of conversions is more than Google ads.

Selling price according to traditional traders in the practice of Jual Kase-Kase

Jual kase-kase is a selling practice by traditional Banggai traders. Jual Kase-Kase is a term that comes from a habit of traders, thus making people call their practice the term Jual Kase-Kase. Starting from the barter system or the exchange of goods sold from house to house by traders, thus forming a way of transacting based on interests. In making an exchange the traders voluntarily accept the imbalance provided by the buyer. Changes in the sales system, affect the way of trading carried out by traditional traders, assigning value to each item sold and changing the location of the seller has an influence on the traders. However, the character of traditional traders is not lost even though some things from their sales practices have changed. The value given to an item does not only seek material benefits for traders but includes non-material values. Jual Kase-Kase means to give excess voluntarily. The purpose of this research is to reveal the meaning of selling price in the practice of selling cases from the perspective of traditional traders. An ethnomethodological approach is used to understand the meaning of the selling price of the practice of Jual Kase-Kase carried out by traditional traders. In this study, the value of goods sold by traditional traders is influenced by Banggai culture which is inherent in the character of traditional traders, where the value of goods is not only formed from material values but is formed from social and spiritual values. Where the social value is seen in the relationship created between fellow sellers or between sellers and buyers. The spiritual value that is present in the determination of the selling price is seen in the sincerity, honesty, and inner feeling of the perpetrator which finally appears in the price given.

Assessment of Food Quality in School Canteens: A Comparative Quantitative Study between Primary and Secondary Schools in Malaysia

Schools are an important food environment to cultivate and promote healthy food choices and practices among children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to assess the type and quality of food and beverages sold in school canteens in public primary and secondary schools in Kelantan, Malaysia. Eligible schools were randomly selected from the list of all schools and detailed information of all food and beverage items sold in the school canteens were collected during school days. Food and beverages were classified based on food groups derived from the Malaysian Food Dietary Guideline and the Recommended Foods for Healthy Cafeteria Guideline. An assessment of the traffic-light nutrition food-labelling system of the total sugar content in all pre-packaged foods was also undertaken. A total of 568 food items were identified, with secondary school canteens selling a greater proportion of food items than the primary schools (55.5% vs. 44.5%). In terms of the main food groups, grains and cereal products represented the largest food group served (33–36%), followed by beverages (21–25%) and confectionary and sweet foods (12–13%). In contrast, the vegetable and fruit group represented the smallest proportion of food items sold (1–3%). Comparisons between primary and secondary schools showed a similar trend and pattern of food types and quality of foods sold, except for animal-based foods. A greater percentage of food items in this category was found among secondary schools (12.1%) versus primary schools (6.7%). When total sugar content of all pre-packaged foods was quantified based on the traffic-light nutrition-labelling system, almost one-third of foods and beverages were classified as high (29.1%). Confectionary (19.1%) and flavoured milk and fruit drinks (10.0%) both exceeded the recommended sugar levels of >22.5 g per 100 g and >11.25 mL per 100 m L, respectively. Only one of these packaged foods and beverages (0.9%) was classified as a healthy food choice. About a quarter of the food items available in school canteens were classified as prohibited based on a new revised list of prohibited food and beverage items. These findings indicate that, despite the Guidelines, a large number of unhealthy food items are being sold in school canteens. Hence, interventions such as sustainable healthy school canteen menus should be implemented to promote healthy food choices amongst school-aged children.

DECEPTION ON ONLINE SELLING AND BUYING FREUD: THE LAW OF ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION PERSPECTIVE

The rapid development of buying and selling online today is also followed by a high number of online based frauds. This study aims to determine the legal protection for consumers due to online buying and selling fraud. This research is a normative legal research using a statutory approach, a case approach, a conceptual approach, an analytical approach and a theoretical approach. The result of this study indicates that legal protection for consumers due to online buying and selling fraud creates responsibility for consumer losses in electronic transactions as regulated both in the ITE Law, Civil Code, Criminal Code and Consumer Protection Law. The consumer losses oblige the person who due to his fault published the loss has to compensate the loss. So the recommendation of the researcher is for the online buying and selling agreement is still prone to fraud, with this fraud, it issues legal consequences, the main cause of prone to the online buying and selling business fraud is because there are several parties who are not responsible for all the items sold.

Ethnozoological and commercial drivers of the pangolin trade in Benin

BackgroundPangolins are trafficked in unsustainable volumes to feed both local and global trade networks for their meat and the medicinal properties of their derivatives, including scales. We focus on a West African country (Benin) to assess the medicinal and spiritual values of pangolins among different ethnic groups and identify the cohort of buyers involved in the pangolin trade and related economic values along the chain, notably from local diasporas.MethodsWe organised 54 focus groups in villages surrounding occurrence habitats of pangolins across Benin and conducted 35 individual interviews with vendors from five major traditional medicine markets (TMMs). Our questionnaire addressed the different uses of pangolins, the commercial value of pangolin items, the categories of clients and the related selling prices.ResultsPangolin meat was strictly consumed as food. Scales, head, bones, tongue, blood, heart and xiphisternum were the items used by local communities as part of medicinal (65% of the focus groups) and spiritual (37%) practices. Scales were the most frequently used item (use value index = 1.56). A total of 42 medicinal and spiritual uses, covering 15 International Classification of Diseases (ICD) categories, were recorded among ethnic groups. The ICD and spiritual categories-based analyses of similarity showed a partial overlapping of ethnozoological knowledge across Benin, although knowledge was significantly influenced by ethnicity and geographic location. The pricing of pangolins both varied with the category of stakeholders (local communities vs. stakeholders of TMMs) and clients (local and West African clients vs. Chinese community) and the type of items sold. The Chinese community was reported to only buy pangolins alive, and average selling prices were 3–8 times higher than those to West African clients.ConclusionsOur results confirm that pangolins in Africa are valuable and versatile resources for consumption and medicinal / spiritual practices. The pangolin trade in Benin is based on an endogenous and complex network of actors that now appears influenced by the specific, high-valued demand from the Chinese diaspora. Further investigations are required to assess the growing impact of the Chinese demand on the African wildlife trade.

Penerapan Metode Waterfall Dalam Perancangan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Pengiriman Barang

Freight Forwarding services are activities in the economy that create economic value. Delivery of goods occurs because of a sale and purchase of goods transaction, where every item sold will be sent to the buyer using the goods delivery service. With the service of shipping goods make it easy for customers to send goods, important documents and so on at a lower cost. PT. Suryagita Nusaraya is a company focused on moving goods delivery services, with the aim of shipping goods in various cities throughout Indonesia. However, PT. Suryagita Nusaraya still uses paper media to record data such as customer data,transaction data, tariff data, and financial reporting. This requires a long time and delay in finding the data needed and allows errors in making transaction reports. So the company requires the existence of an information system that supports and provides satisfying services for customers. For that reason, the writer tries to make an Accounting Information System for Shipping Services at PT. Suryagita Nusaraya Website based. This can be a solution for companies in developing goods delivery services with a computerized system so as to facilitate the activities of the company.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI PEMETAAN TOKO OLEH-OLEH DAN SOUVENIR KHAS LAMPUNG DIKOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG BERBASIS ANDROID

Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) atau Geographic Informtic System (GIS) merupakan sistem informasi berbasi komputer yang digunakan untuk mengolah dan menyimpan data atau informasi geografis dengan visualisasi data yang berisi letak toko oleh-oleh khas lampung, informasi toko dan petunjuk arah yang disajikan kepada pengguna. Adapun data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan pengumpulan data peta wilayah Bandar Lampung menggunakan Google Map API, pengumpulan data titik koordinat serta beberapa data penunjang lainnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah membangun sistem informasi geografis toko oleh-oleh khas lampung berbasis android yang memberikan kemudahan kepada pengguna untuk mengetahui posisi toko oleh-oleh khas lampung, dimana didalamnya terdapat informasi toko,posisi toko, barang yang dijual dan petunjuk arah menuju toko yang dipilih

Bacterial Load Assessment of some Food Items Sold in Street in Woldia Town, North-East Ethiopia

Infectious diseases due to contaminated street vended food items has happened to an essential concern and public health issue in low socio-economic status individuals. The goal of this study was to evaluate bacterial quality and safety of some food items sold in street based on aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Woldia town. Cross-sectional study was performed on some selected street vended foods from March 2019 to May 2019 in Woldia town. A total of 36 ready-to-eat food samples such as ‘Sambussa’, ‘Bonbolino’ and ‘Ambasha’ were collected for microbial analysis. Finding of the study indicates that 32(88.9 %) of the vendors were females, 28(77.7%) handled food with bare hands, 28(77.7%) vendors were washing their hands after toilet. The mean total count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 4.5×102±5.2×101 CFUg-1, 1.5×102±4.5×101 CFUg-1, 1.1×102±1.4×101 CFUg-1 and 2×102±3.4×101 CFUg-1, respectively. The dominant bacterial isolate from the street vended foods was Escherichia coli (53.5%), followed by Salmonella (24.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (22.4%). The result of this study demonstrates the non hygienic practices of the vendors in street vended foods showed high bacterial load. Therefore, the street vended foods were contaminated with food borne pathogenic bacteria that can create a potential risk to public health in the study area. In general, the bacterial quality of the food quality sold in street in Woldia town was very poor and needs especial attention to avoid bacterial contamination.

Examining taste testing and point-of-purchase prompting as strategies to promote healthier food selection from food trucks.

To examine the feasibility of taste testing and point-of-purchase prompting to promote healthier food choices at a food truck event. A pre-/post-study was conducted where food trucks provided samples of healthy food items to patrons and implemented point-of-purchase prompting (promotional signage; verbal cues). Implementation fidelity, acceptability and initial effectiveness were assessed via observation, patron surveys and sales data. A linear mixed model with a random effect for subject (food truck) and fixed effect for time point (baseline, intervention and post-intervention) was used to assess changes in relative sales of promoted healthy items as a percentage of food items sold. Weekly food truck event in Buffalo, New York. Seven food trucks; 179 patrons. Implementation fidelity data illustrated that all food trucks complied with manualised procedures. Approximately one-third of surveyed patrons accepted a healthy sample, with the majority rating the sample positively. There was no main effect of time when examining changes in relative sales of promoted healthy items across all periods (P = 0·32); however, effect sizes representing changes between individual time points are consistent with an increase from baseline to intervention (d = 0·51), which was maintained through post-intervention (d = 0·03). The change from baseline to post-intervention corresponded to a medium effect size (d = 0·55). Findings generally support the feasibility of implementing taste testing and point-of-purchase prompting to increase the selection of healthy food items from food trucks; implications for future research in this novel setting are discussed.

Working Capital Management in AVR Manufacturers Pvt Ltd, Chennai

This endeavor deals with the "A Study on Working Capital Management with reference to AVR Manufacturers". Working Capital Management is stressed over the issues that develop while attempting to manage the present assets, the present liabilities and the cover relationship that exist between them. The target of Working Capital Management is to manage the affiliation's present assets and current liabilities in such way that the pleasing level of Working Capital is referenced. The present assets should be tremendous enough to cover its present liabilities in order to ensure a reasonable edge of the security. [1],[ 3],[5] The examination of Working Capital relies upon instruments like Trend Analysis, Ratio Analysis, Working Capital impact, working cycle, etc. Further the examination relies upon latest 5 years Annual Reports of AVR Manufacturers. Besides, even factors like contender's assessment, industry examination were not considered while setting up this errand. For this assessment the discretionary data gathering method is used. The data aggregation was away for examination of Working Capital organization of the association. There is a necessity for Working Capital as present points of interest for plan with the issue rising out of nonattendance of speedy affirmation of cash against items sold. Thusly satisfactory Working Capital is critical to help arrangements activity. This examination has a bit of the limitations like obliged data, confined period, compelled area and the term of the assessment is low. [2 ],[ 4],[6]

Re-engineering Key National Economic Indicators

Traditional methods of collecting data from businesses and households face increasing challenges. These include declining response rates to surveys, increasing costs to traditional modes of data collection, and the difficulty of keeping pace with rapid changes in the economy. The digitization of virtually all market transactions offers the potential for re-engineering key national economic indicators. The challenge for the statistical system is how to operate in this data-rich environment. This paper focuses on the opportunities for collecting item-level data at the source and constructing key indicators using measurement methods consistent with such a data infrastructure. Ubiquitous digitization of transactions allows price and quantity be collected or aggregated simultaneously at the source. This new architecture for economic statistics creates challenges arising from the rapid change in items sold. The paper explores some recently proposed techniques for estimating price and quantity indices in large-scale item-level data. Although those methods display tremendous promise, substantially more research is necessary before they will be ready to serve as the basis for the official economic statistics. Finally, the paper addresses implications for building national statistics from transactions for data collection and for the capabilities and organization of the statistical agencies in the 21st century.

Development and Validation of a Simple Convenience Store SHELF Audit.

Background This paper describes the development, reliability, and convergent validity of a practical tool—the Convenience Store Supportive Healthy Environment for Life-Promoting Food (SHELF) Audit. Methods Audit items included: a variety of fresh, processed, and frozen fruits and vegetables; low-fat dairy products; healthy staples and frozen meals; healthy food incentive programs; items sold in check-out areas; portion/cup sizes; and pricing. Each audit item was scored using a five-point semantic-differential scale (1 = provides little or no support for healthful foods to 5 = provides high support for healthful foods). Convergent validity was examined by comparing the SHELF audit to Ghirardelli et al. and Laska et al. store audits. Statistical analysis included: Factor analysis, ANOVA, and Spearman correlations. Results SHELF included three factors: a Fruits/Vegetables scale (eight items, α = 0.79; total potential points = 34); a Healthy Foods scale (four items, α = 0.72; total potential points = 16); and a Supports scale (four items, α = 0.685; total potential points = 16). Only 6% of the 124 convenience stores assessed scored in the most healthful range (46–66). The assessed drug stores (n = 15) scored higher than convenience stores (n = 81) on the Healthy Foods and Supports scales but not the Fruits/Vegetables scale. The SHELF sub-scores were highly correlated with other audit tools indicating convergent validity. Conclusion The SHELF convenience store audit is a valid, reliable tool for assessing the degree to which convenience stores support healthfulness regarding Fruits/Vegetables, Healthy Foods, and Supports for choosing healthy.

The Importance of the Directive 2011/83/EU for the Transposition of the Directive 1999/44/EC into the Polish Law in the Field of the Seller‘s Liability for Physical Defects of Goods

Summary The Author examines the importance of the Directive 2011/83/EU for the transposition of the Directive 1999/44/EC into Polish law in the field of seller‘s liability for physical defects in the item sold. These considerations were prompted by the Act on Consumer Rights of 30 May 2014 including the amended provisions on liability under warranty which entered into force in Poland on 25 December 2014. The aim of the considerations included in this article is to identify new limits of liability for the quality of goods, which were determined by revised provisions of the Civil Code resulting from the aforementioned Act and to show the significance of the implementation of the Directive 2011/83/EU into the Polish law for this process. The matter of the analysis was subjected to both the subjective limitations, i.e. it was reduced only to seller-consumer legal relationships, and to the objective limitations, i.e. related only to liability under warranty for physical defects resulting from sales contracts.

Big data on a big new market: Insights from Washington State’s legal cannabis market

IntroductionVoters in eight U.S. states have passed initiatives to legalize large-scale commercial production of cannabis for non-medical use. All plan or require some form of “seed-to-sale” tracking systems, which provide a view of cannabis market activity at a heretofore unimagined level of detail. Legal markets also create a range of new matters for policy makers to address. DataPublicly available data were obtained on approximately 45 million individually priced items purchased in the 35 million retail transactions that took place during the first two and a half years of Washington State’s legal cannabis market. Records include product type (flower, extract, lotion, liquid edible, etc.), product name, price, and potency with respect to multiple cannabinoids, notably THC and CBD. Items sold can be traced back up the supply chain through the store to the processor and producer, to the level of identifying the specific production batch and mother plant, the firm that tested the product, and test results. MethodData visualization methods are employed to describe spatial-temporal patterns of multiple correlated attributes (e.g., price and potency) broken down by product. Text-analytic methods are used to subdivide the broad category of “extracts for inhalation” into more homogeneous sub-categories. To understand the competitiveness of the legal cannabis market in Washington we calculate the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) for processors and retailers. ResultsCannabis prices fell steadily and proportionally at the processor and retailer levels. Retail and wholesale price maintained a roughly 3:1 ratio for multiple product types after some initial fluctuations. Although a wide range of edibles are sold, they account for a modest share of consumer spending; extracts for inhalation are a larger and heterogeneous market segment. The HHI indicates the cannabis market is highly competitive at the processor level, but less so for retail markets at the county level. ConclusionsWashington’s state-legal cannabis market is diverse and rapidly evolving in terms of pricing, products, and organization. Post-legalization, researchers and policy makers may need to think in terms of a family of cannabis products, akin to how we think of new psychoactive substances and amphetamine-type stimulants, not a single drug “cannabis.”

Publicidade e design: panorama nacional e como extrair maior valor das ideias criativas

Foi traçado um panorama dos setores de Publicidade e Design, componentes da Economia Criativa, com participação de 40 profissionais. Foram apontadas necessidades de integração entre criação e negócios, determinação precisa da expectativa de retornos e estabilização de fluxos de caixa por remuneração fixa e variável e dificuldades de financiamento da expansão de operações das empresas criativas. A função geração de valor dessas empresas depende do conhecimento de economia criativa, do seu grau de profissionalização, da projeção de conversão das vendas, dos preços dos concorrentes, do valor das ideias, dos direitos autorais e da quantidade de itens vendidos.Advertising and design: national outlook and how to extract greater value from creative ideasAbstractIt was drawn an overview of Advertising and Design sectors, components of the Creative Economy, with the participation of 40 professionals. It was identified the needs of integration between creation and business, accurately determination of expected returns and stabilization of cash flows by fixed and variable remuneration and difficulties in financing the expansion of creative companies. The value creation function of these companies depends on the knowledge of the creative economy, its degree of professionalism, the projected sales conversion, competitors' prices, the value of ideas, copyright and the amount of items sold.