Measurement Items Research Articles

Development and preliminary testing of a comprehensive Ecological Momentary Assessment of people with chronic pain.

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a data collection method to understand people's real-time experience in daily life. To date, no standard instrument exists to measure the pain experience using EMA that provides relevant information for most chronic pain conditions. The goal of this study was to fill this gap by developing a comprehensive EMA pain instrument (cEMAp). Drawing on extant validated retrospective pain measures, the items represented the following pain-relevant constructs: (1) pain intensity, (2) pain fluctuations and patterns, (3) time in pain, (4) pain sensations, (5) pain location, (6) focusing on pain and distraction, (7) pain behavior, (8) other pain sensations, (9) pain impact, (10) pain concerns, (11) causes of pain relief and exacerbations, and (12) pain typicality. Subsequently, interviews with fifty-three adults (mean age=57 years, SD=13.4; female: 74%) with chronic pain were conducted to confirm the relevance and appropriateness of the selected items for real-time pain measurement. We then created an electronic version of the instrument utilizing information from 2-hour intervals. We examined its feasibility and acceptability in a 1-week EMA design in a separate sample of twenty adults with chronic pain (mean age=56 years, SD=14.2). Results showed that EMA completion time was reasonable (mean=3.8 minutes, SD=2.5). Participants reported that the prompts were non-disruptive, the questions overall captured their pain experience, and the frequent pain assessments were useful. We expect this new instrument will allow researchers and clinicians to paint a fine-grained and nuanced picture of people's everyday pain in a comprehensive and standardized way. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the development of a new pain assessment based on Ecological Momentary Assessment to comprehensively measure chronic pain in daily life. Continued use and examination of the new instrument could facilitate standardization and comparability of momentary pain assessment methods across studies and chronic pain conditions.

Measuring, Comparing, and Predicting Knowledge Related to Reproductive Healthcare in the United States

ABSTRACT This study explores public knowledge of US reproductive healthcare policies through the measurement, comparison, and prediction of different knowledge items. The topic is important since previous research links knowledge to support for reproductive freedom (Buyuker et al. 2023; Jozkowski et al. 2023), and little research has been done on predicting reproductive healthcare policy knowledge. In April 2024, a representative sample of 775 Americans were surveyed. Employing descriptive statistics, statistical measurement techniques, and logistic regression, the study analyzed knowledge across four questions related to reproductive healthcare. Findings reveal significant gaps in knowledge about current events. Despite topical similarities, the questions lack statistical interrelation, challenging the prospects for latent measures of policy knowledge. Further, diverse predictors for each knowledge question suggest the need for nuanced educational campaigns tailored to specific knowledge items and demographic groups or attitudinal positions. This research initiates inquiry into the public’s understanding of governmental actors’ roles in reproductive healthcare policies.

P-532. Pediatric Perspectives of PrEP

Abstract Background Thousands of teens are diagnosed annually with HIV-1 in the U.S. despite the 2018 approval of PrEP for adolescents by the FDA, highlighting the need for research on pediatric PrEP prescribing practices. Research in this area is scant and chiefly focuses on patient barriers to accessing PrEP. Our study explores barriers to prescribing for pediatric providers.Table 1:Characteristics of Provider Respondents Methods We performed an online survey of medical providers from pediatrics, family medicine (FM) and internal medicine/pediatrics. A 5-point Likert scale (0-4) assessed comfort in providing adolescent sexual health care, including discussions around sexual activity, gender identity, sexual orientation, STIs, and PrEP. Potential barriers to PrEP prescription were explored. Unweighted proportions of responses were compared by provider characteristics, and logistic regression described the association between provider characteristics and the likelihood of having prescribed PrEP. Correlation matrix analysis identified strong relationships between item measure responses, identifying provider characteristics which associated with one another.Table 2:Comparing Comfort and Familiarity in Different Aspects of Sexual Health Care Between Pediatrics and Family Medicine Results 158 providers responded. Comparison of pediatric and FM providers found large differences in comfort with sexual health care. FM providers were more familiar with PrEP overall (3.42 to 1.53, 76.4% difference) and prescribing PrEP (3.37 to 0.70, 131.2%). FM providers were also more comfortable discussing sexual orientation (3.45 to 3.01, 13.62%), gender identity (3.32 to 2.72, 19.87%) and providing treatment for STIs (3.72 to 3.19, 15.34%). Logistic regression found that FM providers were 32 times more likely to prescribe PrEP than pediatric providers. Correlation analysis revealed that parental knowledge of a provider-patient conversation about sex decreased provider comfort in discussing sexual orientation and gender identity.Table 3:Multivariable Associations Between Provider Characteristics and Likelihood of Having Prescribed PrEP Conclusion Pediatric providers were less comfortable than FM providers in matters related to sexual health, sexual identity, and gender identity, including PrEP. FM providers, who routinely see adults, were significantly more likely to prescribe PrEP than pediatric providers. Parental knowledge of patient-provider discussions of sex may decrease provider comfort with discussions about sexual orientation and gender identity.Table 4:Correlation Stratified by Parental Knowledge of Patient-Provider Conversation About Sex Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Item-level measurement properties of the pediatric awareness and sensory motor assessment in children with medical complexity

IntroductionChildren with medical complexity (CMC) are medically fragile with severe brain damage and chronic conditions, necessitating daily care. Their neurological impairments often limit participation in childhood activities, affecting quality of life. Current assessment tools fail to detect subtle abilities in CMC, hindering development of effective rehabilitation goals and interventions. The Pediatric Awareness and Sensory Motor Assessment (PASMA) was created to fill this gap, providing sensitive measurement of sensory awareness and motor response across five domains (i.e., olfactory, visual, auditory, gustatory, and tactile).MethodsIn this retrospective study, a Rasch analysis was conducted on PASMA data for CMC. The PASMA was administered five times over ten weekdays to each child, reflecting its intended clinical use to gain a reliable sense of each child's awareness.ResultsAnalysis of data from 36 CMC revealed that the PASMA is sufficiently unidimensional, effectively measuring sensory awareness and motor response as a single construct. Its rating scale structure was validated without modifications, and the item hierarchy matched clinical expectations. High item reliability (0.97) was observed, with one item (V2 blink in response to light) slightly misfitting, but without affecting overall measures. Adequate person reliability was observed (0.81), with 15% person misfit. Person misfit did not degrade item measures or model statistics. Differential item functioning (DIF) was noted for the three easiest items on specific days. The PASMA successfully stratified participants into three distinct awareness levels (low, medium, and high awareness), without floor or ceiling effects.DiscussionThe PASMA is a valid unidimensional measure of sensory awareness and motor response in CMC. Rating scale characteristics, item hierarchy, and person separation measures all support the PASMA's measurement properties within this heterogeneous sample of CMC. DIF findings support a potential reduction in the recommended number of PASMA administrations per individual. Future research will focus on establishing rater reliability and external validity. Additional efforts will support health professionals to utilize the PASMA for baseline assessments, guiding personalized interventions, and tracking progress.ConclusionClinical use of the PASMA could provide new opportunities to detect subtle abilities, preferences, and changes in CMC, to promote meaningful participation and improve quality of life.

Construction of an evaluation indicator system for the integrated development of sports, culture and tourism based on tourist perceptions

Through a literature review, expert interviews, questionnaires, and statistical methods, this study constructs an evaluation index system and calculates the score for the integrated development of sports, culture, and tourism at sports event venues, specifically the Hemei Rural Football Super League (“Village Super League”) in Rongjiang, Guizhou. First, we reviewed and analyzed the relevant literature, which led to the formation of an initial index consisting of 18 items. The index was optimized after the analysis to include three main dimensions and 13 specific measurement items. The refined index demonstrated good reliability and validity and may thus provide a valuable tool for evaluating the sustainable development of sports, culture, and tourism integration in specific regions.

The Need for Controllability and Predictability questionnaire (NCP-q): psychometric properties and preliminary findings in a clinical sample

BackgroundGiven the importance of the need for controllability and predictability in the broad field of health psychology, a high-quality measurement tool for these constructs is required.Participants and procedureThe objective of our study was to validate the Need for Controllability and Predictability questionnaire (NCP-q), which is a 15-item self-report measure that assesses an individual’s need for controllability and predictability. In study 1, an explora-tory (n = 464) and confirmatory (n = 304) factor analysis was performed in two student convenience samples. In study 2, NCP-q data of patients with panic disorder (n = 34), stress related syndromes (overstrain, n = 33; burnout, n = 39), func-tional somatic syndromes (fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome, n = 34), and healthy controls (n = 30) were com-pared.ResultsThe results from study 1 suggest that the NCP-q should be used as a one-dimensional instrument. The NCP-q has excellent internal consistency and an acceptable four-week test-retest reliability. Convergent validity was demonstrated. Study 2 re-vealed significantly higher NCP-q scores for all patient groups compared to healthy controls, but no differences between patient groups.ConclusionsA higher self-reported need for controllability and predictability can be seen as a transdiagnostic underlying mechanism of different patient groups characterized by experiencing physical symptoms in daily life. The NCP-q can be used as a reliable, concise, and clinically relevant research tool and may contribute to identifying relevant underlying mechanisms in different patient samples.

Validation of a Single Item Measure for Financial Toxicity Screening in Patients With Breast Cancer.

Financial toxicity (FT) has been linked to higher symptom burden and poorer clinical outcomes for patients with cancer. Despite the availability of validated tools to measure FT, a simple screen remains an unmet need. We evaluated item 12 ("My illness has been a financial hardship to my family and me") of the COmprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) measure as a single-item FT screening measure. In this secondary analysis, 711 patients with cancer (690 with breast cancer) were recruited via a web-based survey from a philanthropic organization. COST items 1-11 were scored according to Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy scoring guidelines, with lower scores indicating worse FT. Analyses focused on establishing a correlation, examining item properties, and sensitivity/specificity of item 12 relative to the total COST score. Item 12 had a correlation of r = 0.53 with the COST-11 score, and an increase of one point on item 12 is associated with a decrease of approximately three total points on the full scale (b, 3.35; P < .001; adjusted R2, 0.28). Item analysis with the graded-response item in response theory modeling showed very good discrimination (a, 2.096) for item 12, indicating that it can reliably distinguish between low and high FT in patients. Sensitivity ranged between 75.6% and 95.7% on all item 12 thresholds to screen positive for FT using two COST cutoffs as criteria. Maximizing both sensitivity and specificity was to be found for higher item 12 scores. To our knowledge, this is the first validation of a single-item screening measure for FT. Overall, these results illustrate that item 12 from the COST measure is a good candidate for a single-item screener. Clinicians can choose among item 12 screening thresholds depending on their tolerance for low specificity.

Latent Structure and Profiles of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression Patterns with the Polish Version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

Background/Objectives: The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a 10-item self-report measure of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES). This study aimed to (1) examine the latent structure of the Polish version of the ERQ, and (2) use it to explore different profiles of emotion regulation strategy use and their links with mental health outcomes. Methods: Our sample was 1197 Polish-speaking adults from the general community in Poland. Results: A factor analysis showed that the ERQ had strong factorial validity, with an intended two-factor structure (CR and ES factors) that was invariant across gender, age, and education categories, as well as across different levels of psychopathology symptoms and alexithymia. Our latent profile analysis extracted four emotion regulation profiles (subtypes): a Mainly Reappraisal profile (high CR, low ES), a Mainly Suppression profile (low CR with high ES), a Generally Low Regulation profile (low CR, low ES), and a Generally High Regulation profile (high CR, high ES). People with the Mainly Reappraisal profile had the best mental health outcomes, whereas people with the Mainly Suppression profile had the poorest mental health outcomes. Conclusions: Conceptually, these findings support the process model of emotion regulation, illustrating the differential affective outcomes of various emotion regulation strategies. Our results highlight the importance of considering individual differences in strategy use patterns, including combinations of strategies within an emotion regulation profile. The Polish version of the ERQ appears to be a robust measure of these key emotion regulation processes across a variety of demographic groups. To facilitate its use, including score interpretations in clinical practice, we present Polish percentile rank norms for the ERQ.

Psychometric validation of the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) and Oxford Hip Score (OHS) in patients with hip-abductor tendon pathology

ObjectiveValidated patient-reported outcome measures for patients with hip-abductor tendon pathology are lacking. Recent studies indicate that the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), in the original or the revised...

Novel approach for quality control testing of medical displays using deep learning technology

Objectives:In digital image diagnosis using medical displays, it is crucial to rigorously manage display devices to ensure appropriate image quality and diagnostic safety. The aim of this study was to develop a model for the efficient quality control (QC) of medical displays, specifically addressing the measurement items of contrast response and maximum luminance as part of constancy testing, and to evaluate its performance. In addition, the study focused on whether these tasks could be addressed using a multitasking strategy.Methods:The model used in this study was constructed by fine-tuning a pretrained model and expanding it to a multioutput configuration that could perform both contrast response classification and maximum luminance regression. QC images displayed on a medical display were captured using a smartphone, and these images served as the input for the model. The performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the classification task. For the regression task, correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis were applied. We investigated the impact of different architectures and verified the performance of multi-task models against single-task models as a baseline.Results:Overall, the classification task achieved a high AUC of approximately 0.9. The correlation coefficients for the regression tasks ranged between 0.6 and 0.7 on average. Although the model tended to underestimate the maximum luminance values, the error margin was consistently within 5% for all conditions.Conclusion:These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing an efficient QC system for medical displays and the usefulness of a multitask-based method. Thus, this study provides valuable insights into the potential to reduce the workload associated with medical-device management the development of QC systems for medical devices, highlighting the importance of future efforts to improve their accuracy and applicability.

Transcultural Adaptation of Environmental Health Questionnaire with Attitude, Knowledge, and Skills Scales for Portuguese Nursing Students.

Background/Objectives: Climate change adversely affects some of the fundamental determinants of health, and children are the population group most vulnerable to exposure to environmental risk factors. The main objective of this study was to validate in the Portuguese context three scales to assess attitudes, knowledge, and skills on children's environmental health. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was developed to translate, adapt, and validate the questionnaire consisting of the following three scales: Attitude Scale (SANS_2), knowledge scale (ChEHK-Q), and skills scale (ChEHS-Q). This was carried out in two phases: the translation and adaptation process and the validation process using classical measure theory and item response theory with undergraduate nursing students. Results: We obtained a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure children's environmental health competence consisting of an attitude scale (α = 0.84), a knowledge scale (Infit = 0.98, Outfit = 0.97, item reliability = 0.98, and people reliability = 0.75), and a skills scale (Infit = 1.00, Outfit = 0.99, item reliability = 0.82, and people reliability = 0.88). The mean score on the attitude scale was 28.15 (5-35) ± 4.61; 14.92 (0-26) ± 4.51 on the knowledge scale; and 42.51 (24-60) ± 6.41 on the skills scale. Conclusions: We found that most Portuguese undergraduate nursing students have very good pro-environmental attitudes and good knowledge and skills in dealing with children's environmental health. The questionnaire obtained in this study will be useful for comparative studies with other countries and for evaluating the effectiveness of educational interventions.

Health and Financial Literacy and the Acquisition of COVID-19 Knowledge in Older Adults.

Knowledge about COVID-19 enters into many aspects of decision making, especially for older people who are at increased risk of severe disease or death. Yet little is known about the resources that supported older people's uptake of COVID-19 knowledge. Here, we hypothesized that higher pre-pandemic health and financial literacy was associated with higher COVID-19 knowledge. Participants were 434 community-based older people without dementia. COVID-19 knowledge was assessed via a 5-item measure, and health and financial literacy was assessed via a 32-item measure. In an ordinal regression model adjusted for age, gender, and education, higher literacy was associated with higher COVID-19 knowledge (p < .0001), and this association persisted after further adjusting for robust measures of global cognition or one of five specific cognitive domains (all p's ≤ .0001). These findings suggest that literacy plays a key role in supporting older people's acquisition of impactful knowledge in the real world.

Happy teachers, quality schools: improving teacher performance through happiness, motivation and a good work life

Introduction. The gap between expected teacher performance and actual teacher performance is one of the problems faced by all teachers. Despite the important role teachers play in shaping educational outcomes, many teachers face challenges that adversely affect performance, including stress, lack of motivation, and suboptimal working conditions. The purpose of this study is to explore how happiness at work, motivation, and quality of work life affect teacher performance. Study participants and methods. Respondents in this study were public high school teachers consisting of 17 schools totaling 260 teachers. Respondents in terms of age, the majority are 41-50 years old (35.8%), the majority are female 182 people (70%), and male 78 people (30%). The majority of respondents' last education was bachelor 211 people (81.2%). The length of work of most respondents was 177 people (68.1), and the status of respondents as civil servants was 114 (43.8%). Data were analyzed using SPSS Win. 27 and SmartPLS 3.0. The statistical techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis including: validity and reliability, HTMT test, Structural model evaluation, hypothesis testing analyzing direct effects and indirect effects through intervening variables, Evaluation of goodness of fit and model fit. Results. The first validity and reliability test shows Cronbach's alpha value&gt; 0.70, so all data is reliable., Outer loading values of the four variables range from 0.701 to 0.930. This indicates that all measurement items are valid. Hypothesis test results show happiness at work significantly improves the quality of work life and teacher performance. Motivation also had a positive impact on quality of work life, but less of a direct effect on teacher performance. Quality of work life acts as an important mediator in this relationship, highlighting the importance of quality of work life in improving overall teacher performance. Overall, the results of the goodness-of-fit evaluation indicate that the proposed model fits the data. The R Square values indicate that the model can explain variations in the quality of work life and teacher performance variables, although there is still room for improvement. Model fit indicators such as SRMR, d_ULS, d_G, Chi-Square, and NFI show that the model has a good fit with the data. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to understand the relationship between happiness at work, motivation, quality of work life, and teacher performance. Conclusion. This study shows that workplace happiness and motivation are important factors affecting the quality of work life and teacher performance in public high schools in the Purwakarta district. This study examines the mediating effect of quality of work life on the relationship between happiness at work, motivation and performance. This research can be used as an evaluation and policy-making material to pay more attention to the conditions of teachers.

Perceptions of Patients With Stroke Regarding an Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Exercise System for Upper Limb Rehabilitation: Questionnaire and Interview Study.

With substantial resources allocated to develop virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation exercise programs for poststroke motor rehabilitation, it is important to understand how patients with stroke perceive these technology-driven approaches, as their perceptions can determine acceptance and adherence. This study aimed to examine the perceptions of patients with stroke regarding an immersive VR-based exercise system developed to deliver shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and reaching exercises. A questionnaire was used to assess the perceptions of 21 inpatients who had experienced stroke (mean time from stroke onset: 37.2, SD 25.9 days; Brunnstrom stage of stroke recovery for the arm: 3-5) regarding the perceived usefulness of, ease of use of, attitude toward, intrinsic motivation for, and intention to use the exercise system. The measurement items were rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree), with higher values indicating more positive perceptions. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses. Moreover, we conducted semistructured interviews that were audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to content analysis to identify thematic patterns. The questionnaire results revealed that the patients' perceptions of the exercise system were positive (mean ratings >6). The content analysis revealed 6 positive themes from 73 statements about the exercise system: ease of use, usefulness, enjoyment, motivation, accessibility, and game design. Conversely, 15 statements reflected negative perceptions, which were clustered into 3 themes: difficulty in handling VR devices, uncomfortable experiences when using VR devices, and monotony. Integrating VR technology into poststroke functional exercises holds significant promise based on patient interests. However, patient preferences and adaptability must be considered to promote the technology's success. VR-guided exercises should be user-friendly, health-promoting, engaging, and well-designed. Furthermore, addressing challenges, such as bulkiness, motion sickness, discomfort, and exercise monotony, is crucial for the widespread adoption and diffusion of this technology.

Assessing the quality of smart tourism technology: development and validation of a measurement scale

Purpose Smart tourism is undergoing a trend of rapid development. The quality of service in smart tourism forms the basis of tourists’ evaluations, it needs to be investigated. However, as high-quality smart tourism technologies (STTs) can enhance the overall tourist experience and increase tourist satisfaction, and there is no standard service quality evaluation system for STTs. Therefore, this study aims to explore how the quality of STTs is evaluated from the tourist’s perspective. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors develop a measurement scale for smart tourism technology quality (STTQUAL) based on qualitative interviews, the Delphi method and a survey conducted in three cities that use smart tourism: Macau, Chengdu and Hangzhou. Findings The STTQUAL scale encompasses 37 measurement items in 7 dimensions: functionality, security, informativity, reliability, responsiveness, convenience and empathy. These dimensions encompass both technical and nontechnical aspects of service. Research limitations/implications This study enriches the smart tourism research literature, provides a reference for future research and helps relevant stakeholders understand tourists’ views on STTQUAL. Recommendations are provided to governments, the tourism industry and system developers for how to proceed in future development. Originality/value This is a mixed-methods study that fulfills established logical research criteria and proposes a scale for evaluating STTQUAL. The scale is validated through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.

Current status of the thyroid hormone measurement items in patients receiving levothyroxine monotherapy by the management based on the thyroid tissue volume

We and other investigators reported that mild TSH suppression with levothyroxine (LT4) was needed to achieve normal free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels and metabolic euthyroid state in athyreotic patients. Consequently, management methods based on thyroid tissue volume have been implemented for patients receiving LT4 at the Kuma Hospital. This retrospective study examined the composition of the thyroid hormone measurement items (serum-free thyroxine [FT4], FT3, and FT4 + FT3) in patients receiving LT4 monotherapy. According to the etiology of hypothyroidism, 36% of the 25,523 patients included in this study underwent total thyroidectomy (TT). Thirteen percent and 14% had undergone 131I treatment for hyperthyroidism (RIT) and partial thyroidectomy (PT), respectively. Moreover, 37% of patients had received non-invasive treatment (NIT). The proportion of patients who underwent only FT3 measurements was higher (TT, 93%; RIT, 61%) in the first two groups, whereas the proportion of patients who underwent only FT4 measurements was higher (PT, 50%; NIT, 65%) in the remaining two groups. Only FT3 measurements were performed in 58% of patients. Only FT4 measurements were performed in 34% of patients. The serum TSH levels were suppressed in nearly half of the patients (46%). Thus, FT3 was the major thyroid hormone measured in patients receiving LT4 treatment, and the serum TSH levels were suppressed in nearly half of the patients. This may be attributed to the management guidelines at our hospital, a specialized facility for thyroid disease, wherein half of the patients present are athyreotic or have atrophic thyroid glands after TT or RIT.

REKA BENTUK, KESAHAN, DAN KEBOLEHPERCAYAAN INSTRUMEN PENGUKURAN KEPIMPINAN INSTRUKSIONAL MIDDLE LEADER TEAM

Instructional leadership has diverse definitions, constructs, and measurement items based on the understanding of the research context in which the studies are conducted. The definition of instructional leadership needs to be clarified, either in terms of constructs or measurement items, to assess the capabilities of educational leaders in educational institutions, particularly the Middle Leader Team (MLT). Therefore, this research aims to define the instructional leadership of MLT, along with the relevant constructs, followed by the evaluation of validity and reliability through a needs analysis in designing and developing the MLT instructional leadership measurement instrument. All constructs were developed, adapted, and modified from the instructional leadership constructs by Hallinger and Murphy (1985), which include defining the mission, managing the instructional program, and creating a conducive teaching and learning climate. These constructs comprised 71 measurement items, which underwent face validity and content validity processes by eight expert evaluators in the field of educational leadership and management using a four-point scale. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Kappa Coefficient values were used, and the findings revealed that only 43 measurement items achieved an acceptance value of more than 0.83 and were fully endorsed by the expert consensus, while 28 measurement items were dropped due to achieving an acceptance value of less than 0.83. Therefore, the 43 measurement items representing the three dimensions which include defining the mission, managing the instructional program, and creating a conducive teaching and learning climate were retained for further statistical testing.

Perceived Authenticity in Corporate Social Advocacy: Conceptualization and Measurement Scale Development

ABSTRACT This study aims to define perceived authenticity in corporate social advocacy (CSA) and develop the measurement scale of the concept. For conceptualization, this study reviewed multidisciplinary literature and conducted an open-ended survey. Based on the understanding of the concept, a set of measurement items was developed and assessed. A measurement scale model of perceived authenticity in CSA was formally specified as a formative first-order and reflective second-order model and examined in three survey studies. Study 1 (N = 380) was conducted to evaluate the measurement items. The refined measures were then assessed for reliability and validity using a new sample in Study 2 (N = 387). Study 3 (N = 488) served to validate the measurement scale, demonstrating sound reliability and validity. Through these processes, this study proposed a final measurement model of perceived authenticity in CSA, which includes four dimensions – truthfulness, persistence, commitment, and congruence – with 23 measures. Theoretical and practical implications for public relations research and practice are further discussed.

Sexual Boredom Inventory (SBI): Development and Initial Validation

This study presents the development and validation of the Sexual Boredom Inventory (SBI), a 6-item measure assessing sexual boredom as a temporary, context-dependent state. Initial items were drafted from data obtained through qualitative analysis, and the SBI was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a sample of adults reporting on their sexual experiences in the past month. A single-factor model was found to be the best fit, with four items dropped during refinement. The SBI demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .88) and evidence of discriminant validity, with significant negative correlations to sexual pleasure and well-being. Additionally, the SBI was positively correlated with attention difficulties and impulsivity, highlighting a link between sexual boredom and ADHD. Findings suggest that sexual boredom, as a transient experience, is associated with negative sexual outcomes. Further research should confirm these relationships and potential interventions. The SBI can serve as a valuable tool for assessing recent sexual boredom and differentiating it from other sexual concerns.

Moral distress, professional value, and vocational choice among senior nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

During clinical placement, nursing students may experience unease and moral distress, which negatively impacts their professional values and vocational choices. However, no instrument exists to measure moral distress in nursing students. Thus, this study constructs measurement items for moral distress and explores the factors that influence the vocational choices of nursing students. The participants were recruited from three universities in South Korea Between September and October 2021. This study was adopted with a convenience sample of 270 Korean fourth-year nursing students who completed their clinical practice at tertiary general hospitals in three provinces in the North, Middle, and South areas of South Korea. Data were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. The study developed the items and subscales of the Moral Distress Scale using multistep methods following the recommendations of the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instrument. The study constructed 22 items of the three factors of Moral Distress Scale. The three factors of the Moral Distress Scale were "moral distress by low quality of care," "moral distress by a heavy workload and an insufficient workforce," and "unfair and distrust." The factors influencing the vocational choice of the nursing students were high professional values, intention not to choose nursing as a future career, lacking vision for choosing nursing, democratic family climate, and having at least one parent who was a medical professional. Moral distress in undergraduate nursing students may not influence their intention to choose the nursing profession. Fostering the professionalism and professional values of nursing students through university education curricula may help maintain their professional identity.