Italian Soldier Research Articles

Whatever Singularity in de Bernières’ Captain Corelli’s Mandolin

This paper explores Louis de Bernières’ novel Captain Corelli’s Mandolin from the perspective of Giorgio Agamben’s concept of “whatever singularity”, the main theme of his The Coming Community. Agamben’s work provides a clear distinction from homogenized communities and nations to argue for the possibility of how groups and peoples living together without reducing their distinct individual and cultural identities to sameness. Besides, whatever singularities border ‘in-between’ spaces and thresholds and that is the space where friendship emerges from. In this context, the article aims to apply Agamben’s essay ‘The Friend’ to explore the concept of friendship. The novel is set mainly during the Italian and Nazi occupations of the Greek island of Cephalonia in World War II. Although occupying forces aim to constitute a fixed society, intercommunal friendship emerges between different nations. In this regard, the love between the Italian soldier Captain Corelli and the local girl Pelagia, as well as the friendship among Dr. Iannis, Captain Corelli, and Carlo Piero Guercio will be examined in terms of friendship and ‘whatever singularity’. Moreover, the friendship between ‘The Good Nazi’ Günter Weber, who is forced to shoot his Italian friends, and Captain Corelli will be investigated through the concept of friendship. In the narrative, the Communist Greek resistance group ELAS, a destructive occupying force, tries to form a fixed homogenous ideological group on the island bearing similarities with fascist and Nazi groups. Therefore, this will also be discussed in the context of the tension between heterogeneous and homogenous communities.

The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic: History, Architecture, Economics, Society ed. by Andrea Canepari

Reviewed by: The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic: History, Architecture, Economics, Society ed. by Andrea Canepari Jeffery T. Morris Canepari, Andrea, ed. The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic: History, Architecture, Economics, Society. Saint Joseph's University Press, 2021. Humans depend on the strength of their connections and relationships with one another to ensure their health and resilience as individuals, communities, societies, nations, and, ultimately, a species. We are social beings who need one another to survive and to thrive. It was therefore both fortunate and gratifying to encounter a book that expansively covers the centuries-long relationship between the people of two nations, Italy and the Dominican Republic, which has enriched both countries. In The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic, Andrea Canepari, who served as Italy's ambassador to the Dominican Republic, brings together in one large volume an impressive number of contributions from individuals of wide-ranging backgrounds, expertise, and experience, who collectively tell a fascinating story of the long and multifaceted relationship between Italians and Dominicans. The English version of the book is published by Saint Joseph's University Press in Philadelphia. The work covers a wide range of topics, arranged into the following sections: history; architecture; literature and the arts; economics and science; and journalism, law, and society. Within each topical section are diverse contributions of varying length, depth of coverage, level of analysis, and point of view. It is this diversity that makes reading The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic such a delight. In the subsection on ecclesiastical history, for instance, the reader is treated to a historical sweep across Dominican time and space, beginning with a survey of the clash between Bishop Alessandro Geraldini and local officials over indigenous peoples' rights in the early 1500s, to an account of Archbishop Ricardo Pittini's mid-twentieth-century management of the Church's relationship with the Dominican government during the long [End Page 440] rule of Rafael Trujillo. Likewise, in the political history subsection, contributions cover a broad swath of time, from a comparison of Dominican hero Juan Pablo Duarte with celebrated Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, to an intriguing account of an Italian soldier of the Second World War who ended his life fighting with Dominican insurgents in the 1965 uprising in Santo Domingo. The other sections—spanning a wide range of Italian-Dominican cultural, political, scientific, economic, and other social interactions and connections over the history of the Dominican Republic—are equally diverse and informative. The book is also filled with many interesting and evocative photographs and illustrations that enhance the reader's engagement with the work. The section on architecture, divided into colonial and modern parts, is particularly rich in photographs of early and modern Italian-Dominican architecture. One of the photographs of the interior of the National Palace serves as the book's cover photo and exemplifies the vivid and sometimes outright gorgeous photographs the reader will find in this section as well as throughout the book. Some readers may find puzzling the unevenness of the chapters, which range from half-page thumbnail sketches to full treatment of historical subjects, and from annotated lists of archival records to incisive academic analyses. However, this unusual diversity of compilation lends both a charm and an interest to the work that, once readers give themselves over to it, opens a unique, immersive, and rewarding reading experience that can be appreciated by scholars and lay persons alike. For those who are interested in Italian-Dominican relations, Italian and Dominican history, or in general how relationships between nations enrich not just national cultures but the human experience broadly, Andrea Canepari's The Italian Legacy in the Dominican Republic is a useful, edifying, and entertaining contribution to the literature on cross-national and global relations. The editor and all the many contributors are to be applauded for producing this informative and enjoyable book. [End Page 441] Jeffery T. Morris Independent Scholar Copyright © 2022 Association of Global South Studies, Inc.

NOTES ON THE LIFE AND WORK OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY

Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist and short story writer and journalist. His real name is Ernest Miller Hemingway. He is a Nobel and Pulitzer Prize-winning writer. He wrote his first articles in the school newspaper. In 1917, America was slowly joining World War I.Heminquey immediately enlisted in the army, but was not accepted because his left eye was weak. A year later, he entered the Red Crescent and volunteered to drive an ambulance. He was wounded in an explosion near the war, carrying an Italian soldier on his shoulder while he was wounded, and was wounded in the leg. After that, he was declared a hero in Italy and received the "Silver Medal of Honor". While in treatment in Milan, he fell in love with a nurse, and this love led him to write a masterpiece - "Goodbye, guns." Heminquey wrote mainly about his life experiences. This can be seen in "Goodbye, weapons". The writer, who reached the peak of his career with "Who the bells are ringing for", continued his life by participating in wars. Key words: famous writer, Chicago, Nobel laureate, author of short stories, story, old man, sea

Lost in Warsaw: the subversion of multilingual humour in the Italian subtitles to the Polish war comedy Giuseppe in Warsaw (1964)

In 1964, many decades before multilingual movies have become fashionable, a Polish director, Stanisław Lenartowicz, made a war comedy called “Giuseppe in Warsaw”. It narrates the adventures of an Italian soldier who on his way home from the Russian front during World War II is stranded in Poland. Pseudo-language, translation, mistranslation, and mock translation figure conspicuously in the movie, which shows a series of clashes between Polish, German and Italian languages in the most improbable combinations. The original film used no subtitles, because the linguistic chaos was pivotal to showing the absurdity of the war through the deforming lenses of the comedy. This paper analyses various mechanisms of the multilingual humour in the original film and in its subtitled version in Italian, in order to see how the dynamics of humour change in the case of L3TT which becomes L2 in translation (Italian), especially when the point of the view of the audience is subverted and the viewers identify with the protagonist rather than the Polish characters in the movie.

The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War by James McGrath Morris

Reviewed by: The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War by James McGrath Morris Steven Florczyk The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War. By James McGrath Morris. Da Capo Press, 2017. 314 pp. Hardcover $27.00. In his postscript to The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War, James McGrath Morris notes that "we might never have heard of Ernest Hemingway had it not been for an Italian soldier who was killed taking the brunt of the exploding mortar on the July night in 1918. But it seems little or no effort has been made to identify the soldier …" (253). To correct this oversight, Morris publishes here a list of eighteen potential candidates along with a note to contact him if "interested in trying to identify the actual soldier's name" (254). Future readers of this book no longer need to do so, however. As Morris informs in a 18 January 2019 Washington Post article, upon reading The Ambulance Drivers, Italian historian Marino Perissinotto reached out to Morris, and together they concluded that the name previously lost to history must be that of Fedele Temperini, whose regiment was stationed in the same vicinity as Hemingway and whose death was recorded on the same date as Hemingway's wounding. If correct, the discovery of Temperini is remarkable, even if, as Morris goes on to point out in the article, "strict Italian privacy laws prevent us from learning more about him." Morris's interest in recovering figures from anonymity, especially those obscured due to the overshadowing presence of Hemingway, suggests a parallel of sorts for understanding his account of the friendship between John Dos Passos and Hemingway in The Ambulance Drivers. Morris reminds readers of Dos Passos's importance by quoting George Packer's 2005 comment in The New Yorker: "It's hard now to remember that, several generations ago, the trio of great novelists born around the turn of the century—Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Faulkner—was a quartet, with the fourth chair occupied by Dos Passos" (249-50). The granters of the The John Dos Passos Award might agree, for they created the prize "to honor one of the greatest—and most often ignored—American writers of the twentieth century." Likewise, Morris's book [End Page 141] helps readers remember that Dos Passos not only once occupied that fourth chair but even at times garnered more attention for his writing than the trio that sat beside him. That said, Morris does not explicitly set out to champion Dos Passos. As the subtitle suggests, The Ambulance Drivers is the biography of a literary friendship, focusing on these writers' careers that developed as a response to The Great War, which inspired them to plot, as Morris puts it, "a literary revolution" (3). Their common experiences as volunteer ambulance drivers in the war significantly informed their plans, even if each writer varied in his view of the catastrophe and how to deal with it in writing. Whereas, according to Morris, "Hemingway had no interest in pondering its causes, worrying about its conduct, or even being bothered by the banality of military life," Dos Passos "wanted to write about war to end it. In Hemingway's mind, war was inevitable and a man was measured by it, as he had been. Literature could capture the experience, not change it" (76). Thus, a portrait emerges of Dos Passos turning to fiction as a medium for social activism and satire while Hemingway appears more consumed with personal concerns. Morris quotes from each writer's work to showcase their distinct versions of Modernism as well: Dos Passos experimented with combining words ("rainseething," "whiskeyglasses," etc.) and splicing fiction with newsreel accounts; Hemingway relied on repetition and minimalism. Morris even shows instances when Hemingway apparently recast ideas originated by Dos Passos. "As in the moment in Dos Passos's Three Soldiers when Chrisfield murders his sergeant," Morris explains (172), Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms includes a scene when Frederic Henry and Bonello execute a sergeant who deserts. Besides chronicling the successes, Morris also presents Dos Passos's struggles as a playwright...

Debunking the cliché of Italian military cowardice: the Italian military internees and Guareschi

This article has two goals. The first is to challenge the cliché (outside Italy) of the cowardly and clownish Italian soldier by recalling the voluntary journey to concentration camps (Lagers) of 650,000 soldiers and officers, the so-called Italian Military Internees (IMI), who said ‘No!’ to the German ‘invitation’ to swear an oath of loyalty to the Reich upon the declaration of the armistice on 8 September 1943. Despite a reign of terror in the Lagers in which they were interned, most continued to resist until they died or were repatriated at the end of the war. The second goal is to examine the idiosyncratic evocation of officers’ experience as IMI by Giovannino Guareschi in his Diario clandestino (1949). He played a major role in the IMIs’ ‘unarmed resistance’ in the four Lagers in which he was interned and the work consists mostly of material written in situ for his companions in misfortune.

Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War by Steven Florczyk (review)

Reviewed by: Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War by Steven Florczyk Alex Vernon Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War. By Steven Florczyk . Kent, OH : Kent State UP , 2014 . 142 pp. Cloth $49.00 On a rainy Wednesday, 25 June 2014, participants in the sixteenth biennial international Hemingway conference visited the bend in the Piave River, at [End Page 106] the northeastern edge of Fossalta, where Ernest Hemingway received his severe wounding. According to our host, Gianni Moriani from the Università di Venezia Ca’ Foscari, Hemingway had begun his temporary assignment to run the local rolling canteen ninety-six years ago to the day of our visit. However, Red Cross records indicate his actual posting was not to Fossalta but to Fornaci, some seven kilometers back from the Piave. Such research precision is at the heart of Steven Florczyk’s Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War. The book’s ambition is modest. It uses “previously unexamined materials” to “offer even more helpful details about Hemingway’s Red Cross service” and “clarify aspects of Hemingway’s involvement that have been unclear or not entirely accurate in previous scholarship” (xv – xvi). Florczyk draws on the mainstays—Baker’s Life Story, Reynolds’s Hemingway’s First War and The Young Hemingway, Villard and Nagel’s Hemingway in Love and War, Lewis’s A Farewell to Arms: The War of the Words—takes full advantage of Steve Paul’s work on the Kansas City Star’s reportage about the war as well as the first volume of the Letters project. It also conducts significant original research, including “the diary of the commanding officer, Captain Robert W. Bates; official reports documenting the ambulance and canteen services; section newspapers published by volunteers; as well as additional contemporaneous accounts” (xvi). The result is a compact yet thorough recounting of Hemingway’s wartime experience in five chapters, from the Red Cross ambulance service’s decision to support the Italian front and Hemingway’s decision to volunteer (“Esprit de Corps” and “Journey to War”), to his service and wounding (“Active Duty” and “Hero of the Piave”), and wrapping up with a survey of the war’s treatment in Hemingway’s writing (“Dopo la Guerra”). If you are looking for a final answer about whether Hemingway ignored his own injuries and carried a wounded Italian soldier to safety, you will be disappointed. Florczyk compares all the accounts he presumably could find—wisely disregarding the fiction—but can only finally state that Hemingway “apparently” performed this heroic feat (70). More intriguingly, Florczyk provides evidence that suggests another Italian soldier might have given his own life to save Hemingway’s, this from Captain Robert W. Bates’s “Ambulance Report No. 9” (Bates commanded the Red Cross ambulances in Italy): During such a trip, E.M. Hemingway of Section 4 was wounded by the explosion of a shell which landed about three feet from him, killing a soldier who stood between him and the point of [End Page 107] explosion, and wounding others. Due to the soldier who lost his life and who protected Hemingway somewhat from the explosion, and due also to the fact that the eclats [shell-casing fragments] had not yet obtained their full range, Hemingway was only wounded in the legs. (79) In Hemingway in Love and War, James Nagel quotes a nearly identical sentence to this first one, from Guy Lowell’s Red Cross Report of the Department of Military Affairs, though Nagel does not quote the second sentence (if indeed Lowell repeated it) and does not draw the same potential inference (216). We should not at all be surprised that military reports reproduce the same language—indeed alterations to the most immediate official account would be the more suspect scenario. Other biographers have quoted Ted Brumback’s description, which includes the soldier killed between Hemingway and the blast but does not carry the same implication (Florczyk 78). Hemingway, the Red Cross, and the Great War achieves a great deal in the way of context. In the opening pages, for example, Florczyk tracks the issues within the Red Cross that created the delay between Hemingway’s application and acceptance. He singles out Section...

Sermo humilis e lirismo In Italianesi di Saverio La Ruina

The article discusses Italianesi, the theatrical monologue composed in 2011 and performed by Calabrian storyteller Saverio La Ruina, that presents in first person the life story of Tonino Cantisani, born in 1951 in an Albanian prison camp to an Italian soldier and an Albanian mother. Although Tonino is a fictional creation, through his protagonist La Ruina gives voice to a true story, a postwar tragedy of denied identity that official histories on both sides of the Cold War have preferred to forget. Suspected of subversion because of their ties to Italy, mother and son are incarcerated by the Albanian communist regime for over forty years, until the death of dictator Enver Hoxha opens the borders and compels Tonino to migrate to Italy. But while he had spent the first half of his life ostracized as an Italian in Albania, he discovers that his new homeland marginalizes him as well, shunning him as an Albanian in Italy. But Tonino and those he represents are redeemed through the profound, haunting simplicity of the Calabro-Italian dialect that La Ruina has invented for him, inserted in a narrative architecture based on a rhetoric of reticence and modesty, where words and silence joined to minimal, essential gestures and movements create a unique, organic discourse of great evocative power.

That dangerous serpent: Garibaldi and Ireland 1860–1870

This article analyses the reaction to Garibaldi in Ireland during the Risorgimento, a reaction which, in its negativity, generally contrasted with the Italian's heroic depiction elsewhere. Attitudes towards Garibaldi reflected existing religious divisions in Ireland, with Protestants supporting him and Catholics condemning his actions in Italy. The study examines ballads, pamphlets and newspapers to illustrate the pro-papal fervour felt in Ireland and the strength of anti-Garibaldi feelings. The decision of Irishmen to form a battalion to fight in defence of the Papal States in 1860 reveals that, ultimately, denigration of Garibaldi became a badge of Irish nationalism. The study highlights the position of Britain in understanding the relationship between Ireland and Italy in these years, pointing out Irish nationalists’ bafflement over Britain's support for Italian unification while it denied similar rights to Irish subjects. The article demonstrates how, in this context, domestic and tactical considerations coloured responses to Garibaldi in Ireland, with Irish issues projected onto the Italian situation, thus leading to entrenched and extreme attitudes towards the Italian soldier.

May Phylogenetic Analysis Support Epidemiological Investigation in Identifying the Source of HIV Infection?

Editor: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by great genetic heterogeneity driven by several factors, such as the lack of proofreading ability of the reverse transcriptase (RT), the rapid turnover of HIV-1 in vivo, host selective immune pressures, and recombination events during replication. In particular, HIV-1 group M subtypes are responsible for most of the infections worldwide. At the end of the year 2008, in Italy, 60,346 persons were cumulatively diagnosed with AIDS. Overall, it is estimated that 140,000/150,000 HIV-positive people live within the country. At the beginning of the epidemic the most common route of HIV transmission was needle sharing among intravenous drug users (IDUs) whereas in more recent years heterosexual contacts have become the leading cause of infection (44.7%). Phylogenetic analysis is an important way to trace epidemiological relationship in cases with dubious or unknown links. Moreover, phylogeny is also an easy way to describe and to identify groups of viral isolates forming genetically related sister clades, which appear to be more closely related to each other. We describe here a case of HIV-1 infection in a 24-year-old Italian soldier in service in Kabul, Afghanistan, where his military command was placed. The epidemiological investigation was conducted in three different phases. In September 2009, during a laboratory investigation in the Military Barracks based on demand screening, he was found to be positive for anti-HIV antibodies (by an ELISA test), which was confirmed by Western blot. The viral load was 39,882 copies/ml and the CD4 cell count was 568 cells/ml. During the month of October he was hospitalized in Catanzaro Hospital for diagnostic controls. His viral load was of 18,000 copies/ml and his CD4 cell count was 701 cells/ml. The epidemiological investigation did not identify any known risk factors for HIV infection (i.e., drug use, tattoos, homosexual or heterosexual contact, biological fluid exposure). Thus, we tried to reconstruct the epidemiological network using the pol viral sequences (1271 nucleotides) detected by a sample collected in November 2009, before starting antiretroviral therapy. RNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and sequences were obtained as previously described. The pol gene sequence was aligned and compared with reference sequences of the HIV-1 pol genes downloaded from the HIV Los Alamos database (htpp://hiv-web.lanl .gov) as previously described; the HIV-1 pol sequences were obtained with the Blast similarity search (using the Italian soldier’s sequence as the query sequence). HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences obtained by Blast similarity search analysis are reported in Supplementary Table 1 (Supplementary data are available online at www.liebertonline.com/aid). The tree was generated using the F84 model of substitution using both neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum-likelihood (ML) tree building methods. The evolutionary model was chosen as the best-fitting nucleotide substitution model according to the hierarchical likelihood ratio test (HLRT) implemented with Model Test v3.0 software. The statistical robustness and reliability of the branching order within each phylogenetic tree were confirmed by bootstrap analysis using 1000 replicates for the NJ tree and with the zero branch length test for the ML tree. All calculations were performed with PAUP*4.0 software. SimPlot software version 3.2 and the split-decomposition analysis were used to investigate the recombinant. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the subalignments generated by the different break-points were also used to better investigate the supposed recombinant sequences. Phylogenetic analysis classified our pol gene sequence as a ‘‘nonpure’’ B subtype and showed that the patient’s isolate was closely related to B subtype sequences from Spain, forming a significant monophyletic cluster (bootstrap value >70%) (Fig. 1). Because our sequence was in a marginal position within the cluster, SimPlot and split-decomposition analyses were performed and our sequence was found to be a possible BFB recombinant form; however, we classified it as ‘‘BUB’’ (U for unclassified) since the F trait and the break-point of recombination were under the threshold value (70%) useful for statistical significance (Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2). The young man was enrolled in the peace military mission of the ISAF (International Security Assistance Force). In this context, soldiers from different nations (Italy, the United States,

World War One Italian and Austrian soldier identification project: DNA results of the first case

We report the results of an attempt to identify the supposed remains of a famous World War I (WWI) Italian soldier who was killed in battle along the Italian front in 1915. Thanks to the availability of offspring from both paternal and maternal lineage Y-STRs and mtDNA were analysed and both showed a clear exclusion scenario: the remains did not belong to the supposed war hero. This is the first effort of identification of the remains of soldiers who perished during World War I within a multidisciplinary project aimed at the retrieval of historical and cultural aspects linked to WWI, and the systematic study of the remains of soldiers and ultimately their identification. This last step involves both Italian and Austrian laboratories.

Forensic Entomology and the Archaeology of War

In the Pre-Alps and Alps of north-eastern Italy, where the First World War was fought, the discovery of human remains is not a rare event. In the past year, the skeleton of an Italian soldier was found at an altitude of 1000 m. The skeleton was almost complete, with the skull in the helmet. As in the majority of these discoveries, the absence of metallic identity tags and of personal effects makes it virtually impossible to identify the soldier. The integration between historical, anthropologic, military, entomological and genetic data could, however, be useful for dating and for identification. The results of the skeletal analysis indicated a man aged between 16 to 19 years old, and short of stature. Death was caused by shrapnel from a shell, which penetrated the head and the helmet. Several puparia and cuticle fragments were collected from the ammunition pouches and identified as Phormia regina, Protophormia terranovae and Fannia cannicularis. The phenology of the species collected suggests that colonisation most probably began during early summer. Discovery of insects associated with the remains of soldiers from WWI and WWII can provide a means to determine the season of death. Additionally, insect evidence can be used to determine if the body was exposed for a period of time following death or immediately hidden or buried. These facts are critical in narrowing down the list of potential individuals who may be finally identified and their remains, one day, buried under a gravestone with their name.

La Primera Guerra Mundial en el cine italiano:La grande guerra

Mario Monicelli’s La grande guerra is the first Italian film to approach the delicate matter (In Italy) of the First World War. Until 1959, the year the film was made, First World War had been a subject excluded from the silver screen. The few films made showed an idilic vision of the war: the Italian soldier as a hero and Italy as a great power. Monicelli’s film caused a big scandal during the sixties: the first time such a tragic subject was made comic material. The film offers a magnificent representation of the Italian society and the moral and living conditions of the soldiers were in. It’s a essay about the war, it’s absurdity, horror and fear. A war which caused a moral wound in the Italian population, a war noone spoke aloud about, until this film was released.

Failure of Mefloquine Chemoprophylaxis for Malaria in Mozambique.

Mefloquine is recommended for malaria chemoprophylaxis in short-term travelers to subSaharan Africa by many national and international organizations.’,’ Although mefloquine is presently highly effective against Pfalriparum in this area, resistance to the drug may develop, as occurred in Thailand in recent years.’ Continued monitoring and detailed documentation of malaria in people who use mefloquine for prophylaxis is therefore essential. We describe a case of malaria caused by P&kiparcrm in one Italian soldier returning &om Mozambique. He was taking mefloquine chenioprophylaxis. A 20-year-old man was admitted to hospital on July 16,1993, with a 3-day history of fever, diarrhea, and epigastric pain. He had served in the Italian army in rural areas ofMozambique from March 3 to July 13,1993. He reported no complaints during the stay. To prevent malaria he had taken chloroquine 300 mg weekly, and proguanil 200 mg daily until June 17. Then, as preventive guidelines in the army changed, he started taking mefloquine 250 mg weekly. He reported that he had not missed any doses of mefloquine, the last one being taken on July 15. O n the day of admission to hospital, July 16, a peripheral blood smear showed trophozoites of Pfalcipanm, with an asexual parasite count of 7950 per cmm. The serum mefloquine level in blood obtained on the same day was 920 ng per mL (determined by high performance liquid chromatography, at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Falu Central Hospital, Sweden). The parasite strain was isolated, and in vitro sensitivity to antimalarial drugs was assessed with the 3H-hypoxanthine semimi~rotest.~

When Lungs on Mountains Leak

ON August 10, 1894, Pietro Ramella, a young Italian soldier taking part in physiological experiments, ascended rapidly to the Capanna Regina Margherita hut on Monte Rosa (4559 m), an Alpine peak bordering Italy and Switzerland. Within a day he had severe headache, cyanosis, dyspnea, rales, and pink, frothy sputum. He was thought to have pneumonia. A storm prevented his descent, but luckily he recovered spontaneously within a few days. An Italian physiologist, Angelo Mosso, suspected that heavy exertion at high altitude had contributed to Ramella's illness.1 In retrospect, Ramella probably had high-altitude pulmonary edema.More than 60 years later, in . . .

V. Economy

The accession of Augustus inaugurated an era of relatively stable government, the basic condition for economic recovery and expansion. The new regime was dedicated to the cause of civil peace and the pacification of Rome’s enemies. The success of this policy furthered internal economic development and, insofar as it expanded the territory under Roman control, extended.the economic horizons of the empire. The settlement of substantial numbers of Italian soldier colonists in northern Italy or abroad, moreover, promoted the recovery of central and southern Italy, now relieved of intense pressure on the land, and furthered the development of more thinly populated areas of the empire. It is unnecessary to hold that Augustus had a clear and coherent policy of stimulating economic expansion. But he did create the conditions under which economic life could flourish. After his reign the empire suffered no major calamities except for the civil war of 68-69 and the ensuing revolt of Civilis, and it faced only a limited threat from across the frontiers. The Pax Romana was by and large uninterrupted.

Fr. Lodovico Melzo's Rules for Cavalry

The lieutenant general of the Spanish cavalry in the Low Countries at the Truce of 1609 was Frate Lodovico Melzo, a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem and a member of an important Milanese family. He represents the Italian professional soldier of the period.In 1611 there appeared at Antwerp his Regole Militari sopra il Governo e Servitio della Cavalleria. This is a folio volume printed in large Italic type, with an engraved title page representing Pallas and Hercules and three typical cavalry soldiers [Plate I], and with a number of double-page folding plates to illustrate the text. Melzo explains in the dedication to his leader, the Archduke Albert, that as soon as the peace of 1609 was made, he judged it a good employment of his leisure to gather together those rules that in the experience of many years he had observed on the conduct and special service of cavalry.

In re Polimeni.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Armed Forces — Italian Military Force in Saar Territory — Crime Committed by Italian Soldier against British Soldier — Extraterritoriality.

An Italian Soldier In Ethiopia

An Italian Soldier In Ethiopia