Traditional Issues Research Articles

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SOCIETY

The article presents a comparative analysis of the views and research of scientists about traditional Kazakh society. The ideological content, political and social structure, and national values of traditional Kazakh society are also analyzed. The place and role of traditional society in the formation of the basis of historical consciousness and national culture are highlighted. Since the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the radical colonization policy of Tsarist Russia in the Kazakh steppe, the destruction of the country's political independence, the strengthening of the social classification of society, adaptation from a nomadic economy to a settled economy, and the increasingly bold penetration of monetary and commodity relations have changed the socio-economic structure of society, aggravated social contradictions, and the tribalism of the Kazakh people led to a change in the tribal structure. It became possible to objectively study this topic only after our country gained independence. As a result of the methodological description of the formational and civilizational paths of social development, the features of the historical knowledge of nomads are shown. Documentary and historiographical issues of the oral tradition of storytelling and genealogical consciousness characteristic of the historical memory and social memory of nomadic peoples are formulated. In the process of describing the ethnosocial conditions of the formation and development of the political system in Kazakh society, an attempt was made to restore the social memory of the history of the Eurasian nomadic civilization. A historiographical analysis of research in this direction is carried out.

The functional average treatment effect

Abstract This article establishes the functional average as an important estimand for causal inference. The significance of the estimand lies in its robustness against traditional issues of confounding. We prove that this robustness holds even when the probability distribution of the outcome, conditional on treatment or some other vector of adjusting variables, differs almost arbitrarily from its counterfactual analogue. This article also examines possible estimators of the functional average, including the sample mid-range, and proposes a new type of bootstrap for robust statistical inference: the Hoeffding bootstrap. After this, the article explores a new class of variables, the U {\mathcal{U}} class, that simplifies the estimation of functional averages. This class of variables is also used to establish mean exchangeability in some cases and to provide the results of elementary statistical procedures, such as linear regression and the analysis of variance, with causal interpretations. Simulation evidence is provided. The methods of this article are also applied to a National Health and Nutrition Survey data set to investigate the causal effect of exercise on the blood pressure of adult smokers.

THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF LITERARY TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN POETRY (From the Post-1960s Period)

This article discusses the issues of literary tradition and innovation, concepts with certain theoretical principles in literary studies. When the periods after the 60s of the 20th century are divided into decades and analyzed, the different nature of the work of Uzbek poets, such as Erkin Vahidov, Abdulla Oripov, Omon Matjon, Usman Azim, Fakhriyor, who are considered representatives of different literary generations, is revealed. has been determined.

Analysis of an Output-Oriented Teaching Method in College English under the Second Language Acquisition Theory

In the context of economic globalization, English has become increasingly essential for students’ communication and professional activities, necessitating higher proficiency in speaking and listening. The theory of second language acquisition posits that college English teaching can purposefully guide students’ learning and facilitate unconscious language acquisition. By integrating an output-oriented teaching method, students are provided with opportunities to practice and apply English, thereby addressing the traditional issue of “separation of learning and use.” This paper examines the application value of the output-oriented teaching method in college English under the second language acquisition theory and proposes several strategies to enhance college English classroom teaching. The goal is to develop students’ linguistic competence and improve their practical English skills.

Factor analysis: application of the absolute difference method in additive factor models

The peculiarity of economic analysis in modern conditions is a significant change in its tasks and functions, the emergence and development of new relevant directions. Under these conditions, attention to traditional issues of economic analysis, including its classical theoretical and methodological foundations, has somewhat weakened. Meanwhile, in the field of theory of economic analysis, one can find points that require separate explanations, justifications, and adjustments to the methodology. In particular, in our opinion, this applies to such an issue as factor analysis, and the application of its methods to calculate the influence of factors on the effective indicator in additive factor models. This question is considered in this article.

Women Entrepreneur’s Perspective towards Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the Apparel Sector of Saudi Arabia

Sustainable entrepreneurship has recently started to receive global attention, underscoring the need to understand the perspective of women entrepreneurs working in the apparel sector in Saudi Arabia. The present study focuses on exploring sustainable entrepreneurship with specific regards to the experiences of female entrepreneurs and sustainable activities within the sector. This study used a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured interviews of 30 female entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia’s apparel industry. Thematic analysis was employed to understand sustainable entrepreneurship behavior and its causes. The descriptive findings reveal a strong correlation between advanced degrees and professional membership held by the participants, implying higher qualifications and membership with professional bodies result in work with more extensive and established fashion ventures involving on average 10 employees and five business partners. It was also found that female entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia employed sustainable strategies based on their beliefs and customer needs and preferences. However, they faced issues of tradition and prejudice against women. This study further identified four critical categories of sustainable entrepreneurship drivers: gender dynamics (GDs), social norms (SNs), access to resources, and sustainable entrepreneurship practices. This study offers valuable recommendations to policymakers, actors, and women entrepreneurs striving to develop sustainable practices in the industry.

A research on copyright issues impacting artists emotional states in the framework of artificial intelligence.

Art and artistic creation serve as a means for artists to communicate with their environment, society, and the external world. However, the protection of artistic creations, as forms of communication, is not only a right for artists but also serves as a crucial safeguard that nurtures them during the creative process. Beyond the traditional issues of copyright, the significant advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in today's digital world have introduced a new debate regarding the ownership of copyright in artistic creations generated by AI. The question arises whether copyright belongs to the AI itself or to the individuals who guide the creative process behind it. In this study, based on the concepts of art, artistic creation, and emotional states, copyright issues will be examined. Data obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews with artists and academic experts (eight artists, two communication experts, two law experts, and eight psychology experts) in the field will be analysed through content analysis to explore their perspectives regarding the discussion on emotional states, AI, and copyrights. The research highlights the variability of emotional states and their significant effects on individuals. Addressing the increasing trend of copyright issues, particularly within the framework of digitalization and inadequate legal regulations, it was found that artists' emotional states are negatively impacted by these problems. This negative influence can adversely affect artists' creativity and desire to produce. On the other hand, it was also identified that in artworks produced especially through AI, if artists' rights are not protected, there is a possibility of negative emotional states arising. In conclusion, suggestions are as follows: Emphasising the importance of awareness-raising educational activities nationally and internationally, national copyright law (in Northern Cyprus) needs to be revised to protect traditional copyright and be expanded to include digital copyright, especially for works produced through AI. On an international level, emphasising the need to revise international agreements to include regulations for works produced through AI or to create a new agreement based on the importance of this issue.

The game of lies by stock investors in social media: a study based on city lockdowns in China

The potential hypotheses for finance research based on social media sentiment revolve around the reliability of investor sentiment expressed on social media and the causal relationship between financial markets and this sentiment. The central hypothesis we focus on is derived from the "lie game" played by investors on social media. This study is the first to explore three states of this lie game in the context of the Chinese stock market: the "equilibrium state", the "confusion state", and the "subversion state". Our findings indicate that the "equilibrium" state is the typical state of the lie game, where increased investor sentiment results in more positive market behavior, and higher stock prices lead to increased investor sentiment. We also examine the effect of significant social events, such as the "lockdown in Wuhan" and the "lockdown in Shanghai", on the lie game's outcome. The successful lockdown in Wuhan and the public's opposition to the politicization of COVID-19 reinforced the "equilibrium" state of the game. However, the Shanghai lockdown's failure to promptly halt the spread of COVID-19 led to the intertwining of the economy and COVID-19 in public discourse, shifting the lie game's outcome from an "equilibrium state" to a "subversive state". We emphasize that the "confusion state" and "subversion state" outcomes of the lie game are concerning, and managing public opinion and the externalization of domestic conflicts can help reduce this risk. This study offers a fresh perspective on the traditional issues of investor sentiment reliability and the causal relationship between investor sentiment and stock markets.

Enhancing XML-based Compiler Construction with Large Language Models: A Novel Approach

Considering the prevailing rule of Large Language Models (LLMs) applications and the benefits of XML in a compiler context. This manuscript explores the synergistic integration of Large Language Models with XML-based compiler tools and advanced computing technologies. Marking a significant stride toward redefining compiler construction and data representation paradigms. As computing power and internet proliferation advance, XML emerges as a pivotal technology for representing, exchanging, and transforming documents and data. This study builds on the foundational work of Chomsky's Context-Free Grammar (CFG). Recognized for their critical role in compiler construction, to address and mitigate the speed penalties associated with traditional compiler systems and parser generators through the development of an efficient XML parser generator employing compiler techniques. Our research employs a methodical approach to harness the sophisticated capabilities of LLMs, alongside XML technologies. The key is to automate grammar optimization, facilitate natural language processing capabilities, and pioneer advanced parsing algorithms. To demonstrate their effectiveness, we thoroughly run experiments and compare them to other techniques. This way, we call attention to the efficiency, adaptability, and user-friendliness of the XML-based compiler tools with the help of these integrations. And the target will be the elimination of left-recursive grammars and the development of a global schema for LL(1) grammars, the latter taking advantage of the XML technology, to support the LL(1) grammars construction. The findings in this research not only underscore the signification of these innovations in the field of compilation construction but also indicate a paradigm move towards the use of AI technologies and XML in the context of the resolution of programming traditional issues. The outlined methodology serves as a roadmap for future research and development in compiler technology, which paves the way for open-source software to sweep across all fields. Gradually ushering in a new era of compiler technology featuring better efficiency, adaptability, and all CFGs processed through existing XML utilities on a global basis.

MONITORING RESEARCH IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION SCIENCES

The article interprets and systematizes the idea of monitoring as a research method in the field of social communication sciences for the solution of traditional issues of journalism science and outlines the prospects of its application in view of the current issues of media science, which introduce into the research field the latest trends in the development of the mass media system at the current stage of deployment information society. The scientific value of monitoring as a research method is inseparable from its ability to see mass media as a complex heterogeneous system object and to ensure systematicity (complexity of vision, comparability of data, consistency of aspects of object analysis) of observations of this object at its different levels and in different sections. It is also important to be aware of the need to see the background as a theoretical basis for interpreting monitoring data. Self-sufficient, self-valued empirical monitoring studies of mass media activity can be good material for larger research projects, which demonstrates the high research potential of the monitoring method. Monitoring studies of mass media is the accumulation of empirical material for large-scale research projects in the field of social communications of both synchronic and diachronic type. However, only qualitative data from monitoring studies can be adequately used in the future and productively included in large-scale scientific projects, where comparison of data, combination of disparate empirical material with other analytical data is expected. Monitoring studies of mass media is a perspective of using the accumulation of empirical material for media critical studies and providing recommendations and practical advice for the implementation of mass media activities of editorial teams. This is the potential of monitoring research in the aspect of management decisions in the mass media system. The latest media phenomena that are of research interest, but have not yet entered the science of social communications as an object and subject of scientific understanding, with clearly defined parameters, are probably promising material for monitoring observations. This is a question of understanding the potential of the monitoring method in its application to the newest media phenomena that are significantly transforming the sphere of mass communication activity. Among the media phenomena that can become material for monitoring studies, the author of the article sees, first of all, such notable and influential phenomena as constructive journalism (journalism of solutions) and brand journalism. Monitoring provides an opportunity to verify, through the observation of extensive empirical material, the theoretical statements of scientists regarding the requirements for constructive journalism and brand journalism, which are formulated on the basis of the construction of a conceptual model of this type of mass media work. Thanks to monitoring, it is possible to study constructive journalism and brand journalism in terms of their use of forms of information submission, the specifics of addressing narrow target segments of the mass audience, technologies for retaining the recipient’s attention, etc. The data obtained during the monitoring can be used in a comparative study in the future, which can significantly expand the understanding of modern science about the latest media phenomena, which are still difficult to fit into the limits of scientific interpretations. If we see the latest trends and phenomena in the mass communication environment as indicators of transformations and look for factors of significant changes and shifts in social communication activity, then monitoring as a research method can be extremely useful and promising in understanding changes in the mass media system.

French and language ideologies in a multilingual European Union institution: Re-constructing the meaning of language choice at work

This qualitative study investigates stances in reflective interviews to identify cultural patterns that shape the meaning of language choice within an international unit of an EU institution in Luxembourg. We employ the analytical concept of “language cringe” and propose a complementary concept, “language push,” to showcase the effects and reproduction of language ideologies in day-to-day talk about languages at work. Our analysis reveals that, within a workplace culture that encourages flexible and convivial use of multiple languages, French speakers have to deal with the effects of the “logic of honour,” which is culturally associated with the use of French in France. Based on our findings, we suggest that language choice should be considered a cross cultural dimension in multilingual environments, and that language-sensitive management scholarship should broaden its considerations beyond the traditional issues of language proficiency, namely by inspecting relational and affective factors that shape language use in multilingual workplaces.

The regional powers research program: a new way forward

This introduction to our special issue on Revisiting Regional Powers examines ways in which the study of regional powers can enhance our ability to understand the dynamic nature of the international system today. The article, first, summarizes and highlights how the study of regional powers remains relevant to the broader discipline of international relations but also indicates that there remains much to improve and investigate, for instance by more systematically including less traditional issue areas for regional power engagement, including the environment or public diplomacy, by integrating disciplines beyond IR, including sociological and linguistic approaches. In today’s shifting global order, researching regional powerhood is needed for a better understanding of the emergence of order(s); by highlighting, for example, less-than-global forms of cooperation and conflict, and their often-complex simultaneities. We highlight the need to investigate forms of power beyond increases in military and economic power, but also to expand the types of actors beyond the state that we consider taking on functions of regional powerhood.

Criminal Justice and Artificial Intelligence: How Should we Assess the Performance of Sentencing Algorithms?

Artificial intelligence is increasingly permeating many types of high-stake societal decision-making such as the work at the criminal courts. Various types of algorithmic tools have already been introduced into sentencing. This article concerns the use of algorithms designed to deliver sentence recommendations. More precisely, it is considered how one should determine whether one type of sentencing algorithm (e.g., a model based on machine learning) would be ethically preferable to another type of sentencing algorithm (e.g., a model based on old-fashioned programming). Whether the implementation of sentencing algorithms is ethically desirable obviously depends upon various questions. For instance, some of the traditional issues that have received considerable attention are algorithmic biases and lack of transparency. However, the purpose of this article is to direct attention to a further challenge that has not yet been considered in the discussion of sentencing algorithms. That is, even if is assumed that the traditional challenges concerning biases, transparency, and cost-efficiency have all been solved or proven insubstantial, there will be a further serious challenge associated with the comparison of sentencing algorithms; namely, that we do not yet possess an ethically plausible and applicable criterion for assessing how well sentencing algorithms are performing.

Nacionalni identitet i političke stranke Bošnjaka u Bosni i Hercegovini

This paper examines the issue of the modern political tradition and national identity of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the beginnings of which are linked to the period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878-1918. Starting from that time until modern political conditions, in one long period, periods of their political divisions (the Austro-Hungarian period) and exclusive attachment to certain political movements (the period of the first Yugoslavia) alternated. The decades-long dominance of the communist party (in the second Yugoslavia), This paper examines the issue of national identity and the modern political tradition of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the beginnings of which are linked to the period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878-1918. Starting from that time until modern political conditions, in one long period, periods of their political divisions (the Austro-Hungarian period) and exclusive attachment to certain political movements (the period of the first Yugoslavia) alternated. The decadeslong dominance of the communist party (in the second Yugoslavia), followed by the re-establishment of a pluralistic political life, is also characteristic and followed with the re-establishment of a pluralistic political life. In this paper, we want to make a synthesis of the development of the Bosniak national idea and its formation and rounding that took place in socialist Yugoslavia, especially during the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, which was closely related to their predominant political parties.

Революционные настроения провинциального студенчества в конце XIX – начале XX века на примере Курской губернии

The study analyzes the experience of Kurian students who actively supported and disseminated revolutionary sentiments in the Russian Empire during the period of the highest tension of political forces in the run-up to the first Russian Revolution (late XIX - early XX century). The increased interest of researchers to the events highlighting the political position of individual, the most active groups of the population (such as students) on the threshold of the first Russian revolution of the early XX century is explained not only by cognitive purposes, but also by the search in historical retrospect for analogs of modern socio-political processes taking place in the state. The analysis of the past experience will help to identify modern effective tools to ensure stable domestic political development of the country, including to curb the growth of protest sentiments, and the regional aspect of the study of the problem will allow to objectively assess the course of the historical process on a nationwide scale. It was determined that Kursk Province in the period under consideration was a typical region of the European part of Russia, where the representatives of the main revolutionary social and political movements of the Russian Empire carried out their anti-government activities. In this regard, the political worldview of the provincial population was formed both under the influence of unresolved traditional issues for the Russian society and under the influence of political propaganda. We used both the method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as historical-comparative and chronological methods. Many archival materials were introduced into scientific turnover in the work for the first time, which also actualizes the topic of the study. Based on the study of archival cases and specialized scientific literature, it was determined that Kurian students, studying in various higher educational institutions of the Russian Empire, in the period under consideration showed high political activity. Among the means of political struggle, open forms of resistance to the authorities prevailed (e.g., participation in political speeches, political propaganda, membership in banned associations, etc.). However, because there were no higher educational institutions in the region at that time, and Kurians received their higher education in other major Russian cities (e.g., Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov), students most often defended their revolutionary views there, and therefore the influence of politically active students on provincial society was generally insignificant.

Перспективы оценки финансовых коэффициентов в условиях кризиса и посткризисной экономики

Introduction. Assessment and interpretation of the values and levels of calculated indicators of financial activity of companies is a traditional issue for the micro level of the economy. At the same time, at the macro level, when calculating average industry indicators, two approaches are usually used. They are calculation of the average weighted value (practiced by statistical agencies) and calculation of median values based on data from all companies in the industry (practiced by information and analytical systems, for example, SPARK-Interfax). It seems advisable to conduct a comprehensive study of the dynamics of specific indicators in times of crisis and limited information, which will allow the formation of an approach to assessing the real average level of these indicators for a specific industry. Goal. The purpose of the work is to develop an approach to assessing the values of average industry indicators of return on equity of companies in the chemical industry and to develop prospects for the further development of this approach. Materials and methods. The information base of the study included statistical materials from Interfax (reporting of companies in the chemical industry), Rosstat (EMISS), and SPARK-Interfax data. The work accumulated data for the period from 2019 up to the present moment. The authors used financial analysis methods to calculate specific coefficients and deterministic modeling methods to assess the impact of factors on the level of return on capital. Notably, the absolute values of the total net profit and equity of the groups of companies identified by the authors were used as factors, which made it possible to show the impact of the oligopolistic market structure on the information reliability and transparency of a particular industry. As part of the assessment of the statistical characteristics of the sample, methods for calculating power and structural, i.e. robust, averages were used. Results and discussion. The study was based on the materials of modern theoretical and methodological studies. The authors accumulated modern problems of assessing and interpreting the return on equity ratio and its applicability for analyzing the activities of companies. The problem of information transparency of financial statements of a specific industry – the chemical one – was studied with the reference to current legislation, crises, sanctions pressure and the response to it from the Russian government and industry leaders. The quantitative analysis continues the previous parts of the study and shows how the measures used, on the one hand, protect the information field of the Russian economy, and on the other hand, hinder an adequate assessment. To solve the latter problem, the authors propose a specific approach to assessing the level of the return on equity ratio. Conclusion. The main problems of financial analysis at the industry level are studied. The directions for the development of the theory and practice of financial analysis are proposed in order to improve the interpretation of empirical data in the current economic conditions.

A Discourse Analysis Approach to Establishing Prevalent Concepts in the Maritime Community

The paper analyses prevalent topics found in narratives of the maritime discourse community in the past seven years, from 2016 to 2022. For this purpose, we compiled a corpus of eighty speeches given by the respected Mr. Kitack Lim, secretary-general of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The texts are found on the official IMO website and were delivered on the occasion of significant maritime events. The analysis section combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The sophisticated language program Wordstat was used to determine frequencies, dominant phrases, collocations and prevalent topics. In addition, critical discourse analysis was used to interpret linguistic facts through the lenses of an actual maritime setting. The results reveal how dynamic changes in the maritime discourse community are reflected in narratives. We note how traditional issues in seafaring have been complemented with new perspectives impacted by globalisation, digitalisation, automatisation, issues of social and human rights which have been raised, women’s empowerment, questions of environmental protection and many more. We conclude that the established concepts cannot be demarcated: they are increasingly interdependent and have the seafarer in their focus. We also point to the possibility of future research in the domain of comparative analysis on a sample of larger corpora that could make use of research articles or academic narratives about the maritime discourse community.

ISU PENGUASAAN KOSA KATA BAHASA ARAB PELAJAR UITM DAN APLIKASI MUFRADATI

Mastery of Arabic vocabulary is a key element to understanding the language. Vocabulary weakness is associated with vocabulary weakness. In fact, the issue of Arabic vocabulary mastery is a traditional issue raised by previous researchers and it continues until now. This is also seen to happen in institutions of higher learning, especially at UiTM Kedah in particular. In an effort to deal with this problem, it requires a step to unravel the issue of students' vocabulary and find a solution to help overcome the problem. Thus, this study aims to explain the issue of Arabic vocabulary mastery among UiTM Kedah students and create a special platform for vocabulary learning. This study is based on a quantitative approach using questionnaires as the main instrument for data collection. A total of 144 students were the respondents and the collected data was discussed descriptively using SPSS software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 28. The results of the study showed a moderate to high interpretation of the issue of Arabic vocabulary mastery which led to the existence of an Arabic vocabulary platform called Mufradati. The implications of this study can be support for learning aids that can be put into practice among students.

Ecological Theology of Creation in The Perspective of The Theology of The Trinity

The action of God is always the action of the Trinity. Therefore, in properly interpreting theological issues, taking this truth into account is necessary. This is the reason for attempting to interpret the ecological theology of creation from a Trinitarian aspect. The analysis of biblical and theological sources provides the basis for this. The analyses carried out reconstruct the traditional issue model of the theology of creation. They develop an understanding of the relationship between God and creation. For the triune God is the model and deepest source of relationality. The essential love between the persons of the Trinity and the profound relationship of love between the Triune God and creation carries an inspiring message for the construction of man's relationship to the world according to God's design. This should constitute the essential foundation of an ecotheological praxeology.

“Young people don’t even know the dish…” Disappearing day-to-day dishes in the memories of settlers in Lower Silesia Analysis of selected materials of the Polish Ethnographic Atlas

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the state of knowledge of age-old foods brought to Lower Silesia after the end of World War II by settlers and resettlers from the eastern corners of the country and the Eastern Borderlands. The studied region is a post-migration area, within which – in the post-war period – there were processes of reevaluation, adopting or abandoning elements of the new and found cultural heritage. These processes also involved culinary heritage. The issue of culinary traditions surfaced quite often during conversations with elderly people, who in their recollections reached back to the pre-war period in their hometowns and to the first post-war years after resettlement. The present discussion will focus primarily on liquid dishes – soups/pottages, less often on thick and baked dishes. What distinguished them is the fact that they were still prepared a few years after resettlement, but nevertheless, gradually lost their popularity and eventually were abandoned. Interesting details on the subject are provided by source materials collected during field research, as part of the Polish Ethnographic Atlas project. The source basis will be the information obtained in the questionnaire “People’s material culture.”