Retrieval Of Items Research Articles

Densidade de informação, complexidade fonológica e suas implicações para a organização de glossários de termos técnicos da língua de sinais brasileira

In this paper we present partial results obtained through the analysis of technical terms in Libras. The present research was inspired by the need to of the Letras-Libras undergraduate program at UFSC according to visual aspects of a signed language. Trying to match the specific visual and spatial features of Libras, the initial proposal was to organize the glossary database according to the parameters of handshape and sign location. The complexity of this task evidenced the need for a mapping of the phonological and morphological structure of the lexical items that compose the glossary that could be used as more efficient filters for the retrieval of items and for ordering the entries. The proposed analysis showed several aspects that require a more thorough inquiry especially due to the need presenting filters that match deaf users needs. This text shows some partial results emphasizing the mapping of sign location as well as of movement in terminological units and results of a comparison between out data from the Letras-Libras glossary with general libras data. Due to the expected higher information density of technical language (cf. Koch & Oesterreicher, 1994) and the functional iconicity postulated by Givon (1995), the technical terms in Libras showed a higher phonological complexity in composition (clear majority of signs is bimanual) and realization (all with movement) resulting in the need to use other categories for filtering a refine search or for ordering the glossary.

Densidade de informação, complexidade fonológica e suas implicações para a organização de glossários de termos técnicos da língua de sinais brasileira

In this paper we present partial results obtained through the analysis of technical terms in Libras. The present research was inspired by the need to of the Letras-Libras undergraduate program at UFSC according to visual aspects of a signed language. Trying to match the specific visual and spatial features of Libras, the initial proposal was to organize the glossary database according to the parameters of handshape and sign location. The complexity of this task evidenced the need for a mapping of the phonological and morphological structure of the lexical items that compose the glossary that could be used as more efficient filters for the retrieval of items and for ordering the entries. The proposed analysis showed several aspects that require a more thorough inquiry especially due to the need presenting filters that match deaf users needs. This text shows some partial results emphasizing the mapping of sign location as well as of movement in terminological units and results of a comparison between out data from the Letras-Libras glossary with general libras data. Due to the expected higher information density of technical language (cf. Koch & Oesterreicher, 1994) and the functional iconicity postulated by Givón (1995), the technical terms in Libras showed a higher phonological complexity in composition (clear majority of signs is bimanual) and realization (all with movement) resulting in the need to use other categories for filtering a refine search or for ordering the glossary.

Spatial Attention Interacts With Serial-Order Retrieval From Verbal Working Memory

The ability to maintain the serial order of events is recognized as a major function of working memory. Although general models of working memory postulate a close link between working memory and attention, such a link has so far not been proposed specifically for serial-order working memory. The present study provided the first empirical demonstration of a direct link between serial order in verbal working memory and spatial selective attention. We show that the retrieval of later items of a sequence stored in working memory—compared with that of earlier items—produces covert attentional shifts toward the right. This observation suggests the conceptually surprising notion that serial-order working memory, even for nonspatially defined verbal items, draws on spatial attention.

Prey escorting behavior and possible convergent evolution of foraging recruitment mechanisms in an invasive ant

The longhorn crazy ant Paratrechina longicornis is a pest ant species with worldwide distribution. It tends honeydew-producing Hemiptera to obtain carbohydrates and is also an effective predator and scavenger. What strategies does P. longicornis use to aid in hunting and scavenging? Our results show that as well as long-term recruitment to stable food sources, this species uses specialized short-term recruitment pheromones to recruit nest mates to assist in the exploitation of large food items. By mass, 88% of externally carried food was retrieved cooperatively. Recruitment to large items is via a pheromone trail laid by the discovering ant. This trail is initially followed with few errors by naive recruits (82% correct choices at a T-bifurcation) but decays very rapidly (within 6 min). We also show that food-discovering ants can recruit nearby nest mates to a large food item without returning to the nest. These properties of the recruitment system are strikingly similar to 2 unrelated ant species, which also specialize in cooperative retrieval of large food items, suggesting convergent evolution. Lastly, we describe a novel “escort” behavior in which additional workers accompany a transported item but do not necessarily assist in carrying it. Both local recruitment and escorting are much more pronounced (3 and 4 times greater, respectively) when handling live prey. When an “escort” is present, live prey presented to the ants is 50% more likely to be captured and is captured 4 times sooner and 50% closer to the release point.

Optimal Load Factor for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search under Exact Euclidean Locality Sensitive Hashing

Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) is an index-based data structure that allows spatial item retrieval over a large dataset. The performance measure, ρ, has significant effect on the computational complexity and memory space requirement to create and store items in this data structure respectively. The minimization of ρ at a specific approximation factor c, is dependent on the load factor, α. Over the years,α = 4has been used by researchers. In this paper, we demonstratethat the choice ofα = 4does not guarantee low computational complexity and low memory space of the data structure under the LSH scheme. To guarantee low computational complexity and low memory space, we proposeα = 5. Experiments on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program imagery datasethave shown thatα = 5saves more than 75%on memory space; cuts the computational complexity by more than 70%andanswers query two times faster on the average compared to that ofα = 4. General Terms Nearest Neighbor, Search Algorithm, Locality Sensitive Hashing

Effects of Spacing of Item Repetitions in Continuous Recognition Memory: Does Item Retrieval Difficulty Promote Item Retention in Older Adults?

Background/Study Context: Older adults exhibit an age-related deficit in item memory as a function of the length of the retention interval, but older adults and young adults usually show roughly equivalent benefits due to the spacing of item repetitions in continuous memory tasks. The current experiment investigates the seemingly paradoxical effects of retention interval and spacing in young and older adults using a continuous recognition memory procedure. Methods: Fifty young adults and 52 older adults gave memory confidence ratings to words that were presented once (P1), twice (P2), or three times (P3), and the effects of the lag length and retention interval were assessed at P2 and at P3, respectively. Results: Response times at P2 were disproportionately longer for older adults than for younger adults as a function of the number of items occurring between P1 and P2, suggestive of age-related loss in item memory. Ratings of confidence in memory responses revealed that older adults remembered fewer items at P2 with a high degree of certainty. Confidence ratings given at P3 suggested that young and older adults derived equivalent benefits from the spacing between P1 and P2. Conclusion: Findings of this study support theoretical accounts that suggest that recursive reminding and/or item retrieval difficulty promote item retention in older adults.

Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Item Retrieval and Relational Retrieval in Between-domain Inter-item Associative Memory: An Event-Related Potentials Study

Binding is an important process in human episodic memory.On retrieval,dual process theory posits familiarity and recollection as two separated processes that contribute to recognition memory.It has been hypothesized that item retrieval bases on familiarity and recollection,whereas relational retrieval employs recollection.ERPs studies on recognition memory have identified two old/new effects that respectively correspond to familiarity and recollection.The mid-frontal old/new effect,occurring at approximately 300~500ms over frontal electrode sites,is attributed to familiarity.The parietal old/new effect,approximately 500~800ms maximal over parietal electrode sites,reflects recollection.According to Van Pettern et al.(2002),there was also an executive process which was reflected by an old/new effect over prefrontal scalp around 700ms after stimulus onset.In the present study,we explore the differences between relational retrieval and item retrieval by using the ERPs techniques and following the associative recognition paradigm.16 college students(7 males,9 females) took part in our experiment.They studied a series of face-verb pairs presented in sequence.In the test,some face-verb pairs were presented that were encoded together at study(intact),some were presented in which both items were studied but not together(rearranged),and the rest consisted of two new,unstudied items(new).Participants were instructed to determine whether a pair was "intact","rearranged",or "new".The ERPs for the three categories of correctly-judged responses in the test phrase were averaged separately.Thus we made our hypothesis that the differences between the ERPs of the "intact" and the "rearranged" pairs simply reflected relational retrieval.Also,in the early stage of item retrieval,item familiarity and relational recollection contributed to successful retrieval of the "intact",whereas old/new effect only reflected the item familiarity of the "rearranged".It was found that old/new effects indicating the "intact" and the "rearranged" were at anterior cortex around 200ms after the stimulus,more obvious at all cortex from 300ms to 500ms,but prominent at prefrontal and frontal cortex from 700ms to 1400ms.However,relational old/new effect distributed over frontocentral-central-parietal areas in each time windows.It could be inferred that item old/new effect and relational old/new effect occurred at the same time,the relational retrieval employing recollection occurred much later than item retrieval,and the late anterior item old/new effect could be related to executive processes of prefrontal cortex.

Attentional Control and Retrieval Induced Forgetting Self-regulation Perspective

Abstract Retrieval Induced Forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that the retrieval of some items from memory (RP+) impairs the retrieval of related items (RP-). The RIF effect is indicated by a comparison of RP- with unrelated but also tobe- remembered items (NRP). Since RIF appears during intentional memorizing of words, therefore we checked whether it depends on attentional control (AC) involved in goal maintenance, and also if implicit evaluations of to-be-remembered (RP) contents moderate this process (causing e.g. inhibition). In three experiments, each including AC as the independent variable, we found AC to be related to the RIF effect. Only high but not low AC subjects showed the presence of RIF. The results of the affective priming procedure showed that implicit evaluations of NRP items moderate the relationship of high AC and the RIF effect. The explanation why temporarily devaluated NRP could enhance the RIF effect and suggestion concerning future research summarize the article.

Medial temporal lobe contributions to cued retrieval of items and contexts

Several models have proposed that different regions of the medial temporal lobes contribute to different aspects of episodic memory. For instance, according to one view, the perirhinal cortex represents specific items, parahippocampal cortex represents information regarding the context in which these items were encountered, and the hippocampus represents item–context bindings. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test a specific prediction of this model—namely, that successful retrieval of items from context cues will elicit perirhinal recruitment and that successful retrieval of contexts from item cues will elicit parahippocampal cortex recruitment. Retrieval of the bound representation in either case was expected to elicit hippocampal engagement. To test these predictions, we had participants study several item–context pairs (i.e., pictures of objects and scenes, respectively), and then had them attempt to recall items from associated context cues and contexts from associated item cues during a scanned retrieval session. Results based on both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed a role for hippocampus in content-general relational memory retrieval, and a role for parahippocampal cortex in successful retrieval of contexts from item cues. However, we also found that activity differences in perirhinal cortex were correlated with successful cued recall for both items and contexts. These findings provide partial support for the above predictions and are discussed with respect to several models of medial temporal lobe function.

Functional Differentiation of Memory Retrieval Network in Macaque Posterior Parietal Cortex

Human fMRI studies revealed involvement of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) during memory retrieval. However, corresponding memory-related regions in macaque PPC have not been established. In this monkey fMRI study, comparisons of cortical activity during correct recognition of previously seen items and rejection of unseen items revealed two major PPC activation sites that were differentially characterized by a serial probe recognition paradigm: area PG/PGOp in inferior parietal lobule, along with the hippocampus, was more active for initial item retrieval, while area PEa/DIP in intraparietal sulcus was for the last item. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that connectivity from hippocampus to PG/PGOp, but not to PEa/DIP, increased during initial item retrieval. The two parietal areas with differential serial probe recognition profiles were embedded in two different subnetworks of the brain-wide retrieval-related regions. These functional dissociations in the macaque PPC imply the functional correspondence of retrieval-related PPC networks in macaques and humans.

Order Batching in Warehouses by Minimizing Total Tardiness: A Hybrid Approach of Weighted Association Rule Mining and Genetic Algorithms

One of the cost-intensive issues in managing warehouses is the order picking problem which deals with the retrieval of items from their storage locations in order to meet customer requests. Many solution approaches have been proposed in order to minimize traveling distance in the process of order picking. However, in practice, customer orders have to be completed by certain due dates in order to avoid tardiness which is neglected in most of the related scientific papers. Consequently, we proposed a novel solution approach in order to minimize tardiness which consists of four phases. First of all, weighted association rule mining has been used to calculate associations between orders with respect to their due date. Next, a batching model based on binary integer programming has been formulated to maximize the associations between orders within each batch. Subsequently, the order picking phase will come up which used a Genetic Algorithm integrated with the Traveling Salesman Problem in order to identify the most suitable travel path. Finally, the Genetic Algorithm has been applied for sequencing the constructed batches in order to minimize tardiness. Illustrative examples and comparisons are presented to demonstrate the proficiency and solution quality of the proposed approach.

Travel Time Modeling and Simulation of a Mobile Racks Automated Storage/Retrieval System

AS/RS systems are devices designed for automated storage and retrieval of parts and items in manufacturing, distribution, retail, wholesale and institutions. This paper consists in studying a storage system with Mobil racks (M-AS/RS) which are a variation of the multi aisles AS/RS. This mobile storage system is composed of racks moving laterally on rails so that one can open an aisle between any two adjacent racks, it makes it possible to optimize the use of space; the characteristic of these systems is that the aisles of service appear only when one operation of storage or retrieval is envisaged in the corresponding racks. One of the most important criteria of performances of these systems is the average cycle time of the storage/Retrieval machine. In this paper our interest is concerned with the mathematical modeling of M-AS/RS system. We presented a closed form analytical expression allowing an approximate calculation of the travel time of a Mobil Racks-AS/RS. This expression was compared with simulation results and an exact discrete expression developed earlier by one of the authors.

Early sensory cortex is activated in the absence of explicit input during crossmodal item retrieval: Evidence from MEG

Crossmodal associations form a fundamental aspect of our daily lives. In this study we investigated the neural correlates of crossmodal association in early sensory cortices using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We used a paired associate recognition paradigm in which subjects were tested after multiple training sessions over a span of four weeks. Subjects had to learn 12 abstract, nonlinguistic, pairs of auditory and visual objects that consisted of crossmodal (visual–auditory, VA; auditory–visual, AV) and unimodal (visual–visual, VV; auditory–auditory, AA) paired items. Visual objects included abstract, non-nameable, fractal-like images, and auditory objects included abstract tone sequences. During scanning, subjects were shown the first item of a pair (S1), followed by a delay, then the simultaneous presentation of a visual and auditory stimulus (S2). Subjects were instructed to indicate whether either of the S2 stimuli contained the correct paired associate of S1. Synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAMspm), a minimum variance beamformer, was then used to assess source power differences between the crossmodal conditions and their corresponding unimodal conditions (i.e., AV–AA and VA–VV) in the beta (15–30Hz) and low gamma frequencies (31–54Hz) during the S1 period. We found greater power during S1 in the corresponding modality-specific association areas for crossmodal compared with unimodal stimuli. Thus, even in the absence of explicit sensory input, the retrieval of well-learned, crossmodal pairs activate sensory areas associated with the corresponding modality. These findings support theories which posit that modality-specific regions of cortex are involved in the storage and retrieval of sensory-specific items from long-term memory.

Enhanced Catalogue Records Positively Impact Circulation but Are Not Used to Their Potential in Patron Searching

Enhanced Catalogue Records Positively Impact Circulation but Are Not Used to Their Potential in Patron Searching

It's on the tip of my fingers: Co-speech gestures during lexical retrieval in different social contexts

The Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis proposes that gestures function at the level of speech production, aiding in the retrieval of lexical items from the mental lexicon. However, empirical evidence for this account is mixed, and some critics argue that a more likely function of gestures during lexical retrieval is a communicative one. The present study was designed to test these predictions against each other by keeping lexical retrieval difficulty constant while varying social context. Participants' gestures were analysed during tip of the tongue experiences when communicating with a partner face-to-face (FTF), while being separated by a screen, or on their own by speaking into a voice recorder. The results show that participants in the FTF context produced significantly more representational gestures than participants in the solitary condition. This suggests that, even in the specific context of lexical retrieval difficulties, representational gestures appear to play predominantly a communicative role.

Less we forget: Retrieval cues and release from retrieval-induced forgetting

Retrieving some items from memory can impair the subsequent recall of other related but not retrieved items, a phenomenon called retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). The dominant explanation of RIF-the inhibition account-asserts that forgetting occurs because related items are suppressed during retrieval practice to reduce retrieval competition. This item inhibition persists, making it more difficult to recall the related items on a later test. In our set of experiments, each category was designed such that each exemplar belonged to one of two subcategories (e.g., each BIRD exemplar was either a bird of prey or a pet bird), but this subcategory information was not made explicit during study or retrieval practice. Practicing retrieval of items from only one subcategory led to RIF for items from the other subcategory when cued only with the overall category label (BIRD) at test. However, adapting the technique of Gardiner, Craik, and Birtwistle (Journal of Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:778-783, 1972), providing subcategory cues during the final test eliminated RIF. The results challenge the inhibition account's fundamental assumption of cue independence but are consistent with a cue-based interference account.

The cognitive profile of type 1 Gaucher disease patients

BackgroundThe absence of neurological symptoms and signs is traditionally considered mandatory for a diagnosis of type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1), but in recent years many reports have emerged on neurological manifestations in GD1 patients. Nevertheless, it has been unclear whether cognitive deficits are part of the disease as well.MethodsCognitive function was assessed in a large cohort of GD1 patients with the use of the CDR system, a set of computerised cognitive tests. Testing was performed at baseline and every 6 months thereafter during a two-year study period.ResultsOur patient cohort (84 patients, median age 40 years, median time from diagnosis 15 years) showed mild deficits relative to healthy age-matched subjects on the composite scores: power of attention (Z-score (mean ± SD) -0.9 ± 1.37) and speed of memory (Z-score (mean ± SD) -1.39 ± 1.49). No decline in cognitive function was seen during the two-year period. Age correlated with the composite scores variability of attention and quality of working memory. Moreover, severely affected patients (Zimran severity score (SSI) ≥ 15) scored more poorly compared to mildly affected patients (SSI ≤ 5) on the composite measure power of attention, reflecting the ability to concentrate.ConclusionsGD1 patients exhibit mild deficits in power of attention and speed of memory, reflecting a decreased ability to focus attention and process information, together with a slowing in the speed of retrieval of items from memory. The clinical relevance of these findings is uncertain.

The Neural Substrates of Memory Suppression: A fMRI Exploration of Directed Forgetting

The directed forgetting paradigm is frequently used to determine the ability to voluntarily suppress information. However, little is known about brain areas associated with information to forget. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine brain activity during the encoding and retrieval phases of an item-method directed forgetting recognition task with neutral verbal material in order to apprehend all processing stages that information to forget and to remember undergoes. We hypothesized that regions supporting few selective processes, namely recollection and familiarity memory processes, working memory, inhibitory and selection processes should be differentially activated during the processing of to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten items. Successful encoding and retrieval of items to remember engaged the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, the left inferior parietal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus; this set of regions is well known to support deep and associative encoding and retrieval processes in episodic memory. For items to forget, encoding was associated with higher activation in the right middle frontal and posterior parietal cortex, regions known to intervene in attentional control. Items to forget but nevertheless correctly recognized at retrieval yielded activation in the dorsomedial thalamus, associated with familiarity-based memory processes and in the posterior intraparietal sulcus and the anterior cingulate cortex, involved in attentional processes.

Inhibition Does Not Always Cause Emotional Devaluation

Retrieval practice for some memory items from a given category can impair subsequent retrieval of unpracticed items from the same category (retrieval-induced forgetting, RIF). Inhibition of these items has been invoked as an explanation, and inhibition has also been proposed to cause stimulus devaluation. The present experiments investigated whether a similar devaluation effect can be observed in a RIF experiment for the unpracticed and presumably inhibited items. We report two experiments using the RIF paradigm, and both experiments yielded a RIF effect. At the same time, affective ratings of the very same items did not show signs of devaluation. These results run counter the idea that both RIF and devaluation effects are caused by a (similar) inhibitory mechanism, or at least they suggest differences between the mechanisms involved in external perceptual and internal memory selection.

The Reliability of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that the retrieval of an item from memory impairs the retrieval of related items. The extent to which this impairment is found in laboratory tests varies between individuals, and recent studies have reported an association between individual differences in the strength of the RIF effect and other cognitive and clinical factors. The present study investigated the reliability of these individual differences in the RIF effect. A RIF task was administered to the same individuals on two occasions (sessions T1 and T2), one week apart. For Experiments 1 and 2 the final retrieval test at each session made use of a category-cue procedure, whereas Experiment 3 employed category-plus-letter cues, and Experiment 4 used a recognition test. In Experiment 2 the same test items that were studied, practiced, and tested at T1 were also studied, practiced, and tested at T2, but for the remaining three experiments two different item sets were used at T1 and T2. A significant RIF effect was found in all four experiments. A significant correlation was found between RIF scores at T1 and T2 in Experiment 2, but for the other three experiments the correlations between RIF scores at T1 and T2 failed to reach significance. This study therefore failed to find clear evidence for reliable individual differences in RIF performance, except where the same test materials were used for both test sessions. These findings have important implications for studies involving individual differences in RIF performance.