Expenditure Items Research Articles

Évaluation de l’impact économique et du parcours patient lors du traitement de l’occlusion coronaire totale chronique

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries is defined as complete absence of antegrade coronary flow without iodine passage, since more than 3 months. Coronary revascularization is a highly resource-intensive angioplasty procedure involving numerous medical devices (MDs). Its consumption and associated costs are not covered by either the medical act classification (CCAM) or the hospitalization fees and additional MD funding. The primary aim of this study is to analyze the financial sustainability of this activity for a public healthcare institution and to assess the budgetary impact of CTO treatment on the most expensive items of expenditure. The secondary aim is to describe the patient's intra-hospital pathway. CTO revascularization stays are categorized under the code 05K06 "Vascular Stents without Myocardial Infarction". Major cost items were identified using national coded expenditure data and compared with those from our cost study. Every CTO intervention from January to November 2021 were retrospectively retrieved. Establishment purchase prices in 2021 were used to determine MD costs. Clinical data were extracted from electronic patient records. Operative data (procedure duration, professionals involved, and MD used) were extracted. Human Resources (HR) costs were integrated into the calculations. A Sankey diagram was created. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. In our study, 41 patients underwent 45 interventions. The median was 65 years. 78% of interventions were successful with a median duration of 113 minutes. 222 different MD references were used, with 27% reimbursed additionally and 73% funded within the homogeneous group of stays (HGS). The total cost of MD described in the coded expenditure data is 2142euro, of which 721euro is funded within the HGS. In our cohort, it represented averages of 2736euro ± 1393euro and 1710euro ± 926euro, respectively. Regarding HR, the total cost described in the coded expenditure data was 442euro compared to 410euro ± 169euro in our cohort. Finally, patient pathway analysis showed an average length of stay (LOS) of 1.8 days. Two pathways were identified depending on admission context: weekday hospitalization or cardiac intensive care. CTO revascularization is a planned intervention with a short LOS and a highly standardized patient pathway. Our study highlights a proliferation of MD references used during CTO revascularization due to innovative industrial developments. The cost differential with coded expenditure data confirms the need for a revision of the procedure and its categorization within an HGS, which is currently non-specific.

The influence of politicians' sex on political budget cycles: An empirical analysis of Spanish municipalities

AbstractDoes a politician's sex influence political budget cycles (PBCs)? We answer this question using a sample of Spanish municipalities from the Madrid region for the period 2010–2019. The Madrid region has a homogenous set of budget rules that allow consistent categorization of budget expenditure items as either “mandatory” or “non‐mandatory” public services. After differentiating between smaller and larger municipalities, gender influence is studied along two dimensions: the mayor's sex and the share of women in government. Our findings include, in regard to mandatory spending in smaller municipalities, that gender‐balanced governments induce PBCs. In larger municipalities, when the share of women in government is above 60%, electoral spending is increased by up to 10% of an average municipal budget for mandatory spending, and up to 2.2% for non‐mandatory. These findings are generally supported in a mixed‐gender close election analysis.

A Case Study on Economic Analysis of Sea Cage Farms in the Black Sea, Türkiye

The main aim of this research is to understand the value chains of enterprises engaged in aquaculture in sea cages in the Black Sea region of Türkiye, to determine production costs and to make a general analysis of the aquaculture sector. Random sampling method was used to ensure that farmers were equally represented in the survey. Data for the survey were randomly selected from 16 separate farms spread throughout 4 different marine cage locations. Furthermore, fish traders and sector stakeholders were interviewed. The businesses examined within the scope of the study are divided into 3 groups: small (250 -500 tons/year), medium (501-999 tons/year) and large (>1000 tons/year), according to their capacities. The most important expense items of enterprises consist of variable costs. Among the variable costs, the purchase of fry fish, feed purchase, and labor costs constitute the most important expenditure items. Among the fixed costs, the most important expense is depreciation costs. The unit cost of one kg of fish varies between 2.7 and 3.0 euros. Considering that the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Black Sea are at the level of 3.5 Euro, the profit rate of the enterprises is between these levels. Recently, since trout from the Black Sea has been exported to the Far East Country (particularly Japan), its price has also increased. In 2018, the average retail price (including VAT) and medium selling price of seabass and trout were at a level of 5.24 and 5.34 Euros respectively. Despite all these positive developments, climate change continues to pose a threat in terms of disease outbreak and marketing problems.

A study on rent burden of private rental housings in Japan

Abstract In Japan, there is a lack of adequate consideration of “appropriate rent burden” that is essential for appropriate promoting of housing safety net measures. Therefore, we intended to obtain basic data to examine the appropriate rent burden. Specifically, using the latest findings of the National Survey of Family Income, Consumption and Wealth that provides the most detailed picture of household finances, we analyzed the rent burden and expenditure elasticity, thereby obtaining the following findings. Rents do not differ significantly according to life stage and annual household income. With regard to expenditure elasticity, the expenditure elasticity of rent is remarkably low compared with other expenditure items. Consequently, Rent is therefore an expense that is difficult to cut even for low-income earners, and the burden is greater among low-income earners. Furthermore, the characteristics of rent burden also differ depending on the household size, also there are clear differences in rent between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Therefore, it was suggested that in promoting the housing safety net measures, it is necessary to study the future of the rent burden in consideration of the household size, and examine the level as a regional minimum in addition to the level as a national one.

ANALISIS ARUS KAS UNTUK PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PADA CV ELSA MANDIRI ABADI

The cash flow report is a very important part of a company which describes the amount of cash receipts and expenditures. The cash flow report consists of operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. To maintain the continuity of the company, a cash flow is very necessary and the company can read the cash flow calculations for decision making. The research aims to find out whether information on cash flow from operating activities is a step in making company management decisions. The research was carried out at CV Elsa Mandiri Abadi, located on Jalan Setia Budi, Klegen Madiun. The type of research is descriptive qualitative. The results of the research are the adequacy of the company's operating cash flow to meet all its needs is quite good. The results of the overall ratio calculation are an analysis of the ratio of operating cash flow to current debt, the ratio of operating cash flow to total debt, the interest coverage ratio the ratio of cash flow to net profit, and the quality ratio. sales for 3 periods in the company that cash flow can be used as a management decision-making tool because the results are positive. Management decision-making includes: 1) Consider purchasing fixed assets; 2) Fixed assets that are not useful should be sold to be realized as cash; and 3) Companies need to reduce expenditure items and make efficiencies to increase profit margins

Факторы обеспечения финансовой устойчивости организации высшего образования

This article identifies significant factors influencing the financial sustainability of higher education organizations and presents an authorial classification thereof. It is noted that the entire diversity of factors ensuring the sustainability of the university’s economic activities can be expressed through cost and non-financial indicators. Among the former are microeconomic, macroeconomic, and market factors determining the level of income of higher education organizations, their potential revenue streams, key expenditure items, as well as strategies for conducting activities based on the situation in the educational services market. Non-financial factors are subdivided into organizational-legal, political, social, and global categories. They imply an indirect but significant influence on the financial sustainability of an educational organization, regulating its activities through documents, state policies in various spheres, the university’s image in the domestic and global educational environment, etc. The prepared classification of factors provides a visual representation of the components of financial sustainability of higher education organizations, which can be effectively utilized in organizing management by stakeholders.

Public understanding of Electoral Spending: Evaluating UK Transparency Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Transparency is core to the principles of electoral oversight. The disclosure of information is designed to allow voters, the media, academics, and civil society to hold political actors to account. However, in the context of evolving campaign practice occasioned by the rise of digital technologies, the effectiveness of transparency mechanisms needs to be consistently scrutinized (Electoral Commission. (2018). Digital campaigning: increasing transparency for voters. Electoral Commission.). In this paper we examine a lauded system of electoral transparency – the UK's electoral finance regime (Power, S. (2020). Party funding and corruption. Palgrave MacMillan) – and evaluate its effectiveness. Analysing a unique dataset of 22,720 separate items of expenditure and 5,770 invoices recording campaign spending at the 2019 UK general election, we review the sufficiency of the process and content of existing transparency disclosures. Our findings show significant deficits in the system of electoral transparency. We find that UK parties are not reporting data consistently, meaning that invoices are regularly uninformative, and that existing reporting categories are unable to capture the full spectrum of electoral activity. These findings are significant for understanding the requirements of an effective disclosure regime, but also for questioning the utility of the disclosures available to voters.

The impact of European Cohesion Policy: a spatial perspective

Abstract Cohesion Policy is one of the core policy areas of the European Union and one of the largest expenditure items in its budget. Its impact is the subject of intense academic and policy debate, but its effectiveness is an empirical question still open. This article contributes to this debate by performing a region-specific investigation of the direct and indirect impact of Structural Funds expenditure. We employ a heterogeneous panel data model, which accommodates the spatial dependence in a heterogeneous setting and measures heterogeneous spatial spillover effects, both inward and outward. We also consider different channels of spatial spillovers with respect to standard geographical closeness. In particular, the introduction of new measures of proximity that explicitly consider economic linkages between regions is a novel contribution to the literature. The results clearly indicate that the impact of the Cohesion Policy, while positive overall, is highly heterogeneous and the Structural Funds expenditure generates substantial heterogeneous spatial spillovers: the positive effects do not remain confined to the target regions. Finally, strong spillover effects are channelled by value-added trade connections, particularly in regions belonging to the so-called ‘Central European Manufacturing Core’.

Fiscal Expenditure Multipliers in South Africa: is there a crowding-out effect?

Returning an economy to fiscal solvency from episodes of large deficit requires efficient composition of national spending. It is for this reason that empirical inquiry concentrated on disaggregated expenditure components has gained relevance in the recent past. This paper employs an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to establish the size of fiscal expenditure multiplier. This paper uses time series data of disaggregated fiscal components ranging from 1982 to 2020. The results show positive but smaller (less than one) multipliers for all the disaggregated fiscal expenditure variables in the long run. Most importantly, the results show that the public sector wage bill, which takes the largest share of overall government expenditure, has a smaller multiplier compared to the rest of the expenditure items, indicating a possible crowding out impact. Effective management of the public sector wage bill and efficient budget allocation must be prioritized both in the long-run and short-run. This can be achieved by prioritizing growth-enhancing expenditures whilst keeping the public sector wage bill moderate.

Understanding the Modern Election Campaign: Analysing Campaign Eras through Financial Transparency Disclosures at the 2019 UK General Election

Abstract What do modern election campaigns look like? According to the most recent accounts, they are data-driven operations in which extensive data are collected and targeted messages are deployed in efforts to maximize support. Whilst highlighting important new developments, in this article we argue that a focus on novel practices offers a distorted picture of modern campaigns. Presenting a unique analysis of over 22,720 separate items of expenditure made by political parties at the 2019 UK general election, we demonstrate that whilst there is some evidence of a ‘fourth’ era of campaigning, these novel practices do not define campaigns. Taking a more holistic approach that examines how campaign activities are blended and entwined, we offer unprecedented insight into the nature of modern campaigns, revealing variation in parties' campaign strategies. We also introduce a new dataset for those interested in party campaigns and call for others to pursue a more holistic analysis.

Impact Of Preschool Education Financial Expenditures on The Number of Full-Time Preprimary Teachers in Rural Regions--An Analysis Based on Chinese Provincial Panel Data, 2012-2021

Education is an essential problem concerning the whole society, creating citizens with well-educated is the foundation of a good country. Financial expenditure on education is the basic supplement and support of advanced education. However, preschool education has lower attention compared to other seminars. There is a certain gap in allocation. Therefore, the focus of this study is on how education spending affects the number of rural kindergarten teachers, using the quantitative analysis method, from the Economy Prediction System (EPS) database to collect the corresponding panel data of China's provinces during the decade 2012-2021 to analyze and hypothesize, and finally concludes as follows. The amount of kindergarten full-time teachers in rural areas is obviously and positively related to the total investment in preprimary education, and this relationship is more significant in the western region. The study also found that among the items of financial expenditures on preschool education. Spending on products and services, as opposed to pay, benefits, and assistance for individuals and families, had a greater impact on the amount of kindergartens full-time teachers in rural areas. Through the path analysis in the study, we can know that the educational financial expenditure can increase the number of full-time kindergarten teachers in rural areas by increasing the number of kindergartens and students.

Real-world economic burden of hepatitis C and impact of direct-acting antivirals in France: A nationwide claims data analysis.

The economic impact of managing patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the economic burden of chronic HCV infection from a national health insurance perspective and the impact of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) using nationwide real-world data. Patients with chronic HCV infection were identified from the French Health Insurance Claims Databases (SNDS) and matched for age and sex to the general population. Health resource utilization and reimbursements were summarized according to healthcare expenditure items from 2012 to 2021. The economic burden attributable to chronic HCV infection was evaluated over a 10-year period. Finally, the impact of DAAs was estimated using economic data derived from the SNDS. A total of 145 187 patients with chronic HCV infection were identified. Among the patients eligible for DAA therapy, 81.5% had received DAA by the end of 2021. Over a 10-year period, managing patients with chronic HCV infection resulted in an additional cost of €9.71 billion (95% confidence interval [CI]: €9.66-€9.78 billion) or €9191 (95% CI: €9134-€9252) per patient per year compared to the general population. After DAA therapy, patients with chronic HCV infection had a higher economic burden than the general population, with an additional cost of €5781 (95% CI: €5540-€6028) per patient at the fifth-year post-DAA therapy. A significant economic burden persists among patients with HCV infection after DAA treatment. The high proportion of patients not treated with DAA therapy supports reinforcing policies for universal access.

Expenditure Practices of Provincial and Local Governments: The Case of Nepal

Nepal promulgated a new constitution in 2015, which adopted a federal system of governance to achieve economic equality, prosperity and social justice. The constitution has allocated expenditure responsibilities to each level of government. In such a scenario, this study employs a descriptive approach to analyze the spending practices of Nepal’s provincial and local governments. Secondary sources of data were used to cover the period from 2018/19 to 2021/22. The study found that the average share of recurrent expenditure at the provincial level of Nepal was 42.5% while such share of capital expenditure was 57.5%. At the local level, the average share of recurrent and capital expenditure was 60.5% and 39.5% respectively. Within the capital expenditure of Nepal’s provincial governments, the average share of expenditure items having relatively more contribution to capital formation was 70.6% while that of local governments, such share was 52.9% only. The study also found that Nepal's provincial and local governments spend less on the major subnational service delivery areas. Nepal’s subnational government spending practices highlight the need to spend more on capital formation. Within the capital formation, more spending on the areas having a direct impact on their future growth and prosperity is necessary. The subnational governments must also spend more on major subnational service delivery areas.

POLICY OF MANAGEMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET

The habit of effectively managing one's finances and the ability to properly allocate one's funds is the key to economic stability for both an individual and the state as a whole. In the modern world, households play an important role as an economic entity, the well-being of the entire country depends on the results of its activities. Households are the only socio-economic entity within which the process of reproduction of the population, formation and education of the individual takes place. The recognition of households as equal participants in financial relations contributed to the emergence of a number of problems related to the peculiarities of income formation and spending in the conditions of transformational changes in the economy of Ukraine. The scientific article is devoted to research in the field of household finances. This topic is becoming more and more relevant in the modern world. The article reveals the essence of the concept of "household", highlights the main characteristics of households, the concept and functions of the household budget, and considers the types of household budgets. In particular, the article considers types of household income, classification of household expenses. The structure of family budget planning is presented. The main rules of managing budget funds are highlighted. Approaches to the competent distribution of money are disclosed.It has been established that a key aspect of household budget management is responsibility for one's finances and making decisions that reflect needs and goals. Regardless of how you manage your personal finances, the main thing is that only increasing your level of financial literacy will help you achieve personal well-being and learn how to properly allocate your funds across all expenditure items. A person must be constantly improving, analyzing his expenses in order to optimize them, while introducing new methods of obtaining income, learning to invest and manage his funds.

Implementasi Metode Full Costing untuk Menentukan Harga Jual Produk

Determining selling prices is one of the important and crucial problems that many small and medium companies experience. This is due to the large production price of the product (HPP), which is caused by many expenditure items not being identified, or the selling price having been set while the HPP is not yet known. This research aims to determine the amount of costs incurred by the company, in order to make it easier for the company to find out the amount of HPP. The method used is the full costing method, which is a method used to avoid losses resulting from product sales so that the company minimizes the price of making the product. The results of this research show that the HPP amount is 962,966,450 rupiah per year by adding 10-20% margin value so that the selling price of fertilizer is 2,650 thousand per kilogram of fertilizer.

БЮДЖЕТ РОССИИ И НЕСТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ ЭКОНОМИКИ XXI ВЕКА

The beginning of the twenty-first century was marked by various economic crises that affected the economy and changed the state budget structure. The fiscal policy is designed to stabilize the economy by using such tools as automatic and discretionary stabilizers. The work employed statistical analysis methods, specifically region clustering using the k-mean approach, calculating statistical indicators, and assessing budgets with the share calculated by expenditure items and the supplied value by 2005 per capita. Conclusions are made about changes in the structure of expenditures during crises and their response to budgetary policy instruments. At the same time, the cause of the crisis is reflected in the structure of expenditures; for instance, an increase in expenditures on the national economy was noted in 2009, while an increase in healthcare costs happened in 2020. In addition, the classification of regions into clusters did not reveal the specifics of the budget structure, but budget features are observed among regions when they are classified into two categories: high gratuitous receipts (greater than 20 % of income) and moderate (up to 20 % of income). Thus, in regions with a high share of gratuitous receipts, there is an increase in spending on social policy per capita at comparable prices, whereas there is an increase in spending on healthcare regarding the moderate share. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results when writing analytical reports for public authorities and developing measures for various stages of the economic cycle.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ У 2020–2023 РОКАХ

The study is devoted to the analysis of the problems and peculiarities of the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine, in the context of the state of war and the unstable political situation, and to the outline of prospects for overcoming them and the sustainable development of the tourism market in the post-war period. The tourism industry is one of the most promising and economically balanced branches of the economy. It has been established that international tourism is a socio-economic, environmental protection tool of global influence, aimed at integrating the state's cultural and historical heritage, intellectual potential and recreational opportunities for health and recovery into the global space, while preserving national authenticity.Its dynamic development is the basis of the steady evolution of the national economy of states and the popularization of globalization processes on the international financial market. A feature of this industry is the use of all resources available to the state, including unprofitable or unprofitable objects.The paper analyzed the theoretical prerequisites for the formation and development of the market of international tourist services, taking into account the socio-economic crisis. An analysis of the current state of the tourist services market of Ukraine and Israel in 2020–2023 was also carried out. As a result of the analysis of the tourist services market of Ukraine, it was determined that tourism, after emerging from the global epidemiological crisis, began to actively recover and showed active annual growth in 2022 in Zakarpattia Oblast by 16%, Lviv Oblast by 46%, and Chernivtsi Oblast by 98%, that is, in the territories of relative safety and peace. It was determined that the tourist market of Ukraine, like other sectors of the economy, is in a state of stagnation in the dominant position of domestic territories, because the annexation of 25% of Ukrainian lands is a global problem for that part of the state, which, in the face of military aggression, is able to build up its own economic potential. Since the expenditure items of the budget during the war only grow, and the opportunity to increase the production and realization of tourist services only decreases. It has been established that the study of the principles, features and regularities of the functioning of international tourism during the socio-economic and military-demographic crisis is extremely numerous.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРИОРИТЕТЫ БЮДЖЕТНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ МЕНЯЮЩЕГОСЯ МЕСТА РОССИИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ

The article examines statistical data on the volumes of revenues and expenditures of the federal budget of the Russian Federation, as well as expenditures on national defense, national secu-rity and social policy for 2023-2026. A conclusion is made about the stability of budgetary resource spending. An analysis of changes in tax legislation from 2025, the implementation of which determines the implementation of budget policy in Russia, is carried out. The main innovations boil down to an increase in tax rates and an expansion of the list of taxable items. This will increase tax collection and the revenue side of the budget. An analysis of budget expenditures for the implementation of state pro-grams in the considered priority areas of activity of the Russian Federation showed that quite large vol-umes of budget financing are allocated for these purposes. The level and dynamics of the allocation of financial support are different. There will be no significant decrease or increase in the volume of budget financing in the next two-year period for all analyzed state programs. This is a positive moment, indicating the stability of the budget policy in the Russian Federation. The negative aspects include the potential existence of a situation in which a significant increase in budget expenditures is possible, their significant redistribution across industries and areas of activity, and a reduction in budget financing for a number of expenditure items. These are objective reasons that are currently associated with great difficulties in forecasting the development of events. The paper examines the regulatory framework concerning the pri-orities of budget policy in the medium term. The main areas include increasing the openness of budget procedures, the level of tax collection, the quality of tax administration, developing the institute of "pref-erential taxation", focusing on the most complete long-term forecasting and budget planning, optimizing budget financing with maximum focus on "goals-costs-results", focusing on the development of scientific research, radio-electronic, machine-tool industries, expanding the possibilities for using information technologies in the budget sector and strengthening control over the expenditure of budget financing.

Analysis of implementing the Ukrainian healthcare reform in 2023

The main research task is to study the issue of effectiveness of implementing the healthcare reform in Ukraine using the main levers of influence on the most significant items of expenditure in the medical industry itself. Also, we investigate the main items of income and expenses of medical service providers, their specific weight and management methods for more rational use. It is worth noting that the positive dynamics in the direction of effectiveness of the healthcare industry is not only the main priority. It is also a direct tool that drives the general processes in the medical industry. Increasing the level of social protection is one of the primary goals of medicine and, as a result, improving the quality of state population life. In a chain reaction, this will lead to a reduction in costs for the healthcare industry due to faster recovery of patients and reduction of time spent in a state of temporary incapacity. One of the key aspects of the medical reform efficiency remains the issue of remuneration of workers. Before carrying out reform measures, doctor salaries were officially at the minimum level. Therefore, the principle of treatment for the patient’s money was widespread in the industry. The main motivating element of the human capital efficiency is salary – reward for work results. So, if the salary directly depends on the target indicators that must be achieved in the production process, then the employee’s motivation increases. Based on the fact that the main direction of funds expenditure at medical institutions is labour costs, the main efforts and attention should be paid in the organisational and administrative plan to work with the effective use of this item of expenses. It is worth noting that the salary of any employee is the main measure of his work efficiency. It is a motivator to improve the quality and treatment efficiency. If the amount of reward depends on the employee’s performance indicators, the system will have additional motivation not only in the quantitative characteristics of the work result, but also in the qualitative parameters.

Обґрунтування заходів із мінімізації макрофіскальних ризиків в Україні

Introduction. Measures to minimize macro-fiscal risks in Ukraine are substantiated, based on the reduction of volatility of incomes formed as a result of the reproduction of the national economy, quality assurance of macroeconomic proportions. Problem Statement. Comparative analysis of reproductive processes in the national economy in the context of the formation of the system of gross and net income of consolidated national accounts with the application of economic and statistical methods of analysis.Justification of the results of comparative analysis to minimize macro-fiscal risks. Purpose. Justification of measures to minimize macro-financial risks in Ukraine based on the study of the formation of the income system in the national economy and the risks associated with them. Methods. The basis of the study was official statistical data - dynamic series of indicators of consolidated national accounts. The balance method and methods of economic and statistical analysis were used. Results. A system of indicators is proposed for statistical assessment of the volatility of the reproduction processes of the national economy. The formation of the income system and related risks for the economy of Ukraine and Germany has been studied. Measures to minimize macro-financial risks in Ukraine are substantiated. Comparative studies between countries on a single methodological basis made it possible to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the economic cycle of the compared countries, to identify the problems of economic reproduction. Conclusions. Minimization of macro-fiscal risks lies in the maintenance of macroeconomic proportions favourable to economic stability and economic growth, stability and consistency of revenue and expenditure items of the state budget.