Item Reliability Research Articles

Spanish Adaptation of the D70 – The Dark Core of Personality in Spanish-Speaking Countries

Abstract: Socially aversive (“dark”) personality traits (e.g., Psychopathy, Narcissism, Machiavellianism, etc.) share many features which led Moshagen et al. (2018) to conceptualize D, the common core between them. This work aims to establish internal structure evidence for the validation of the Spanish version of its measure (D70) and to demonstrate measurement invariance across sex and country based on a total of 12,356 participants from six countries (Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Peru). Item analysis, reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis following a bifactor structure were performed in each sample in order to assess the psychometric properties of the test, following tests of measurement invariance regarding sex and country. Results showed that the Spanish version of the D70 is an essentially unidimensional and reliable measure, and further supported invariance across sex and countries. This gives cross-cultural researchers a new tool for studying the common core of dark personality in Spanish-speaking countries, and the applied psychologist the possibility to assess socially aversive personalities from the dark factor model.

Development, validation and reliability testing of the hospice care environment scale

BackgroundWHO stated the environment is an important factor affecting the development of hospice care. The environment is the sum of factors affecting behavior besides the individual factors. Currently, a scale to comprehensively assess the hospice environment of nurse is still lacking. This study aimed to develop an instrument to investigate the environmental factors affecting hospice care of nurses.MethodsLiterature review and a semi-structured interview were conducted to form the items pool of the Hospice Care Environment Scale. Two rounds of Delphi expert consultation were conducted by 16 experts to revise the scale dimensions and entries to form the Hospice Care Environment Scale. A psychometric evaluation was then performed among 530 oncology nurses in a large tertiary oncology hospital in Hubei Province. The 500 valid questionnaires were randomly divided into two groups in a 1:1 ratio, sample 1 (n1 = 250) for item screening and sample 2 (n2 = 250) for quality evaluation of the resulting scale. Item analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis and acceptability analysis were performed.ResultThe Hospice Care Environment Scale consists of two dimensions and 13 entries. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the Hospice Care Environment Scale was 0.970, and the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the two dimensions were 0.952 and 0.969, respectively, with the Item-content validity index and average Scale- content validity index of the scale was both 1.000. The validation factor analysis showed the standardized path coefficients of each item were basically above 0.5, and the factor structure model was stable and suitable. The average completion time of the scale was about 3 min, which had good feasibility.ConclusionThe Hospice Care Environment Scale to assess the environment of hospice care services, has good content and construct validity and reliability. This scale can provide guidance to evaluate the hospice care environment.

THE INFLUENCE OF GROUP COUNSELING SERVICES ON THE SELF-MANAGEMENT OF CLASS X STUDENTS AT SINAR HUSNI MEDAN HELVETIA PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOL

<p>This research aims to determine: the effect of group counseling services on the self-management of class X students at Sinar Husni Medan Helvetia Private High School. This type of research is quantitative quasi-experiment (quasi-experiment) with pre-test and post-test one group design. The subjects of this research were 84 class X students at Sinar Husni High School Medan Helvetia. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. This research data was taken using a student self-management questionnaire with 25 valid and reliable question items, then the data was analyzed using the SPSS test. Pre-test data on self-management obtained an average score of 78.24. Meanwhile, post test data on self-management obtained an average score of 84.04. This means that the average score of students after receiving group counseling services is higher than before receiving group counseling services in self-management. From data analysis, it is obtained that Fcount = 51.123 with a = 0.05 and Ftable = 3.95. From these data it can be seen that Fcount > Ftable where 51.123 > 3.95. This means that the hypothesis is accepted. Group counseling services contributed 38.4% to improving self-management for class X students at Sinar Husni High School Medan Helvetia. This shows that there is an influence of providing group guidance services to overcome the self-management of class X students at Sinar Husni High School Medan Helvetia or the hypothesis can be accepted.</p>

Psychometric evaluation of the pictorial scale of perceived movement skill competence in Chinese children: An item response theory analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) in Chinese children, utilizing the principles of item response theory (IRT). A total of 284 children (147 boys), aged 4-10years (Mage = 7.39, SD = 2.18), from four schools were recruited for testing, adhering to the principle of random sampling. The Rasch model was applied to evaluate the rating scale validity, local independence, scale dimensionality, person and item fit statistics, and differential item functioning (DIF). (1) The rating scale validity was confirmed by the monotonically increasing trend in both average item difficulty measures and Andrich thresholds. (2) However, the observation that standardized residual correlations for all items remained below 0.3 unequivocally confirmed the presence of local independence among the variables. (3) The scale's dimensions were substantiated, with Rasch measures explaining 40.6% of total variance, exceeding the 40% threshold. Additionally, the first contrast had an eigenvalue of 1.8 and explained 8.80% of the variance, both exceeding the minimum 3:1 ratio. Consequently, the unidimensionality assumption of the item was supported. (4) Person and item fit statistics indicated requisite reliability and separation, with all achieving suitable infit and outfit measures, and point-biserial correlations exceeding 0.55. (5) Regarding gender DIF, it was observed that the majority of items did not exhibit statistically significant gender DIF effects (p > 0.05) except item 8 (Bounce a ball, t = -2.74, p < 0.01, DIF = -0.51). Rasch analysis revealed that the instrument exhibited strong scale validity among Chinese children, adhering to the Rasch model's unidimensionality and local independence principles, with robust person and item reliability and separation. All items demonstrated a good fit. Additionally, the significant gender difference in item 8 (Bounce a ball) warrants further consideration. In conclusion, PMSC is suitable for assessing the PMSC of Chinese children.

Correlation of Character Values in the Qur'an and Hadith in Hamziyah Ahmad Syauqi Poetry Towards the Ethics of PBA College Students at UIN Walisongo

This study aims to determine the correlation of character values in the Qur'an and hadith in Hamziyah Ahmad Syauqi on the ethics of PBA UIN Walisongo College Students. The approach used to obtain data is a mix method through the technique of distributing questionnaires, observations and interviews. with the pattern "the dominant-less dominat design", Population of PBA College Students of UIN Walisongo Semarang. The samples used in this study were 50 PBA UIN Walisongo College Students, 3 lecturers and 10 College Students to conduct interviews. The data collection technique used in this needs analysis is a survey technique. The questionnaire was used as a tool that was compiled and distributed through the Google form platform. The data analysis used is descriptive statistical analysis. Based on the validity and reliability test results, it can be determined that the questionnaire used for data collection has valid and reliable items. According to the survey results, 97% of the character values contained in Hamziyah ahmad syauqi affect College Students' ethics.

Development and validation of immediate self-feedback very short answer questions for medical students: practical implementation of generalizability theory to estimate reliability in formative examination designs

BackgroundVery Short Answer Questions (VSAQs) reduce cueing and simulate better real-clinical practice compared with multiple-choice questions (MCQs). While integrating them into formative exams has potential, addressing marking time and ideal occasions and items is crucial. This study gathers validity evidence of novel immediate self-feedback VSAQ (ISF-VSAQ) format and determines the optimal number of items and occasions for reliable assessment.MethodsNinety-four third-year pre-clinical students took two ten-item ISF-VSAQ exams on cardiovascular drugs. Each question comprised two sections: (1) Questions with space for student responses and (2) a list of possible correct answers offering partial-credit scores ranging from 0.00 to 1.00, along with self-marking and self-feedback options to indicate whether they fully, partially, or did not understand the possible answers. Messick’s validity framework guided the collection of validity evidence.ResultsValidity evidence included five sources: (1) Content: The expert reviewed the ISF-VSAQ format, and the question was aligned with a standard examination blueprint. (2) Response process: Before starting, students received an example and guide to the ISF-VSAQ, and the teacher detailed the steps in the initial session to aid self-assessment. Unexpected answers were comprehensively reviewed by experts. (3) Internal structure: The Cronbach alphas are good for both occasions (≥ 0.70). A generalizability study revealed Phi-coefficients of 0.60, 0.71, 0.76, and 0.79 for one to four occasions with ten items, respectively. One occasion requires twenty-five items for acceptable reliability (Phi-coefficient = 0.72). (4) Relations to other variables: Inter-rater reliability between self-marking and teacher is excellent for each item (rs(186) = 0.87–0.98,p = 0.001). (5) Consequences: Path analysis revealed that the self-reflected understanding score in the second attempt directly affected the final MCQ score (β = 0.25,p = 0.033). However, the VSAQ score did not. Regarding perceptions, over 80% of students strongly agreed/agreed that the ISF-VSAQ format enhances problem analysis, presents realistic scenarios, develops knowledge, offers feedback, and supports electronic usability.ConclusionElectronic ISF-VSAQs enhanced understanding elevates learning outcomes, rendering them suitable for formative assessments with clinical scenarios. Increasing the number of occasions effectively enhances reliability. While self-marking is reliable and may reduce grading efforts, instructors should review answers to identify common student errors.

French Norms for a Shortened Online Adaptation of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A

ABSTRACT This study presents the norms and psychometric properties for a shortened online adaptation of a French version of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A). Assessment of involuntariness and subjective intensity was added to the traditional scoring. A total of 373 individuals completed an online hypnotizability screening test on their own computer. Participants received the HGSHS:A script through an audio recording lasting about 30 minutes. The results showed that the item difficulty and reliability of the short online HGSHS:A were consistent with the offline version of the scale and with the reference samples. Involuntariness and subjective intensity corrections improved significantly the accuracy in the measurement of the scale and helped to dissociate between different phenomenologies in hypnotic responding. These findings indicate that the short online HGSHS:A is a reliable tool for measuring hypnotizability. Moreover, we suggest that using complementary measures of involuntariness and subjective intensity helps to shed more light on hypnotizability as part of a multi-componential approach to hypnotic response.

The Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM-13) in an oncology patient population: psychometric properties and dimensionality evaluation

BackgroundAccurate assessment and enhancement of health-related skills among oncology patients are pivotal for optimizing cancer care. The Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13), a questionnaire designed to reflect an individual’s knowledge, skills, and confidence in self-healthcare management, has been validated across diverse countries and settings. Concerns have been raised regarding the cross-situational applicability, as patients with specific diseases and cultural backgrounds interpret questionnaire items differently. This study aimed to examine the structural validity and psychometric properties of the PAM-13 in an oncological patient cohort.MethodsBaseline data from a longitudinal non-randomized controlled study involving cancer out-patients (n = 1,125) from Comprehensive Cancer Centres in Southern Germany were analysed. The German version of the PAM-13 was employed. With classical test and item response theory methods data quality, reliability, convergent and structural validity, as well as psychometric properties were assessed. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were employed to investigate the postulated unidimensionality of the underlying construct. With a partial credit model (PCM) we examined item fit, targeting, local independence and differential item functioning.ResultsParticipants were predominantly female (73.0%) with a breast cancer diagnosis (41.3%). While items were generally well-accepted, ceiling effects were observed and a high mean PAM-13 score (69.7, SD = 14.2) was noted, potentially compromising responsiveness to interventions. Reliability was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.81), person and item separation reliability were good to excellent (0.81 and 0.99, respectively). Explorations of the unidimensionality of the construct (EFA, CFA, PCM) yielded inconclusive results, hinting towards a two-factor solution. Item difficulty rankings deviated from the original. No differential item functioning was identified, and local independence was confirmed.ConclusionsWhile the PAM-13 serves as a valuable instrument for comprehending and promoting health-related skills in cancer patients, the identification of ceiling effects, disordered item-difficulty rankings, and inconclusive findings regarding unidimensionality contribute to the expanding body of evidence, emphasizing the dependency of PAM-13’s validity and reliability on distinctive characteristics within the population under investigation. Future research should prioritize refining or adding PAM-13 items to better capture the specific health-related challenges within diverse populations, paving the way for more effective patient engagement strategies in oncology.Trial registration numberDRKS00021779

Digital literacy scale: Validity and reliability study with the rasch model

AbstractThe study aimed to develop a Likert-type measurement tool (Digital Literacy Scale, DLS) to determine the digital literacy levels of secondary school students. The validity and reliability of the developed measurement tool were verified using the Rasch model. The Rasch Model can estimate missing data and allow for small study groups (Rasch, Rasch, Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests, Danish Institute for Educational Research, 1960). Additionally, this model can verify the expected pattern of the measurement tool by calibrating it across participants and items. The content validity of DLS was ensured by expert opinion, and the construct validity was ensured by using the Rach model. In the content validity study, a 25-item pool was created for the draft DLS, and 5 items were removed from the draft DLS at this stage. Construct validity studies were carried out with the remaining 20 items using the classical test theory and item response theory (Rasch model). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and first-level Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used within the scope of classical test theory. Then some Rasch assumptions such as dimensionlessness, local independence, monotonicity, and bias were tested for DLS. In the validity and reliability analysis of DLS, no items were eliminated, and the quantitative theoretical results were statistically confirmed. The analysis results showed that the minimum statistical values required for a good measurement tool were met. Accordingly, 20 valid and reliable compatible items that can be used to determine the digital literacy status of secondary school students were produced.

Validation of the brief screening of Social Network Addiction Risk

IntroductionThis study aims to develop a valid and reliable tool to evaluate social network behavior in young adults. MethodsTo validate the Brief screening for Social Network Addiction Risk (BSNA), data from 776 Italian young adults (64.3 % of women) were collected. The suitability of the instrument was statistically assessed. Experts' opinions, item reliability, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and convergent validity were adopted to validate the BSNA items. Internal consistency coefficients were also calculated. ResultsAccording to the statistical analyses, a 2-factor structure was confirmed. The two scales of BSNA assess behavior and motivation frame of social networks use. The second order model proved a global score of risk of social network addiction. Fit indices highlighted the high goodness of the model. Preliminary analyses of prevalence estimated that about 18 % of participants reported problematic Social Network use, which may overtime represent a marker of addictive behavior. ConclusionThe final version of the BSNA, with 11 items evaluated on a 5-point Likert- scale, is a short but valid tool for measuring the risk of social network addiction. It represents a promising screening tool aimed to not overpathologize a behavior, but to furnish adequate insight into this phenomenon.

Analisis Butir Soal Ulangan Harian Siswa Mata Pelajaran PPKn Kelas IV Menggunakan Rach Model di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri

The study aimed to analyze the items on students' daily test questions on PPKN subjects made by the teacher to measure learning outcomes during the previous lesson process. Conducted on fourth-grade students at the 01 West Pasaman State Madrasah Ibtidayah. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative using Rasch model data analysis with Win Step software. The results of the data analysis carried out were on the reliability data analysis using Winstep Cronbach Alpha 0.49 software. From the existing data, it is clear that the level of reliability of the questions is still relatively weak. The results of the Rasch model of person reliability and item reliability are 0.47 and 0.52. The results of the analysis of the quality of the items in terms of the validity of the items using the Rasch model obtained 6 questions that were said to be valid and 24 questions that were said to be invalid because they did not meet the requirements for the MNSQ outfit, ZSTD outfit, and the Point Measure correlation (PT measure Corr). In using the Rasch model it is felt to be more accurate because it meets these three criteria, so it is considered valid. above the P value or the level of difficulty of the items below 0.25, there are 3 items, meaning the item is very difficult. Questions that are above 0.75 have 5 items meaning the question is too easy. And questions that are scored between 0.25-0.75 have 17 questions. That is, 18 questions have a good level of difficulty. Analysis of distracting items using the Winstep Rasch Model software for 25 daily test questions for students of Civics class IV at Madrasah Ibtidayah Negeri 01 Pasaman Barat shows that there are 23 questions with good functioning distractors. Items where the distractor does not function properly are 5 questions.

Development of character assessment instrument on English learning for middle school students

There is a present-day necessity to construct character education assessment instruments in English courses. Employing the ADDIE development model, this research undergoes stages encompassing analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation to craft a meticulously designed assessment instrument. The resulting instrument is a self-assessment for English subjects, subjected to scrutiny through both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The instrument attests to content validity, indicated by an Aiken index of 0.955, and construct validity using EFA &amp; CFA. Outcomes showcasing loading factor values exceeding 0.4 for each item and the model for measuring student character aligns seamlessly with the hypothesized model, substantiated by statistical results of p-values = 0.056; CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.972; RMSEA = 0.031; SRMR = 0.055. Furthermore, the item reliability in each dimension/factor surpasses 0.7. The study's revelations uncover that 46% of students predominantly concentrate on character development, while 35% prioritize character emphasis. Cultivated character for 14%, whereas a mere 5% of students necessitate guidance. This instrument not only guides educators and researchers in developing character assessment tools but also meets valid and reliable criteria, ensuring credibility and usability across various education levels.

Perceived Influence of Self-Perception on Self-Esteem among Undergraduate Students of Kabarak University in Nakuru County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived influence of self-perception on self-esteem among undergraduate students of Kabarak University, Nakuru County, Kenya. The researcher used questionnaire for undergraduate students, FGD guide for peer counsellors and interview schedule for university counsellors. Validation of research instruments was done through peer and expert review and through pilot testing, which was done at Kabarak City Campus. The pilot sample consisted of 10 undergraduate students, 5 peer counsellors and 1 student counsellor. The reliability and validity of items was established using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. The pilot results of the variable self- esteem yielded 0.705 while body image yielded 0.937. The response rate was 96.39%. The data collected was analysed using frequencies, percentages and means (descriptive statistics). The data analysis used the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The researcher considered ethics of confidentiality and informed consent. The outcome indicated that most of the sampled students and staffs jointly agreed that self-perception influence self-esteem among undergraduate students of Kabarak University. The study concluded that self-perception has statistically significant perceived influence on self-esteem among undergraduate students of Kabarak University. Therefore, the study recommends that the key stakeholders in counselling department include in the policies and strategies ways on how to address concerns about self-perception and self-esteem. Such policies and strategies would help in improving the efficiency of interventions to address the adverse effects associated with negative self-perception for example depression, low self-esteem and eating disorders.

Development and Validation of the Jawline Subject Satisfaction Scale

Introduction: Research in aesthetic medicine commonly includes evaluations of subject satisfaction with treatment results. However, conventional analytic methods typically generate statistically imprecise ordinal scores. To overcome this limitation, researchers have begun employing the Rasch model, an analytical framework grounded in item response theory. The Rasch model permits scale modifications capable of enhancing measurement accuracy. This study focuses on using the Rasch model to evaluate a scale measuring subject satisfaction following aesthetic treatments to the jawline. Objective: To develop and validate a multiitem, self-administered questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with aesthetic treatment of the jawline. Methods: A 10-item questionnaire [The Jawline Subject Satisfaction Scale (JS3)] was devised to measure subject satisfaction following aesthetic treatments of the jawline. Each question was responded to using a 5-point Likert scale, with response selections ranging from “very much satisfied” to “very much dissatisfied” or “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” The scale's psychometric properties (reliability and separation for items and persons, item and person fit statistics, and unidimensionality and local independence) were validated using a Rasch model based on a dataset collected from a sample of forty subjects. Results: The results of the Rasch analysis revealed high internal consistency of the JS3, with a person reliability estimate of 0.86 and an item reliability estimate of 0.96. The separation estimates for persons and items were 2.50 and 4.72, respectively, demonstrating the scale's ability to differentiate between high and low responders and validating the instrument's construct. All infit and outfit values fell within the established range (0.5-1.5), and the data fit the model of unidimensionality and local independence. Raw score transformations into logits were conducted, which were then converted to Rasch measurements. These measurements are available for use in practice for conducting standard statistical analyses evaluating treatment and/or group effects. Conclusions: The application of the Rasch model produced a valid and reliable scale (ie, JS3) for measuring satisfaction with the appearance of the jawline following aesthetic treatments.

Rasch analysis of the pre-sleep arousal scale in patients with acute insomnia disorder

BackgroundHyperarousal plays an essential role in the initiation and maintenance of insomnia, highlighting the need for a tool that measure the hyperarousal state during the early course of insomnia. Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) is a self-report questionnaire to evaluate subjective pre-sleep arousal of insomnia. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the PSAS among patients with acute insomnia disorder (AID) using Rasch analysis. MethodsTotally 170 patients with AID from 31 public hospitals in China were recruited and completed the test. The psychometric properties of the PSAS were tested using Rasch analysis by Winsteps v5.4.1.0, including unidimensionality, local item independence, item fit, category diagnostics, reliability, item-person maps and differential item functioning (DIF) by age and gender. ResultsAccording to Rasch analysis, somatic and cognitive subscales were unidimensional and basically demonstrated good item-fit statistics. 4-point Likert scale may be more appropriate for PSAS. All items have a good reliability and separation. No gender and age bias were detected for the scale. However, the person arousal level is not well matched to item difficulty. ConclusionThe present study further reveals appropriate psychometric properties of the PSAS in patients with AID and provides suggestions for refinements and supplements to the PSAS.

Pengaruh Kepimpinan Kepala Sekolah Sebagai Supervisor dan Motivasi Kerja Guru terhadap Kinerja Guru di SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2024

The purpose of this research is to 1) determine the influence of the principal's leadership as supervisor on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024; 2) Knowing the influence of teacher work motivation on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024; 3) Knowing the influence of the Principal's Leadership as a Supervisor and Teacher Work Motivation Simultaneously on Teacher Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024. With the hypothesis: 1) There is a positive influence of the Principal's Leadership as a Supervisor on Teacher Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024 2 ) There is a positive influence of Teacher Work Motivation on Teacher Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024. 3) There is a positive influence of Principal Leadership as Supervisor and Teacher Work Motivation simultaneously on Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024. The method in this research is a quantitative method with a descriptive statistical approach. The population is all teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon, totaling 41 people and this research is a population study. Data were collected using a closed questionnaire with 60 reliable items, with rh&gt;rt α 0.05 for all items and r11:0.90%. The results of data analysis show that there is an influence: 1) Leadership of the Principal as Supervisor at 37.2%, &gt; 0, thus there is a positive influence of Leadership of the Principal as Supervisor on Teacher Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024. 2) Teacher Work Motivation Regarding Teacher Performance, it is 23.8% &gt; 0, thus there is a positive influence of Teacher Work Motivation on Teacher Performance at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024. 3) Leadership of the Principal as Supervisor and Teacher Work Motivation is 41.3% &gt; 0, thus The positive influence of the Principal's Leadership as a Supervisor and Teacher Work Motivation simultaneously on Performance can be found at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in 2024. In conclusion, Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected.

A Tool for the Assessment of Swallowing Safety and Efficiency in Adults: Turkish Adaptation of Boston Residue and Clearance Scale.

The objective of this study was to create a Turkish language adaptation of the Boston Residue and Clearance Scale (BRACS), a validated and reliable tool. The BRACS scale was first translated into Turkish and a Turkish version was subsequently developed. Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES) was administered to collect data from 25 dysphagic patients who were hospitalized after a stroke. The recorded films were subjected to editing procedures to ensure their appropriateness for the assessment of swallowing disorders and were then dispatched to a panel of five speech and language therapists for evaluation using the adaptation of the BRACS instrument. The scoring by the experts was evaluated using both explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity, item reliability, and construct (composite) reliability were measured by calculating the average variance extracted (AVE) values. For the 12 location items, EFA revealed 3 main latent factors: the laryngeal vestibule and the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The Turkish BRACS had excellent inter-rater reliability (Krippendorff's alpha coefficient values ranged from 0.93 to 0.95) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.88 to 0.93). Inter-rater ICCs for the first and second sessions were 0.83 and 0.85, respectively. CFA showed that all fitted criteria reached acceptable or perfect fit levels. The findings indicated that the proposed factor structure was validated. The AVE values are between 0.61 and 0.73 which was taken as evidence of convergent validity. The Turkish adaptation of the BRACS tool demonstrates both reliablity and validity, rendering it a useful and credible tool for assessing residual severity, particularly in clinical settings.

A Scale to Measure the Psychological Impact on Farmers during Pandemic Conditions (Covid-19)

The recent outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic resulted in global lockdown creating huge economic cost and cascading impact on different sections of society including the farming community. The farmers though directly faced socio economic impact there reported psychological distress due to anxiety, depression etc. Hence the objective of measuring the psychological impact of Covid-19 on farming community was taken up. As there were no proper measuring instruments for measuring the psychological impact especially of the farmers, a need was thus realized for constructing a specific scale. Hence, the Likerts summated rating scale procedure was followed by considering 8 dimensions. Initially 110 statements were sent to judges rating and the statements with relevancy weightage of 0.80 and above were retained. Then it was administered to farmers in non sample area for item analysis and after ‘t’ test 32 statements were retained. The Cronbach’s alpha test to measure the internal consistency of components was 0.895 and the split half method, followed for measuring the items reliability showed ‘r’ is 0.734. The scale validity was measured using face and content validity. Thus the scale has both validity and reliability. The finally developed scale consists of 32 statements under 8 different dimensions.

Reliability and Validity of Diabetes Nutrition Self-Efficacy and Behavior Measures for the “What Can I Eat” Diabetes Nutrition Education Program for American Indian and Alaska Native Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

BackgroundAmerican Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people have high rates of diabetes and limited access to nutrition education. The “What Can I Eat? Healthy Choices for People With Type 2 Diabetes” (WCIE) diabetes nutrition education program was culturally adapted for AI/AN adults. ObjectiveThis analysis was designed to evaluate the reliability and validity of items developed to measure diabetes nutrition self-efficacy (ie, confidence one can engage in specific behaviors) and diabetes nutrition behavior among participants in the WCIE program for AI/AN adults. DesignThis study was a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the WCIE program for AI/AN adults. Baseline data were used to assess the reliability and validity of the self-efficacy and behavior items, which were collected via survey. Due to COVID-19 safety protocols, the intervention was conducted via Zoom (Zoom Video Communications), and both survey and clinical data were collected at home by participants. Participants/settingThe study was conducted from January to December 2021 with 5 AI/AN-serving health care programs in Oklahoma, Illinois, North Carolina, California, and New York. AI/AN adults with type 2 diabetes who spoke English and had internet access were eligible. Sixty people participated. Main outcome measuresAnalyses examined validity and reliability of diabetes nutrition self-efficacy and behavior items. Statistical analysis performedTo test reliability, internal consistency and factor structures of the scales were examined. To evaluate convergent validity, Pearson correlations were computed to examine the association of the self-efficacy and behavior measures with each other and with clinical indicators (ie, body mass index, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c). ResultsTwo self-efficacy factors were identified. Each showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach α ≥ 0.85; McDonald ω ≥ 0.88) and was directly associated with diabetes nutrition behavior (P < .001). The factor assessing Confidence in Using the Diabetes Plate was inversely associated with hemoglobin A1c (Pearson correlation = –0.32, P = .0243). The behavior measure capturing Healthy Nutrition Behavior showed strong internal consistency (α = 0.89; ω = 0.92) and was inversely associated with hemoglobin A1c (Pearson correlation = –0.38, P = .0057). ConclusionsDiabetes nutrition self-efficacy and behavior items developed for the WCIE program for AI/AN adults are valid and reliable. These items can facilitate rigorous and consistent evaluation of the AI/AN WCIE program.

Development and Validation of the Resilience Scale for Kidney Transplantation (RS-KTPL)

PurposeThis study developed a resilience scale for kidney transplantation (RS-KTPL) and assessed its reliability and validity. MethodsThe tool was developed based on Devellis’ (2017) guidelines. During the tool development phase, the concept of resilience in 10 patients who had undergone a kidney transplant was analyzed by integrating results from the theoretical and field research stages. Initial tool items were then derived. These items underwent content validity verification, item review, and a preliminary survey. The validation phase involved two main surveys, conducted using the preliminary 59 items derived from the development phase for data gathering. The first survey had 266 participants, and the second had 205 participants. Using the collected data, the structural validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the tool items were verified, ultimately establishing the final items. ResultsThe RS-KTPL comprises six factors with 27 items confirmed through EFA and CFA on a 4-point Likert scale: positive thought transition through recovery belief, supportive relationships with others, self-awareness of negative psychological reactions, physical health control, homeostasis control, and supportive relationships with medical staff. The cumulative explanation of the tool was 50.71%. The model fit of the RS-KTPL was represented as follows: GFI .88, CFI .93, TLI .91, RMSEA .04, and SRMRI .06. Convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity were also secured. The reliability of the tool, measured by Cronbach’s α was .87. ConclusionThe RS-KTPL can be used to identify the level of resilience in patients who have undergone a kidney transplant, enabling them to recognize their strengths and areas of improvement for enhanced resilience. This tool can be applied in clinical nursing practices to comprehensively assess the resilience of patients with a kidney transplant, providing direction for nursing intervention plans to enhance patient resilience.