Item-level Analyses Research Articles

Item-Level Analysis of Category Fluency Test Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies of Normal and Neurologically Abnormal Ageing.

While Category Fluency (CF) is widely used to help profile semantic memory, item-level scoring (ILS) approaches to this test have been proposed to obtain indices that are less influenced by non-semantic supportive functions. We systematically reviewed the literature to test the hypotheses that (1) compared with healthy adults, individuals with a clinical diagnosis suggestive of neurodegeneration generate words of lower semantic complexity; (2) compared with young adults, older adults generate words of higher semantic complexity. We searched six databases (date of search: 8 December 2023) for studies that relied on CF and ILS methods, in normal ageing and in age-associated neurodegeneration. Thirty-four studies were shortlisted: 27 on neurodegenerative conditions; 7 on normal ageing. Risk of bias was evaluated via a published checklist. Data were presented via qualitative synthesis. Most studies reported words of lower semantic complexity in relation to at least one item-level feature in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's dementia (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. Post-hoc meta-analyses focussing on the MCI/AD continuum confirmed an effect on words' frequency (385 MCI/AD individuals and 350 controls; Hedges's G = 0.59) and age-of-acquisition (193 MCI/AD individuals and 161 controls; Hedges's G = - 1.51). Studies on normal ageing, conversely, failed to demonstrate any overall effect. Most studies on MCI and AD have not relied on neurobiological diagnostic criteria. Moreover, only a small number of studies analysed ILS controlling for quantitative CF performance. Despite these two limitations, this study suggests that ILS can contribute to an in-depth characterisation of semantic memory in neurological ageing.

Teamwork in Rural Emergency Health Care: A Simulation-Based Cross-over Study of Co-located and Distributed Teams.

Despite the increasing use of distributed healthcare teams, performance evaluation is largely lacking. This study examined rural emergency health care in Sweden to determine the effect of teams being either co-located or distributed with remote physicians accessible via telemedicine. In this crossover study, 17 three-person teams were video recorded during co-located and distributed simulated scenarios. Team performance in the video recordings was evaluated using the TEAM instrument. Co-located scenarios had significantly higher Total ratings for the instrument (items 1-11), in the teamwork domain (items 3-9), and in overall performance (item 12) compared with distributed scenarios (P < 0.005). Item-level analysis revealed that co-located teams were better at completing tasks on time (item 4) and showed greater adaptability to changing situations (item 7). The higher rating of the performance of co-located teams underscores the challenges facing distributed teams. Given that distributed healthcare teams are a reality in rural areas in northern Sweden, education and training must be adapted to address these challenges. This adaptation is crucial for ensuring high-quality patient care by distributed teams.

A preliminary examination of the TOMM2 in a sample of Spanish speakers in the United States.

The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a widely used performance validity measure that is available in both English and Spanish. The Spanish version, however, has historically lacked normative data from samples that are representative of the U.S. Hispanic/Spanish speaking population. The aim of the current study was to collect normative data on the update TOMM 2 for Hispanic individuals residing in the U.S. Normative data on the TOMM 2 was collected across 9 sites from different regions of the U.S. The total sample consisted of n = 188 cognitively healthy adults aged 18 and over with no current or prior history of neurological or psychiatric disorder. Descriptive analyses were performed on total raw scores. Participants obtained a mean score of 48.15 (SD = 2.81) on trial 1 of the TOMM 2, 49.86 (SD = 0.487) on trial 2, and 49.84 (SD = 0.509) on the recognition trial. Scores are provided for traditional cutoff scores as well as some popular cutoffs reported in the literature. Item level analyses were conducted as well as evaluation of performance based on a variety of demographics. When compared to the English-speaking normative sample used for the original TOMM, this sample demonstrated better performance on the TOMM 2 indicating better cultural appropriateness of the items. This is the first study conducted that provides culturally appropriate descriptive norms for use with Spanish speakers living in the U.S.

Cumulative stressor exposure predicts menstrual cycle affective changes in a transdiagnostic outpatient sample with past-month suicidal ideation.

Affective responses to the menstrual cycle vary widely. Some individuals experience severe symptoms like those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, while others have minimal changes. The reasons for these differences are unclear, but prior studies suggest stressor exposure may play a role. However, research in at-risk psychiatric samples is lacking. In a large clinical sample, we conducted a prospective study of how lifetime stressors relate to degree of affective change across the cycle. 114 outpatients with past-month suicidal ideation (SI) provided daily ratings (n = 6187) of negative affect and SI across 1-3 menstrual cycles. Participants completed the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN), which measures different stressor exposures (i.e. interpersonal loss, physical danger) throughout the life course, including before and after menarche. Multilevel polynomial growth models tested the relationship between menstrual cycle time and symptoms, moderated by stressor exposure. Greater lifetime stressor exposure predicted a more pronounced perimenstrual increase in active SI, along with marginally significant similar patterns for negative affect and passive SI. Additionally, pre-menarche stressors significantly increased the cyclicity of active SI compared to post-menarche stressors. Exposure to more interpersonal loss stressors predicted greater perimenstrual symptom change of negative affect, passive SI and active SI. Exploratory item-level analyses showed that lifetime stressors moderated a more severe perimenstrual symptom trajectory for mood swings, anger/irritability, rejection sensitivity, and interpersonal conflict. These findings suggest that greater lifetime stressor exposure may lead to heightened emotional reactivity to ovarian hormone fluctuations, elevating the risk of psychopathology.

Pronunciation of Vowel Digraphs in Nonwords: A Replication and Extension.

In English, the pronunciation of a vowel digraph can vary; for example, ea is pronounced /ɛ/ in bread but /i/ in beach and /eɪ/ in break. We investigated participant-level effects on the pronunciation of ambiguous vowel digraphs in nonwords (e.g., yeath) using standardized test measures of six reading-related skills in 80 young adults. We employed both an established written task and set of nonword stimuli and a spoken version of the task with the same stimuli. We largely replicated the previously reported pattern of preferred nonword pronunciations in both the written and spoken versions of the task. Generalized linear mixed-effects model analyses revealed that individual differences in phonological memory, spelling knowledge, and word reading efficiency contributed to pronunciation choice beyond item-level effects. Overall, taken together with the results of item-level analyses, our findings are consistent with models and theories in which specific reading-related skills, intralexical context, and interlexical pronunciation knowledge influence ambiguous vowel digraph pronunciation in nonword reading in fluently reading young adults.

Assessing Skin Tear Knowledge Among Nurses: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Survey.

To assess the knowledge of nurses in Chinese hospitals regarding skin tears, focusing on evaluating their understanding and proficiency in managing and preventing skin tears, exploring the impact of demographic and professional factors on their knowledge levels and identifying specific areas where additional training or education is needed. This study is a multicentre cross-sectional survey conducted in the Henan province of China using a stratified cluster sampling method. The study utilised the Chinese version of the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument (OASES) for evaluating nurses' knowledge levels based on a questionnaire comprising 22 questions on the online platform Wenjuanxing (www.wjx.cn). All questions had to be answered, with only one option selectable per question. Response validity was ensured by excluding questionnaires that showed a clear response pattern, were completed in under 60 s, or scored 0 points. Descriptive analysis, item-level analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. A total of 1675 clinical nurses participated in this study. Age was a significant factor influencing skin tear knowledge, with older nurses (age, 41-60 vs. 18-40 years) demonstrating higher knowledge scores. Additionally, female nurses exhibited higher average knowledge scores compared to male nurses. Further, different departments, education levels, job titles and having completed relevant courses significantly influenced skin tear knowledge among nurses. However, on multivariate analyses, we found that working in the intensive care unit, having a higher education background and job title and having studied courses on wound, ostomy or incontinence were independent factors influencing knowledge on skin tear, indicating the need for targeted educational interventions. In conclusion, targeted educational interventions and continuous professional development are essential to bridge the identified knowledge gaps among nurses in Chinese hospitals regarding skin tear management. The Strengthening the Report of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist guidelines were followed. Enhancing nurses' knowledge and skills in skin tear management through targeted educational programmes could improve patient care quality, reduce the incidence of skin tears and promote better wound care outcomes in clinical settings. This study addresses the problem of knowledge gaps in skin tear management among nurses. The main findings indicate varied understanding and significant factors influencing this knowledge. The research impacts nurses and patients in Chinese hospitals, emphasising the need for specialised training and professional development to improve skin tear management and patient care. No patient or public contribution.

Picturing Better Materials: Normative Data on a Novel Illustration Set for Scientific and Clinical Use.

Picture stimuli are essential materials for language research and clinical practice. Here, we generated a modern, full-color set of 310 illustrations representing a carefully designed, culturally sensitive list of imageable nouns. We normed the images in a diverse sample of healthy adults, so the images can be used in various populations, including older adults. We recruited a diverse online sample of 200 adults ages 19-76 years. Participants typed a name for each picture and reported how familiar they were with the item (familiarity) and how well the illustration matched their mental image of the item (image agreement). We assessed relationships among these three measures, between these measures and word features (e.g., frequency, length), and between these measures and demographic characteristics of our sample. Two hundred ninety-seven of 310 items had 70% or higher name agreement among participants. Most items had good to excellent image agreement and familiarity. The image measures showed expected relationships with relevant word features (e.g., frequency, length). Older age was associated with higher image agreement and familiarity but not written naming accuracy. As a group, Black participants demonstrated lower written naming accuracy than White and mixed race participants. Education, sex, and self-reported multilingualism were not significantly related to image measures. We generated a novel set of illustrations with strong name agreement, familiarity, and image agreement, which are suitable for a variety of uses in research and clinical settings. Our normative data suggest a future need for item-level analysis to explore variability in performance across different racial groups. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26321926.

Facilitators, barriers, and enablers of social workers’ utilization of an evidence-based parenting program: An exploratory mixed-method study

Social workers play a vital role in both the child welfare systems and the dissemination of evidence-based parenting programs aimed at reducing child maltreatment rates at scale. However, notable knowledge gap remains on factors influencing social workers’ program delivery. Using the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program as an example, the present study aims to investigate the facilitators (what aided the implementation), barriers (what hindered the implementation), and enablers (what changes would help implementation) of social workers’ implementation of an evidence-based parenting program. An international sample of 301 social workers trained in Triple P between 2012 and 2020 from six countries were included (i.e., U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Denmark). A mixed-method approach was used which combined item-level regression analyses with quantitative and thematic analysis with qualitative data. Organizational/team/peer support and program resources were identified as strong themes in both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Engaging disadvantaged parents and online delivery were identified as a significant challenge for social workers in qualitative analysis. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the factors influencing social workers’ implementation of parenting programs. Implications of the present findings were discussed.

Neuroticism, loneliness, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A 17-year study of nearly 500,000 individuals

BackgroundNeuroticism is related to mental and physical health. This study examined whether neuroticism and its underlying components were associated with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. MethodsCommunity-dwelling adults (N = 491,323) in the UK Biobank completed a neuroticism scale between 2006 and 2010. Vital status was tracked up to December 2022 via linkage with the UK National Health Service. ResultsOver 17 years of follow-up, 43,400 (8.8 %) participants died. Accounting for age, sex, and ethnicity, participants who scored 1 SD higher on neuroticism had a 10 % greater risk of dying (HR = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.09–1.11), an association that remained significant but was explained partly by socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and chronic conditions. Item-level analyses found that loneliness was the neuroticism item most predictive of mortality (HR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.43–1.49), especially in males. Neuroticism and loneliness were more predictive of mortality among relatively younger adults and those with lower education. Among the causes of death, neuroticism and loneliness had the strongest association with deaths due to intentional self-harm, respiratory and digestive system diseases. LimitationsLoneliness was assessed with a single item. The associations could be due to increases in neuroticism and loneliness approaching death. However, contrary to expectations from reverse causality, the associations were similar when excluding deaths within the first five or ten years of follow-up. Future research should examine whether findings from this high-income country replicate in middle- and lower-income communities. ConclusionsLoneliness was the component of neuroticism most strongly associated with premature mortality, including from intentional self-harm, respiratory, and digestive system causes of death.

A - 137 An Item-Level Analysis of the Boston Naming Test in a Sample of Veterans as it Relates to Age and Education

Abstract Objective The Boston Naming Test (Kaplan et al., 1983) is a 60-item test designed to measure confrontational naming ability. Word-finding difficulty is a prominent feature of aphasias, with picture-naming ability being a reliable predictor of lexical retrieval ability (Herbert et al., 2008). Lower performance on the BNT is found among older age groups and individuals with lower educational attainment (Zec et al., 2007). Notably, an item-level analysis of the BNT has not been analyzed in a Veteran population. There is great importance in properly accounting for demographic variables when interpreting patient test results. Methods An item-level confirmatory factor analysis examined mean BNT scores in a veteran sample (n = 517) ages 20–79 (M = 51) with years of educational attainment (M = 13). The purpose of this study was to conduct an item-level factor analysis of the unique cohort effects of both age and education on the Boston Naming Test within a Veteran population. Results The BNT solution explained 60.95% of the variance, and components reflected early and late trials. Within the rotated components matrix, education contributed to late items (36–60) whereas age contributed to early items (11–45). Conclusions These results indicate the importance of properly accounting for demographic variables such as age and educational attainment when interpreting test results unique to a Veteran population. Higher educational attainment is associated with increased performance on later items, whereas older age is associated with decreased performance on earlier items. It may be informative to consider item-level performance when assessing confrontational naming ability.

Large-Scale Item-Level Analysis of the Figural Matrices Test in the Norwegian Armed Forces: Examining Measurement Precision and Sex Bias.

Figural matrices tests are common in intelligence research and have been used to draw conclusions regarding secular changes in intelligence. However, their measurement properties have seldom been evaluated with large samples that include both sexes. Using data from the Norwegian Armed Forces, we study the measurement properties of a test used for selection in military recruitment. Item-level data were available from 113,671 Norwegian adolescents (32% female) tested between the years 2011 and 2017. Utilizing item response theory (IRT), we characterize the measurement properties of the test in terms of difficulty, discrimination, precision, and measurement invariance between males and females. We estimate sex differences in the mean and variance of the latent variable and evaluate the impact of violations to measurement invariance on the estimated distribution parameters. The results show that unidimensional IRT models fit well in all groups and years. There is little difference in precision and test difficulty between males and females, with precision that is generally poor on the upper part of the scale. In the sample, male latent proficiency is estimated to be slightly higher on average, with higher variance. Adjusting for measurement invariance generally reduces the sex differences but does not eliminate them. We conclude that previous studies using the Norwegian GMA data must be interpreted with more caution but that the test should measure males and females equally fairly.

Multidimensionality of children’s foundational skills: an IRT-based validation of the NEPSY factorial structure

ABSTRACT Objective Measurement tools for children’s foundational skills provide important insights towards the developmental mechanisms of these domains. This study examines the structure of sensorimotor, visuospatial processing (VP), executive function (EF) skills and their interrelationship. The NEPSY is a widely-used neuropsychological instrument, but while validated at the domain-level through classical test theory approaches, no studies have conducted in-depth item-level analyses on its structural and psychometric properties. Method This study examined whether the designed structure of NEPSY is empirically supported by fitting unidimensional and multidimensional Item Response Theory models to item response data of early elementary students in the United States. A confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted to examine the factorial structure of the data. Results Results provide empirical support to the factorial structure of NEPSY, both at the domain level and within the VP sub-domain. The results show that VP and EF are separate constructs and subtests within the VP domain can further be modelled as interrelated but distinct factors – non-motor and motor-based processing. Conclusion Our specific results support the theoretical stance that VP consists of multiple component skills that are distinct because they require different neurological processes. This multidimensional NEPSY model shares some structural commonalities with the Cattell–Horn–Carroll model.

Examining Anxiety and Insomnia in Internship Students and Their Association with Internet Gaming Disorder.

Background: Internships are a mandatory graduation requirement to help medical students transition to the work environment. Some individuals are prone to anxiety in an unfamiliar environment, which is a public concern among young adults. Here, we investigated the mechanism between internet gaming disorder and anxiety and insomnia among internship students. Methods: A convenient sample of 267 internship students was collected in a cross-sectional study module between 17 July and 27 December 2022. The survey contained a 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF). The association was estimated using Pearson's correlations, and network analysis was performed to characterize these associations. Results: Our results indicate that about 60% of participants exhibited mild to severe anxiety and insomnia, while 2.28% showed symptoms of internet gaming disorder. Also, we found a moderate association between anxiety and insomnia. An item-level analysis indicated that GAD_1 "feeling anxious" and GAD_5 "unable to sit still" are essential for gaming, and that GAD_2 "uncontrollable worrying" is crucial for insomnia. This indicated an interplay between these items, supported by our centrality analysis, where we found that GAD_1 and GAD_2 depicted high centrality. Conclusions: We found high rates of anxiety and insomnia in internship students and the association between selected symptoms of anxiety and insomnia. At the same time, low rates of internet gaming disorder could be attributed to a lack of time for entertainment and an increased awareness of its risks. Given these findings, an awareness of anxiety and insomnia risk should be emphasized.

Heterogeneity of Item-Treatment Interactions Masks Complexity and Generalizability in Randomized Controlled Trials

Researchers compare aggregate test data across treatment and control group in randomized controlled trials to determine intervention impact on student achievement. We show that item-level data and analyses can provide information about item-level treatment effect heterogeneity; such findings may be useful for improving interventions and making decisions about outcomes in subsequent studies. We apply Differential Item Functioning techniques to examine variation in the degree to which items show treatment effects. Based on our analysis of 7,244,566 item responses (265,732 students responding to 2,119 items) from 15 RCTs, we find evidence for variation in gains across items. These analyses identify items that are highly sensitive to the interventions—in one case, a single item drives nearly 40% of the observed treatment effect. Our analyses also identifies items that are insensitive and cases wherein treatment effects are consistent across items. We also show that the variation of item-level treatment sensitivity has implications for effect estimate precision. Of the treatments with significant effect estimates, 31% have patterns of item-level treatment sensitivity that may lead to a null effect when considering this source of uncertainty.

Gender differences in literacy in PIAAC: do assessment features matter?

BackgroundPrevious research based on large-scale studies consistently suggests that on average, male students tend to have lower literacy compared to their female students during secondary schooling. However, this gender gap in literacy seems to “disappear” during adulthood. Up until today, only a few studies investigated the role of assessment features in gender differences in literacy performance in adulthood. This study aims to understand the relationship between assessment features and gender differences in literacy skills.MethodsUsing the German 2012 PIAAC data (N = 4,512), we applied item-level analyses using linear probability models to examine gender differences in the probability of solving a literacy item correctly with six assessment features including (1) text format, (2) text topics, (3) text length, (4) cognitive strategies, (5) numerical content of the text/questions, and (6) gender typicality of content.ResultsWe found that men had a 13.4% higher probability of solving items with a noncontinuous text format correctly than women. Men also had a 9.4% higher probability of solving short text items correctly and a 4.6% higher probability of solving items with a medium/high numerical content in the question correctly than women. There were small to negligible gender differences in literacy performance in terms of text topics, cognitive strategies, and gender typicality of content.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of text format, text length, and numerical content in gender differences in literacy skills, suggesting that further refining these practices can enhance the fairness and accuracy of literacy assessments. Specifically, we advocate for ongoing research aimed at understanding and minimizing the potential bias introduced by these assessment features. Such efforts are not only crucial for developing instruments that accurately measure literacy skills, but they also yield insights that hold significant implications for educational researchers and practitioners dedicated to creating more equitable assessment environments.

The Pathology of Imagination: Picturing the Worst

ABSTRACT Imagination, often celebrated for its role in creativity and development, also may be a feature in a range of personality pathology and psychopathology. This pre-registered study evaluates the relationship between imagination and maladaptive personality traits using the Four-Factor Imagination Scale and Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Large-scale, multinational, cross-sectional data (N = 114,559) were collected from the SAPA-Project using a planned-missingness design. Functional sample size (pairwise-n = 600) was derived from the mean number of pairwise-complete administrations of all items. Significant associations were found between imagination and PID-5 facets saturated with negative affect and psychoticism. Extreme groups analysis demonstrated participants with non-normative levels of PID-5 Depressivity and Anxiousness had elevated levels of emotionally negative imagination (mean d = 1.14, p < .001); non-normative Perceptual Dysregulation and Emotional Lability featured greater overall imaginative activity (mean d = 1.00, p < .001). Item-level analyses using machine learning revealed the content of PID-5 items predicted facet-level imagination scores, suggesting imagination features in some pathological traits. All statistical analyses are reproducible and publicly available in the Supplemental Materials file.

Statistical Implicative Analysis of Students’ Algebra Performance

The data mining method of Statistical Implicative Analysis is used to reveal details of the inner structure of algebraic competence as seen in data collected from beginning algebra students as part of the development of the SMART online diagnostic tests. The implicative analysis of the data shows the logical relation between algebraic sub-competencies. This paper reports item level analysis, comparing different cut-off levels for implication intensity, and a follow-up analysis of scales constructed from the clusters revealed. Finally in a novel application of statistical implicative analysis, the paper identifies pairs of scales that together imply an outcome, but do not do so separately. This allows the identification of abilities that are necessary foundations for other parts of algebraic proficiency.

Adaptation and Validation of the Chinese Version of Fear of Failure in Learning Scale

Fear of failure undermines students’ learning and well-being. However, despite the prevalence of fear of failure, there is a lack of a measurement tool explicitly designed to assess the fear of failure in learning among Chinese students. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Chinese version of the Fear of Failure in Learning Scale (C-FOFLS). Exploratory factor analyses were conducted for the adaptation group ( N = 353) and a four-factor solution was found. The construct validity of the four-factor structure was subsequently confirmed by item-level analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for the validation group ( N = 366). The final scale was comprised of 22 items and had four underlying dimensions: shame, performance avoidance, learned helplessness, and self-handicapping. Pearson correlation analyses demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity and concurrent validity of the C-FOFLS. C-FOFLS could be a valuable tool for conducting research on the fear of failure in learning of Chinese students.

Differential posttraumatic stress disorder symptom cluster response to stellate ganglion block: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exist, but research suggests these therapies are less effective, acceptable, and feasible to deliver to active duty service members (SMs) compared to civilians. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) procedure, in which a local anesthetic is injected around the cervical sympathetic chain or stellate ganglion to temporarily inhibit sympathetic nervous activity, is gaining popularity as an alternative PTSD treatment in military settings. However, it is unknown whether certain PTSD symptoms are more responsive to SGB than others. The current study involved a secondary analysis of data collected from a previous randomized controlled trial of SGB compared to sham (normal saline) injection (N = 113 SMs). PTSD symptoms were assessed via clinical interview and self-report at baseline and 8 weeks post-SGB or sham. Logistic regression analyses showed that the marked alterations in arousal and reactivity PTSD symptom cluster demonstrated the greatest symptom severity reductions after SGB, relative to sham. The reexperiencing cluster also showed pronounced response to SGB in clinician-rated but not self-reported outcomes. Post-hoc item-level analyses suggested that arousal and reactivity cluster findings were driven by reductions in hypervigilance, concentration difficulties, and sleep disturbance, whereas clinician-rated reexperiencing cluster findings were driven by reductions in physiological reactions to trauma cues, emotional reactions to trauma cues, and intrusions. Our findings align with a burgeoning literature positioning SGB as a potential novel or adjunctive PTSD treatment. Results could guide future hypothesis-driven research on mediators of therapeutic change during SGB for PTSD symptoms in SMs.

Do religious practices improve one’s mood? Daily religious behaviors are associated with daily wellbeing and buffer against hassles and uplifts

Effects of trait religiousness on wellbeing are well-documented, but the potential of daily religious practices to influence daily wellbeing and mitigate the commonplace ups and downs of daily life has rarely been examined. This study explored how trait religiousness and daily religious behaviors relate to day-to-day wellbeing (i.e., positive and negative affect), especially in the context of daily stresses and uplifts. A national US sample of 184 adults completed baseline measures and 14 daily surveys. Multilevel modeling revealed the relevance of daily religious behaviors (rather than trait religiousness) for daily affect. In general, daily religious behaviors showed salutary main effects on daily affect and buffered associations of daily stresses and uplifts on affect. In contrast, trait religiousness showed weak or null main effects and did not buffer associations between stresses/uplifts and affect. Notably, some associations between daily religious behaviors and affect were stronger for individuals higher in trait religiousness. Item-level analyses showed that most religious behaviors had similar associations as composite daily religious behaviors in predicting positive affect, whereas only specific daily religious behaviors predicted negative affect. Findings suggest future research might profitably attend to daily religious behaviors to further understand how religiousness influences emotional wellbeing.