IT Terminology Research Articles

Terminological aspects of translation in the IT sphere

The article deals with the peculiarities of translation of information technology terminology in modern English. The field of scientific interest of this study concerns the theory of translation. The article aims at providing essential information about an area of study of translation and wordformation of IT terms, introducing word-formative processes which can cause a rise of neologism and stating some examples of neologism which occur in the current English language. The objective of this article is to study the peculiarities of translation of IT terminology from English into Ukrainian, to identify key problems and methods of their solution. The ways of reproducing terms in translation are determined. The ways of translating IT terms from English into Ukrainian are analyzed. The theoretical aspects of terminology, in particular the concepts of «term» and «terminological system», were thoroughly studied. Their semantic and structural characteristics were analyzed, which allowed us to better understand the nature and functioning of terms in the language system. Various methods of forming computer vocabulary, such as abbreviation, contamination, reversion, conversion, and the formation of affixed neologisms, were also considered. Several methods of translating complex terms, identified as the most productive are studied. The most effective methods of translating complex terms are considered as: preserving the structure of the original, modifying the structure of the original, transcoding, which includes transcription or transliteration. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of a systematic approach to the translation of IT terminology, improving translation methods in view of current trends in the development of information technology.

Dictionary of IT terms as a tool for Russian language studies and linguodidactics in the context of digitalization in education

The authors present a comprehensive description of the main features of a new vocabulary project aimed at expanding and systematizing the methodological competencies of a modern teacher of philology. The relevance of the work is determined both by the object of research itself, which is a corpus of terminological units relevant in the digital pedagogical space, and by the need to fix numerous changes in linguistic/linguopedagogical/philological education determined by the transition to convergent learning. The aim of the research is to characterize the specifics of the dictionary entry structure in this lexicographic resource, to describe the principles and methods of selecting terminological units, to identify ways of their defining and translation. The research material includes Russian terminological systems and their English versions, correlated with pedagogical and lexical phenomena of the Russian language. The following scientific methods and approaches were used: component analysis of dictionary entries, comparative method, functional analysis of English and Russian terminology (if there is a translated version), linguistic-cognitive analysis, data systematization and clustering, qualification data interpretation. The results of the study are as follows: a set of problems related to the constitution and categorization of new terminological units explicating the transformation of the educational paradigm is identified and described; the features of lexicographic definition and presentation of indices are characterized; various ways of defining IT terms in the aspect of foreign language teaching methods are proposed, examples of dictionary entries are given. The perspectives of the study are in further expanding, specifying and systematizing IT terminology in modern language education and creating on this base new lexicographic projects which would intensify teaching in Russian higher education institutions.

Strategies of Information Dominance in the Context of the Rivalry Between Western and Chinese Concepts of the Future World Order

The article examines the prospects for the development of virtual and augmented reality technologies and artificial neural networks (AI) in the field of the production of social consent. It describes in modern IT terminology and analyzes the concept of the metaverse, the possibilities of such technology in propaganda, solving environmental problems, overpopulation, overconsumption, and achieving sustainable development goals. The object of research of this work is modern society. The subject of the research is new ICT technologies and their impact on global political processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze and forecast the use of such technologies, assess opportunities and risks. The study was conducted by comparative and analytical methods in combination with new terminology describing modern realities. The data are taken from open sources and scientific literature. The results obtained can be used to assess global political trends, global markets and information policy in the short and medium term. The risks and opportunities of new technologies currently being deployed have been assessed. A number of fundamental contradictions of Western and Chinese concepts of civilization development are revealed. A significant asymmetry in the development of the IT industry in Taiwan and the United States, and its impact on the policies of the main players, is described. The data are compared with each other and other studies in this area. Previously, the topic of the metaverse in conjunction with the Sustainable Development Goals has not been studied, which represents a certain scientific novelty. The results obtained allow us to talk about a new phenomenon in the field of communication created by leading IT corporations. An assessment of the risks and prospects of this concept in case of its implementation has been made.

УКРАЇНСЬКА МОВА У ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ СПІЛКУВАННІ: КОМУНІКАЦІЯ МАЙБУТНІХ ІТ-ФАХІВЦІВ

The article focuses on the professional communication of future IT professionals. It is emphasized that today, even at the household level, users of personal computers and laptops use special terminology, and sometimes specific slang, which testifies to the current speech of future IT professionals. Recently, many modern dictionaries have appeared, including dictionaries of programmers, which indicate not only terms but also interpretations of new words, sometimes a combination of Ukrainian and English word formations. The article provides examples of word terms, as well as a tabular version of the translation of words from English and the interpretation of computer terms. The most popular or most commonly used terms and concepts understood by a beginner PC were taken into account. The scientific publication reveals the peculiarities of using dictionaries for online programmers. It is pointed out that recently in the Internet space you can find links to electronic resources, which contain terms that can be used in professional communication by IT professionals. The study found that IT terminology often duplicates computer slang. This is due to the lack of self-designation of terms used in the communication of programmers or IT professionals. The study points to certain words (slang), which are most often borrowed from English. Such terms are not even translated into Ukrainian. They usually need to be memorized and used in the professional activities of a person working with information technology.

TRANSLATION FEATURES OF MODERN IT TERMINOLOGY FROM ENGLISH INTO UKRAINIAN

The article considers the features and basic techniques of translating modern IT terminology from English into Ukrainian. We have found out that the IT terminology of the English language is currently actively developing and plays an essential role as a part of the scientific and technical discourse of the English language. Other languages often borrow English IT terms. Therefore, they are international in their nature. The translation of such terminology is associated with specific difficulties, including requirements for accuracy and adequacy of scientific and technical translation, difficulties in choosing the correct translation equivalent depending on the context and traditions of translation of such terms, and a large number of abbreviations and acronyms in IT terminology. The article analyses the features of the translation of IT terms from English into Ukrainian through the use of dictionary definitions of English terms and their equivalents, translation analysis, as well as quantitative analysis of the obtained results. As a result, we have established that the value of the scientific and technical text depends on the accuracy of terms translation. The article examines the main approaches to the modern English IT terminology translation, as well as the peculiarities of the use of these techniques depending on their structural and semantic properties. We have found that the most frequent methods of translating IT terms into Ukrainian are equivalent and analogue translation, transliteration, and loan translation. Such language and translation transformations as preservation of the Latin spelling of the IT term, modulation, grammatical substitutions are also often used

Metaphorical Nomination in IT Terminology in Lithuanian and English Languages

Abstract Metaphorical nomination is peculiar in every language, it is related to reality and world view perception, it also reveals the traits of nation mentality. However, there are universal models of metaphorical nomination. In both languages, special concepts can be nominated according to similar areas, e.g. human body, its physiological and mental peculiarities, mode of life, fauna, flora, objects of natural world, etc. The aim of this article is to analyse tendencies of metaphorical nominations in IT terminology in English and Lithuanian languages, reveal universalities and peculiarities of metaphorical nomination models. Research data of Lithuanian metaphorical terms and their English equivalents show that semantic loan-words constitute the major part of Lithuanian metaphorical terms. Consequently, their metaphorical meanings are borrowed but a substantial part of them are fairly motivated in the Lithuanian language and only a small part of them have a doubtful motivation. Having analysed various ways of metaphorical transference it is possible to claim that figurative nomination of concepts is the most universal with reference to flora names and items of mode of life. It is noted that there is a tendency to nominate concepts meaning particular objects in both English and Lithuanian languages whereas analogies of abstract things are less abundant.

Blockchain Examining the Technical Architecture

Patrick McConnell, Honorary Fellow at MAFC (Macquarie University Applied Finance Centre) aims to demystify some of the hype and describe the technical architecture underlying blockchain, using common IT terminology.

International Records Management and Archives Terminology Systems Standardized by ISO and IEC

Nowadays terminology issues are getting more and more important due to the introduction of informational technologies into all professional areas including records and archives management. But are the terminological systems used in records management, archives and IT well coordinated? There are international organizations on standardization (e.g. ISO and IEC) which are responsible for the compatibility of international terminology through developing international standards. This article presents the results of our research into the main ISO and IEC standards (e.g. ISO 5127-2017, ISO 15489-2016) used in records and archives management and IT in terms of compatibility of standardized international terminology in these spheres. The main method of our research was the comparative analysis of various definitions of the same terms given in international standards created for experts in the above mentioned areas. Understanding the difference between the «data», «document», «record» is very important for choosing the ways of the protection and storage of the actual objects denoted by these terms. The research has shown that it is too early to speak about the compatibility of terminological systems even used in such close areas as records management and archives. The same is actual for IT terminology when it penetrates these spheres. Yet their terminological systems do not seem fully integrated even in ISO and IEC standards elaborated for these professional areas. However, it will be practically impossible to develop these spheres without coordinating their terminological systems. ISO and IEC standards might be real tools for solving this problem but they are still not appropriately used.

АНГЛИЙСКИЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ В ПИСЬМЕННОМ ВАРИАНТЕ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКА (на примере компьютерных терминов)

АНГЛИЙСКИЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ В ПИСЬМЕННОМ ВАРИАНТЕ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКА (на примере компьютерных терминов)

Translating law in the digital age. Translation problems or matters of legal interpretation?

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the issue of how translations of legal contents from webpages are received or interpreted within the target legal system. Our hypothesis is that software developers and companies operating in the digital market and offering multilingual contents, which were created originally in English and translated into Spanish, are not only setting the standards for drafting legal texts for publication on the Internet but also coining (or even imposing) equivalents that do not always take into consideration the target legal culture. Indeed, the major IT companies, with their policy of making contracts freely available for downloading, and with the valuable linguistic resources that they produce and distribute, are not only meeting the requirement of keeping their clients informed but are also becoming the new authority on IT terminology and legal translation. The legal texts produced by these companies constitute a multilingual digital corpus of important value for translators and localizers. We assume that translation techniques and equivalences used in the target text satisfy the legal requirements of the consumer's country of residence and are therefore adapted in order to be fully interpreted according to Spanish law. However this is often not the case as is discussed here.

Chinese IT terminology management in Hong Kong

AbstractThis article discusses IT terms and terminology management in Hong Kong from the perspective of Language Management Theory (Jernudd and Neustupný 1987, 1991; Jernudd and Nekvapil 2012; Nekvapil 2012). The noting, evaluating, adjusting and implementing of IT terms are examined in the context of lexical innovation (through translation) in the contact situation that Hong Kong represents. It describes the management of Chinese IT terms by agencies in Hong Kong and also discusses the efficacy of standardization of terminology as an agency goal in view of the potential of noting inadequacies of terminology in actual discourse.

Ukraińskie słownictwo informatyczne wobec wpływów języka angielskiego i rosyjskiego - przegląd wybranych postów forum internetowego Domivka.Net

The article presents an overview of the issues related to the formation of Ukrainian IT terminology with particular focus on the roles of the Russian and English languages. However, much more attention is devoted to the analysis of selected posts from Domivka.NET Internet forum, on which its users have dealt with, among others, the problems of translating mainly English IT terminology into Ukrainian.

How much is too much? – The treatment of anglicisms in the context of Croatian and German

The aim of this research is to establish the relevance of the results from a survey conducted among university students of English and German at the University of Osijek. The survey was construed in order to establish the degree of awareness among non-native users of English on how anglicisms are treated in the context of Croatian and German systems and what strategies are used to cope with the pervasive influence of English vocabulary. Preliminary results show that English lexical borrowings from the field of IT technology are used very frequently in their via computers and mobile phones and the students are rather slow to acquire the suggested Croatian and German equivalents and neologisms in the IT terminology. Three basic strategies of direct borrowing, phonological and morphological adaptation, and neologisms will be researched by applying a questionnaire with both lexical and visual prompts for the students. The goal is to elicit responses that will be analysed and put in the context of whether Croatian and German function as a language of identification or a language of communication (House, 2003). Keywords: Anglicism, borrowings, neologisms, Croatian, German

IT terminology, translation, and semiotic levels: Cultural, lexicographic, and linguistic problems

This research tackles computer linguistic terminology used incorrectly or ambiguously by Arab computer users in academic institutions and by English-to-Arabic translators. To serve the purpose of this research, we inserted and/or contextualized a number of computer linguistic terms in texts or contexts. The terms are computer signs and words loaded with technical meanings that are often used in word processing and statistical software packages. Five translators were requested to translate those texts including the chosen semiotic signs and/or codes. Simultaneously, we reviewed computer books taught in two Arab countries (Jordan and the UAE) because these countries have witnessed good educational developments. After filtering out the translators' products from English into Arabic and after investigating the computer terminologies (signs, codes, words, etc., and their semiotic meanings), we found that many computer terms and their levels of meaning are problematic. We classified the types of problematic vocabulary items and then tabulated them under four semiotic levels or categories: ambiguous, inaccurate, unchangeable, and statistical. We also found that problematic words were difficult to translate because of the Arabic culture or the inefficiency of English/Arabic bilingual dictionaries. The research concludes with a number of practical and research-directed recommendations.

Reinventing specialty training of physicians? Principles and challenges

In a world undergoing constant change, in the era of globalisation, the training of medical professionals should be under constant review so that it can be tailored to meet the needs of this society in transition. This is all the more true at times of economic uncertainty, such as the current conditions, which have a direct impact on health services. Professionals need new Competencies for new times. Over the last decade initiatives have emerged in various Anglo-Saxon countries which have defined a framework of basic Competencies that all medical specialists should demonstrate in their professional practice. In addition to this, we must respond to the creation of the European Higher Education Area which has implications for specialised training. In Spain, training for medical specialists was in need of an overhaul and the recently passed law (Real Decreto 183/2008) will allow us to move forward and implement, in medical education, initiatives and innovations required in our medical centres, to respond to the new society and bring us in line with international professional education and practice. The way forward is a Competency-based model for medical education with assessment of these Competencies using simple instruments, validated and accepted by all the stakeholders. The institutions involved (hospitals, medical centres and other health care services) should trial different approaches within the general framework established by the current legislation and be conscious of the duty they have to society as accredited training organisations. Accordingly, they should consolidate their teaching and learning structures and the various different educational roles (Director of Studies, Tutors, and other teaching positions), showing the leadership necessary to allow proper implementation of their training programmes. For this, the Spanish Autonomous Regions must develop their own legislation regulating Medical Specialty Training. So, medical professionals should receive training, based on ethical values, behaviours and attitudes that considers humanistic, scientific and technical factors, developing an understanding of the scientific method; ability to put it into practice; skills to manage complexity and uncertainty; a command of scientific, technical and IT terminology to facilitate independent learning; and a capacity for initiative and teamwork, as well as skills for dealing with people and for making an effective, democratic contribution both within health organisations and in the wider society.

Confusion in the Ranks: IT Service Management Practice and Terminology

The Information Technology Service Management (ITSM) movement is gaining adopters throughout the world, expanding from the 2005 ratification of International Standards Organization (ISO) ISO/IEC 20000. However, this concept grew out of older frameworks such as Britain's IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) and U.S. service level management (SLM). To further confuse the landscape, there are also related terms such as business service management (BSM), the Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (CobiT), and IT governance. There is a lack of descriptive academic literature currently published, which has mainly focused on prescriptive pieces. This paper gives a background on the several contributing frameworks mentioned above, and reports on a survey U.S. IT managers to determine the extent of understanding of these terms and frameworks. The findings indicate that ITSM adoption and knowledge may be lower than some studies have indicated. There is also conceptual confusion about what constitutes ITSM, with conflation of terms and practices.

放射線技術科学専攻学部生の情報リテラシーに関する調査研究

The purpose of this study was to clarify the information literacy of undergraduate students and problems in information education. An annual questionnaire survey was carried out by an anonymous method from 2003 to 2006. The survey was intended for third-year students in the Department of Radiological Technology. The questionnaire items were as follows: (1) ownership of a personal computer (PC), (2) usage purpose and frequency of PC operation, (3) operation frequency and mechanism of the Internet, and (4) IT terminology. The response rate was 100% in each year. The ratio of PC possession exceeded 80%. The ratio of students who replied "nearly every day" for the use of a PC and the Internet increased twofold and threefold in four years, respectively. More than 70% of students did not understand the mechanism of the Internet, and more than 60% of students did not know about TCP/IP. In the future, we need to consider information literacy education in undergraduate education.

Book Reviews

Book Reviews

INFORMATIKAI SZAKSZAVAK A VAJDASÁGI MAGYAR NYELVHASZNÁLATBAN

A dolgozat célja a vajdasági magyar nyelvhasználatban előforduló informatikai szakszavak vizsgálata olyan szempontból, hogy mennyire egyeztethetőek a Magyarországon alkalmazott terminológiával. E célból a jelenleg egyetlen létező vajdasági kiadású kétnyelvű (szerb–magyar és magyar–szerb) szakszótár (Velisek, 2008) terminusait vizsgáljuk és vetjük össze egyrészt egy saját kidolgozású háromnyelvű (angol–szerb–magyar) informatikai szójegyzék magyar kifejezéseivel, másrészt viszont különféle online forrásokban fellelhető adatokkal. A kutatás tehát elsősorban analitikus és összehasonlító módszerekre támaszkodik, indokoltsága pedig azzal támasztható alá, hogy a szaknyelvi regiszter keretében nagyobbfokú egységesítésre lenne szükség az általánosan elfogadott magyar terminológiai standard viszonylatában. A kutatás eredményei ilyen tekintetben nagyrészt alátámasztották a hipotézist, miszerint a vizsgált szóanyag magyar szakkifejezései sokhelyütt sajátos vajdasági regionális alakban fordulnak elő, s ez egyértelműen rámutat a terminológiai kutatások és szakszótárkésztési tevékenységek szükségességére a vajdasági magyar tudományos és szakmai élet területén.