Issues Of War Research Articles

Świat czy wydarzenie? W stronę ontologii wojny


 
 
 The world or an event? Towards an ontology of war: This paper is an attempt to rethink the ontology of war. Its main object is to determine the ontological status of war and the connection between strategies of armed conflict prevention and the way this status is understood. If to overcome metaphysics we need to reconsider its basis then maybe a similar strategy should be applied in order to overcome war. The source of war is understood here not only in temporal terms, but also as its essence — the ontological basis. The first part of the article invokes several conceptions from the twentieth century (that, of course, refer to much older texts), according to which, war was to be overcome by variously understood progress. In those conceptions, as well as in the critical approaches from the beginning of the 21st century, war is treated as an event, a state of affairs. In the next part of my paper, based on Margaret Mead’s anthropological diagnosis, I propound a conception of war as an invention, and therefore — technology. The issue of war is further considered in the context of the twentieth-century philosophy of technology. A thesis is put forward according to which understanding the influence of techne of war over episteme should be the essence of thinking of war prevention. In this study, war is treated as a technology that determines perception. For critical reflection upon war, I use twentieth-century philosophical conceptions linking technology with cognitive processes, especially those formulated by Martin Heidegger and Marshall McLuhan.
 
 

Images of War in Opera

The main aim of this article is to raise questions with wars seen as part of cultural history attempting, thus, to provide a cultural reading. As such, I attempt to show operatic responses to war, to the meaning of violence, and to the ways they illustrate emotions that are at the core of such destructive activities (that is, patriotism, heroism and so forth) and depict wartime ideologies, practices, values and symbols. This paper is a critical and selective overview of images of war in opera mainly up to the twentieth century. There is no aspect in human activities which is not related, more or less, with the issue of war. War has been part of the total human experience. Subsequently, my paper is about the various ways of projecting images of war in opera. In more detail, it is about the ways that opera, since the era of its birth, responds to human conflicts, named wars, and bring on stage an interpretation: an illustration of a hero, a context of values related to the necessity or the avoidance of war, a message to humanity to make us look at our civilization in either positive or negative ways. A cultural contemplation is not about “truths” of the war but raises the question as to how different “truths” inhabit the political and cultural Western European world by means of the total work of art of opera. Opera has had a fundamental role in privileging some ideals of “truths” from others. The main aim is to raise questions with wars seen as part of cultural history attempting, thus, to provide a cultural reading. As such, I attempt to show operatic responses to war, to the meaning of violence, and to the ways they illustrate emotions that are at the core of such destructive activities (that is, patriotism, heroism and so forth) and depict wartime ideologies, practices, values and symbols.

El agua en la dinámica de los recursos naturales estratégicos en un mundo volátil, incierto, complejo y ambiguo

La idea del agua como recurso natural estratégico de la política internacional no es nueva, sin embargo desde la primera decada del presente siglo, el acceso a la misma ha cobrado especial intensidad. El presente paper pone en valor la idea de agua como recurso mediante el concepto de “Hidropolítica”, al separar el mito de las llamadas “guerras por el agua” de la realidad geopolitica que trasunta al recurso. Al enfatizar en la dinámica conflictiva y en especial en la aspiración de las grandes potencias para hacerse del recurso, dejan marginada la discusion al entender del autor mas apremiante, que es identificar como el recurso afecta los procesos de la politica regional y global de manera diferenciada a partir de ponderaciones completamente distintas entre los actores alrededor del recurso. Al mirar al agua, y siguiendo las premisas del realismo, existe una mayor probabilidad que se produzcan conflictos en torno a la misma a partir del uso compartido, que por la intervención directa de un actor extraregional para tomar el control de la misma. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo, discutir cuando un RNE es considerado factor de conflicto armado ya sea inter o intraestratal, para luego trasladar esa dinamica a la hidropolitica a los efectos si su importancia relativa hace o no que la dinamica en torno a ella sea diferente a la que existe alrededor de otros recursos. En este sentido esperamos demostrar al menos en las discusiones existentes y con la evidencia que muestra el relevamiento sobre lo reflexionado al respecto, es que en relación al agua, la potencialidad existente por los juegos de suma cero, parecen ceder su lugar a construir regimenes internacionales que administren o encapsulen el conflicto. Si en un período determinado aparecen lecturas o percepciones que hacen temer por un futuro donde la escaces provoque conflictos, el cambio tecnológico y la arquitectura institucional permite contemplar un espacio para la resolución de las divergencias que puedan surgir, sin que “la sangre llegue al rio”.

The Impact of the Trade War Between the USA and China on the Global Economy: The Reaction of Professional Men and Women in Zambia

The purpose is to investigate if gender affects knowledge of the International Trade War. The results will show that if both men and women had knowledge in full, of the devastating effects of an International Trade War, before it's escalation, any trade war would be withheld. If women fully understood and participated in war issues, then the negotiations and agreements would be richer, stronger, subtler and firmly rooted especially in developing countries. The Author used the Chi Method to understand how knowledgeable are the Professional Men and Women in Zambia on The International Trade War and the data will show the knowledge imbalance. The Article confirms that more needs to be done with the dissemination of information and participation of women because the lack of knowledge and participation does not bring positive results according to the findings in research which is briefly referred to in the Literature Review. Sadly, it appears that the gender gap will always exist.

War, International Law and the Rise of Parliament - The Influence of International Law on UK Parliamentary Practice with Respect to the Use of Force

In foreign relations law, the power to wage war is inherently an executive power. It is the government that declares war or sends the military forces into battle. Yet, increasingly, the prerogative to engage in military action has been open to scrutiny by domestic parliaments. These are more and more frequently asked to provide support for the Government in its decisions and to the military personnel on the ground. The votes in national parliaments provide legitimacy to the decision made and give the impression of the Government having been held to account by the people’s representatives. In some cases, ie when national parliaments had effectively vetoed the Government’s plans for military actions, there is even talk of a quasi-sharing of powers between the Executive and the Legislature. The paper tracks the decline of ‘government’ and the rise of the ‘house’ in the language used in the debates in the UK Parliament. It reveals how the terminology used in the debates has shifted from the power of the Government to the responsibility of the House. It maps out how this shift is mirrored in the increased relevance of international law and specifically the legality of the military intervention. It is this question – and particularly the experience of Iraq – that has reshaped the position of the UK Parliament vis-a-vis the Government. The investigation also reveals that as more and more MPs become involved and informed on issues of war, the deference shown to international institutions and their evaluation of the situation declines. MPs become more confident and more competent to make these decisions themselves.

Impact Of Stock Repurchase Announcement On Indonesia Stock Market Reaction 2015-2019

The negative global sentiment, Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused several listed companies in Indonesia to conduct a stock repurchase in the hope of maintaining and increasing the company's stock price. The research objective is to analyze the effect of stock repurchase announcements on market reactions that are reflected in abnormal return and trading volume activity in 2015-2019 as a guide for companies to make decisions in the present and the future regarding the same issue. This research uses a sample of 64 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the observation period. This study uses the event study method with the significance of the hypothesis test of 0.05. The results showed that there is no significant difference between before and after stock repurchase announcements for both variables. This is caused by the presence of negative sentiment throughout the observation period such as the Brexit tragedy, elections in the US won by Donald Trump, and the issue of the trade war by the US-China, this makes the market does not yet have full trust in the Indonesian capital market. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the stock repurchase announcement did not have a significant effect on the market reaction.

Impact Of Stock Repurchase Announcement On Indonesia Stock Market Reaction 2015-2019

The negative global sentiment, Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused several listed companies in Indonesia to conduct a stock repurchase in the hope of maintaining and increasing the company's stock price. The research objective is to analyze the effect of stock repurchase announcements on market reactions that are reflected in abnormal return and trading volume activity in 2015-2019 as a guide for companies to make decisions in the present and the future regarding the same issue. This research uses a sample of 64 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the observation period. This study uses the event study method with the significance of the hypothesis test of 0.05. The results showed that there is no significant difference between before and after stock repurchase announcements for both variables. This is caused by the presence of negative sentiment throughout the observation period such as the Brexit tragedy, elections in the US won by Donald Trump, and the issue of the trade war by the US-China, this makes the market does not yet have full trust in the Indonesian capital market. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the stock repurchase announcement did not have a significant effect on the market reaction.

مظاهر استخدام القوة في الحرب الاستباقية

The Issue of preemptive war and the protection of States against the dangers and threats they face is a process that facilitates rectifying things and carrying out defensive operations that gave rise, in turn, to the legal capacity through repeating and stating them in the international agreements. Self-defense in international law is very similar to the right of defense in the national laws of states which consider the individual’s protection and survival as having the priority over the violator or the enemy. In order tackle all the aspects of the topic, the researchers have tried to divide the study into two main sections. The first section is about the definition of preemptive wars and the scholars’ opinions through two subsections: the first gives the definition of pre-emptive war, and the second tackles the requirements and the motivations of the preemptive war. While the second section which falls in two subsections is related to the role of the international organizations in defining these wars and their mechanisms. The first subsection is about the role of the League of Nations, and the .second is about the role of the United Nations in such wars

The Prehistory of International Studies at Stanford, before 1919

ABSTRACT When Herbert Hoover established the Hoover War Library in 1919, he was building on traditions and values that he had absorbed as a student at Stanford University, where he matriculated with the pioneer class in 1891. While international studies, as such, was not yet an established field in those years, Leland Stanford and the historian Andrew D. White (advisor to Stanford on creating the university), were both deeply concerned with issues of war and peace. White, who served terms as ambassador to Imperial Germany and then Imperial Russia, always emphasized the importance of studying primary sources such as contemporary posters, newspapers, and correspondence. The founding university president David Starr Jordan projected a global outlook from the beginning and eventually would become a widely traveled peace activist. Jordan, Ray Lyman Wilbur (the university’s third president), and Herbert Hoover all credit Andrew D. White for inspiring them to study the causes of war, revolution, and peace.

Cold War literary modernists in a dialogue under oppression

Abstract The article deals with selected aspects of the cultural appropriation of post-Stalinist Soviet poetry by Anglo-American poets and translators. The article focuses on Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Andrei Voznesensky, two eminent representatives of Russian lyric poetry of the “Thaw.” English translations of Yevtushenko’s and Voznesensky’s poems are discussed in relation to Cold War issues and imagery, such as the themes of the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the rediscovery of America. The article demonstrates that the Soviet-Russian authors and their Anglo-American translators appealed to their governments and audiences over the moral and aesthetic barriers imposed by the Cold War. The opportunity for independent, liberal, romantic, or leftist English-speaking authors to collaborate with the post-Stalinist Russian poets of the Thaw was made possible by the latters’ willingness to break the cultural isolation of the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death.

The future of energy security of states

The work focuses on the controversy about technological progress and unlimited access to all kinds of energy acquisition, storage and distribution. It suggests a formula for energy acquisition and usage which embraces issues of peace and war, social conflicts, and stability determined by access to energy conditioned by the state of the climate of our planet. The question is how will an interdisciplinary combination of progress and future implementation of technologies influence energy security of states and social entities, their natural environment, up to 2030 and beyond? The methods used in the work rely on a non – linear approach to disruptive technologies combined with empirical verifiability of scientific progress in the field of energy acquisition and use. They are reinforced with drivers taken from development scenarios gained through technological development in quantum mechanics, molecular biology, and computational techniques. The result is a conceptual approach to energy acquisition and distribution for states, their communities and individuals regardless of whether the technologies are “civil” or “military” in their essence. The recalled disruptive technologies shape factors of social development and create conditions for human existence and the natural environment that influence the security of states and social entities. The development of automation and robotics, digital transformation, bio-technologies and cognitive science creates new energy security for states, social entities and the natural environment. Technologies for the generation, processing and distribution of energy create an almost unlimited perspective of reconfiguration of existing forms of life and their safety.

Technology Transfer Under China’s Foreign Investment Regime: Does the WTO Provide a Solution?

One of the most longstanding and significant issues in the US-China trade war and international trade regulation in general has been the so-called ‘forced’ technology transfer. To contribute to the ongoing debate over this issue, this article reviews the role of technology transfer in the evolution of China’s foreign direct investment (‘FDI’) regime over the past four decades and shows that the use of foreign investment to promote diffusion of advanced technology and knowhow in the Chinese economy has long been rooted in the heart of China’s FDI policy and remains fundamental for China’s transformation to an innovative economy. This pursuit of economic upgrade and technological advancement is not illegitimate as it is common for countries to use similar policies for similar objectives at different stages of economic development. The question is whether China has done so in breach of its WTO obligations. To answer this question, this article examines China’s new FDI regime and argues that while China has removed the controversial provisions in the relevant legislations, the regime leaves flexibility for China to ‘force’ technology transfer in practice, particularly under the security review and retaliation mechanisms envisaged in the new Foreign Investment Law (FIL). It is submitted that the best way to address these outstanding challenges would be through the dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) of the WTO as opposed to unilateral and confrontational approaches which have proven to be counter-productive. While WTO litigation is likely to be limited to ‘as applied’ claims in specific cases, systemic changes may result from a series of successful ‘piecemeal’ attacks over time. Given China’s broad WTO commitments on technology transfer, we call for an increasing use of the existing rules to address any laws and practices that ‘force’ technology transfer instead of negotiating new rules. Technology Transfer, China, Foreign Investment Law, National Security, WTO, Accession Protocol, US-China Trade War

Response to AAR Articles

Response to AAR Articles

Торговая война между США И КНР: кто победит?

Regular meeting of the Bogomolov Club, held at the Institute for Economic Strategies on January 28, 2020, was dedicated to the issues of trade and economic war between the USA and China. The keynote address was delivered by the famous Russian sinologist, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Director of the Center for Social and Economic Research of China at the RAS Institute of the Far East, member of the Russian Association of Sinologists, the European Association of Chinese Studies Andrey V. Ostrovsky.

Modern Interpretation of the Themes of Heroes and War in the Movie Troy

The movie Troy is based on Homer's epic Iliad for artistic re-creation. The film is a modern interpretation and reconstruction of the classics with artistic techniques and a profound reflection on the war with unique artistic charm and modern consciousness. The film portrays Agamemnon who is addicted to war, the confused Achilles, the wise Hector and other characters to question the rationality of war and deeply reflect on the profound issues of war and humanity, war and peace. Such creation and reconstruction is also based on historical facts of artistic truth and artistic reconstruction, continuing the author of the original Homer 's reflection and questioning of the world famous war, bringing the audience into deep thinking and unique artistic tension.

Pendekatan Resolusi Konflik Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Konflik Regional Pada Era Digitalisasi

Several decades ago, internal conflicts in ASEAN countries became the world's spotlight. Even the impact is very alarming because it causes humanitarian crises, trauma due to armed conflict, violent extremism, and losses to government. Then came the time of international trade tension which had an impact on the economic growth of ASEAN countries. The purpose of this study is to reveal the role of the conflict resolution approach in efforts to prevent regional conflicts in the era of digitalization. Not without reason, the still lack of mutual trust and a less proactive attitude in addressing the situation of conflict between countries made the conflicting ASEAN countries decide to resolve bilaterally or resolve cases to external parties outside ASEAN. The era of digitalization is a hot issue in the trade war and can trigger tension between ASEAN countries. Of course this is not expected, therefore prevention efforts must be made. The literature study method was chosen to examine various findings that support this research to build a strategic model of the importance of the conflict resolution approach in the digitalization era. The results of the study stated that the government must show its credibility and put forward a proactive attitude, ethics in doing business, and building mutual trust and good cooperation between ASEAN countries. A conflict resolution approach can be an alternative to preventing regional conflicts by means of non-violence.

К осмыслению истории вчера и сегодня

The article by the editor-in-chief of the Vlast’ journal raises topical issues of the deformation of historical narrative in contemporary political and scientific discourse, which resulted in real memory wars, especially around falsification of fundamental issues of the World War II. A serious answer is required based on unconditional, objective facts and documents. The author insists on using the rich heritage of domestic historians to preserve historical memory, considering this a task not only scientific, but also political one. In this regard, the monograph by Yu.A. Vasil’ev «Theory and Methods in the Russian Historical School: Theory of Historical Knowledge, Theory of the Historical Process, Psychological Direction», which presents the theoretical foundations of the Russian historical school is well-timed. Today it is necessary to use the ideas and concepts of Russian historians to overcome intellectual inertia and ensure a truly scientific reconstruction of the past.

Нормалізація і розвиток американсько-в’єтнамських відносин у 1990-ті рр.

У статті висвітлено процес нормалізації і розвитку американсько-в’єтнамських відносин за адміністрацій Дж. Г. У. Буша і Б. Клінтона, чинники, які на нього впливали, основні події і сфери двостороннього співробітництва 1995-2000 рр. Показано, що підґрунтя для нормалізації відносин між США і В’єтнамом заклало їхнє співробітництво у справі пошуку військовослужбовців США, які зникли під час В’єтнамської війни. Після встановлення дипломатичних відносин у липні 1995 р. найбільш важливою подією було підписання у липні 2000 р. Двосторонньої торговельної угоди, реалізація якої мала суттєвий вплив на позитивний розвиток двосторонніх відносин у ХХІ ст. Візит президента Б. Клінтона до В’єтнаму в листопаді 2000 р. підвів підсумки цього установчого періоду, основним змістом якого було звільнення політики двох держав від негативного спадку В’єтнамської війни.

Universalism of the topic of war? Problems of translation of the illustrated book: the case of “The war that changed Rondo”

Background. The topic of socio-cultural changes related to die Revolution of Dignity and subsequently to the military actions in the east of Ukraine, is familiar to the Polish reader from many publications, both literary and scientific. The proposed article deals widi an illustrated project - a children’s book “The War that Changed Rondo” by Andrey Lesiv and Romana Romanyshyn, as well as its translation into Polish.Purpose. We agree with translation theorists claiming that children’s literature deserves more attention from scholars; many researchers clearly show the complexity both of the process itself and of its analysis. We build upon these insights in our paper.Methods. Basing on comparative analysis, we highlight the specifics of the translation (to Polish) of the illustrated children’s books dealing with the complex issues of war. We combine the linguistic approach with the cultural one, which allows us to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of the publication, as they were reflected in the translation.Results. In general, we think that the translation process was strongly shaped by the graphic design of the book, since the drawings and the text are inseparable here. As a result, the Polish reader received a product that was equivalent to the original.Discussion. We consider the analysis of children’s literature that addresses the complex contemporary problems to be extremely relevant. Translated works pose an even greater challenge to both the researcher during the analysis and the publisher, and further to the reader, who is to convey and understand the complex context of the picturebook.Article received 12.08.2019

Shifting IP Battlegrounds in the U.S.–China Trade War

Intellectual property (“IP”) represents one of the main controversies of U.S.– China trade relations in the past three decades and remains one of the core issues behind the two countries’ recent trade frictions. This Article provides an overview of the current IP debates between the two largest economies in the world. It illustrates the transformation of the Chinese government’s role from inactive IP law enforcer to active facilitator of access to and acquisition of foreign technologies. This study further explains how China’s approach to learning western technologies has transformed from low-end imitation to gaining a controlling stake in foreign companies via joint ventures or outbound investments. More importantly, this Article discusses the legal and policy implications of the IP issues in this trade war. I argue that the recent IP trade war represents the struggle for global technological leadership as well as a new institutional competition in the post-Cold War era. Moreover, China’s “economic aggression,” as the United States understands it, has caused a number of unsolved issues for the international IP regime, which include the justification of China’s controversial IP policies for the purpose of industrial catch-up as well as the evidentiary and legal bases for holding China liable for its economic aggression in relation to IP.