Terminological Issues Research Articles

UNRECOGNIZED STATES AS A CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Abstract: The article deals with the issues of unrecognized states that function in the international environment. These are states that have declared independence but have not been recognized by other states. The article refers to terminological issues related to unrecognized states and the features that characterize them. The main aim of the article is to present states that are not recognized as a challenge to international security. This has been done on several examples. Moreover, scenarios for the development of the future of unrecognized states are analyzed.

Flower arrangement and plant architecture in Atraphaxis, Bactria, and Persepolium (Polygonaceae, Polygonoideae, Polygoneae) and their systematic implications

Plant architecture includes patterns of arrangement of vegetative organs and flowers that may be difficult to describe because of the modular nature of plant growth. We disentangle the terminological issues and provide a case study of a clade of Polygonaceae family. The study focuses on the characteristics of thyrses, reproductive shoots, and shoot systems in 37 species of Atraphaxis, 5 species of Persepolium, and Bactria ovczinnikovii from arid regions of Eurasia using a phylogenetic approach. Based on the plastid phylogeny, parsimonious reconstructions of the evolution of 16 traits were obtained. Three types of perennial shoot systems were identified: perennial systems formed by reproductive (Type I) or vegetative (Type II) shoots, or by both (Type III). Type I was found in Persepolium, Bactria, and a basal subclade of the clade Atraphaxis, and was considered the plesiomorphic state. Type II was found in several distal subclades of the Atraphaxis clade, and was derived from Type I, while Type III was found in a distal subclade, corresponding to the section Atraphaxis. The characteristics of inflorescences and shoots differentiate Persepolium from Bactria and Atraphaxis and provide new data for the classification of the latter genus. Our findings confirm the heterogeneity of the section Tragopyrum, which includes species with Types I and II shoot systems, as well as the isolation of sections Atraphaxis and Physopyrum, which differ in the structure of their thyrses.

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a collective term used to describe pathological conditions with a similar clinical and radiological picture which is characterized by thunderclap headaches with a sudden onset and reversible segmental (multifocal) constriction of the cerebral arteries. The article is devoted to issues of terminology, genetic and clinical features of RSCV, and also discusses risk factors, differential diagnosis, complications and prognosis. Modern pathogenetic mechanisms and possible approaches to the treatment of this condition are presented.

Некоторые проблемы правового регулирования рабочего времени и времени отдыха совместителей

The legal regulation of working time and rest time for part-time workers in practice raises many questions. On the one hand, the legislation establishes clear restrictions on working hours, on the other hand, part-time work with several employers is allowed, the limits of which are not regulated in any way. In addition, part-time work is allowed during the main job, that is, it is allowed to perform two jobs during working hours. This raises the question of the availability of part-time work for the main job. It is necessary to legislatively regulate such situations so that the rest time of part-time workers, the right to which is established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is provided to them in full. In addition, some terminological issues should be resolved by legally establishing the concept of “highly qualified specialist”.

Wirtualne otwarcie – o zastosowaniu wirtualnej rzeczywistości w kształceniu sędziów i prokuratorów

This paper presents selected issues related to the use of virtual reality in educating judges and prosecutors. The following matters have been shown: the historical outline of the development of VR (virtual reality) technology, terminological issu-es, exemplary fields of application and use of virtual reality in the practice of the educational process of judges and prosecutors. In addition, presented are the first. This paper presents selected issues related to the use of virtual reality in educating judges and prosecutors. The following matters have been shown: the historical outline of the development of VR (virtual reality) technology, terminological issu-es, exemplary fields of application and use of virtual reality in the practice of the educational process of judges and prosecutors. In addition, presented are the first "

Differential Diagnosis of Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia in Infancy (Literature Review)

INTRODUCTION: Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in newborns may evidence prognostically dangerous diseases. However, the variety of causes and rarity of some of them makes differential diagnosis challenging. AIM: To determine the order of diagnostic actions to exclude, first of all, the most probable causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The review presents relevant information on diseases of newborns and children, running with elevation of the serum level of conjugated bilirubin. The search was carried out in PubMed, MEDLINE, eLibrary.ru databases for 2016–2023. The issues of terminology, etiology and risk factors are briefly covered. The presented pathologies include biliary atresia and Alagille syndrome, infectious and iatrogenic hepatopathies, various forms (including the new ones) of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, disorders in synthesis of the primary bile acids, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, galactosemia, tyrosinemia type 1, cystic malformations, mitochondrial diseases and some other rare diseases accompanied by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Brief diagnostic characteristics of the presented diseases are given. CONCLUSION: The differential diagnosis of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in newborns and children is a complex problem requiring immediate solution by successive exclusion of the most probable diseases, first of all, biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome, infectious and iatrogenic causes.

Telecare in the Brazilian Unified Health System: where we are and where we are heading.

This article explores telecare from telehealth developments and the recent acceleration of the digital health transformation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). It addresses terminological issues, the scope of actions, the potential use for healthcare, and constraints and contingencies for telecare in Brazil, focusing on teleconsultations and interactions between health professionals and patients. Finally, it presents a set of propositions for the development of telecare policies and practices in Brazil, considering SUS principles, in two central themes: organizational political guidelines and operational propositions to organise services and healthcare delivery. The importance of clarifying the scope and limits of new technologies is highlighted in the attempt to avoid idealizations with proposed solutions to complex health problems. Telecare solutions should be compatible with SUS principles and with the recommended model of care, with the healthcare network coordinated and organised by primary care, ensuring access to health services and integrated and quality healthcare for the Brazilian society.

Terminological Issues and Propositions in the Search for an Ontology of Harmonic Structures

This article presents a fragment from a larger research with the intention of anticipating some of its main topics, which aim to assemble a pedagogical theoretical body for music harmony in the context of the globalized and diverse world of the 21st century. The research fragment presented discusses terminological issues and propositions for an ontological study of harmonic structures that concerns itself with the definition of what types of musical sound objects of definite pitch do exist, how many are there, which properties they possess and their musical consequences, all organized in a logical taxonomical system referred to by means of an adequate terminology. The text first establishes the need for such an ontology, and proceeds with a description of the terminological issues involved in a secondary term formation action, a subsequent renaming effort that is all the more challenging when dealing with a field with a huge lifetime such as music theory. The methodology used in the terminological recreation is then described, explaining its preference for terms that, regardless of their lexicographic origins and prevalence, are single-words that provide biunivocal association, that avoid ambiguity by synonymy and polysemy, that are self-explanatory, and that are of easy translation using same-lexeme words similar in graphical form. It is then given a brief summary of the structure of the created ontology, followed by the definitions, lexicographic origins, and neologism-creating derivational strategies for all its main proposed terms, including those to be used in the classifications of harmonic structures according to the criteria of cardinality, chirality, azimuth, triadic intrinsicality, monadic, triadic, and transpositional proclivities, limiting characteristics, and modalization, superset and subset relationships. To close the text, a schematic view of the organizational structure of the ontology is shown, together with its translation into three different languages.

Isthmocele: controversial issues of terminology, diagnosis and treatment. A review

The frequency of abdominal delivery in the world is steadily rising. Since the latter is associated with a lot of complications compared with vaginal delivery, the increase in the proportion of deliveries in women with a uterine scar through the natural birth canal is an important strategic goal of the obstetrics and gynecology community. In addition, it is established that every second patient after a cesarean section develops a defect in the scar area, which is often accompanied by various disorders of the menstrual cycle (in 25,5% of cases – abnormal uterine bleeding) and can cause secondary infertility. Both assessment of the risk of scar failure at the stage of preconceptional preparation and timely detection and treatment of isthmocele symptoms are still serious challenges facing obstetricians and gynecologists. Clinical guidelines devoted to the cesarean scar defect problem have not yet been developed. This review presents the quintessence of modern data on possible risk factors, clinical manifestations with a detailed consideration of pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic tools and correction methods of symptomatic isthmocele and uterine scar defect with a detailed description of indications and a comparative assessment of their effectiveness in order to standardize approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of these pathological conditions.

A giant peripheral ossifying fibroma of the maxilla with extreme difficulty in clinical differentiation from malignancy: a case report and review of the literature

BackgroundPeripheral ossifying fibroma is a nonneoplastic inflammatory hyperplasia that originates in the periodontal ligament or periosteum in response to chronic mechanical irritation. Peripheral ossifying fibroma develops more commonly in young females as a solitary, slow-growing, exophytic nodular mass of the gingiva, no more than 2 cm in diameter. While various synonyms have been used to refer to peripheral ossifying fibroma, very similar names have also been applied to neoplastic diseases that are pathologically distinct from peripheral ossifying fibroma, causing considerable nomenclatural confusion. Herein, we report our experience with an unusual giant peripheral ossifying fibroma with a differential diagnostic challenge in distinguishing it from a malignancy.Case presentationA 68-year-old Japanese male was referred to our department with a suspected gingival malignancy presenting with an elastic hard, pedunculated, exophytic mass 60 mm in diameter in the right maxillary gingiva. In addition to computed tomography showing extensive bone destruction in the right maxillary alveolus, positron emission tomography with computed tomography revealed fluorodeoxyglucose hyperaccumulation in the gingival lesion. Although these clinical findings were highly suggestive of malignancy, repeated preoperative biopsies showed no evidence of malignancy. Since even intraoperative frozen histological examination revealed no malignancy, surgical resection was performed in the form of partial maxillectomy for benign disease, followed by thorough curettage of the surrounding granulation tissue and alveolar bone. Histologically, the excised mass consisted primarily of a fibrous component with sparse proliferation of atypical fibroblast-like cells, partly comprising ossification, leading to a final diagnosis of peripheral ossifying fibroma. No relapse was observed at the 10-month follow-up.ConclusionsThe clinical presentation of giant peripheral ossifying fibromas can make the differential diagnosis from malignancy difficult. Proper diagnosis relies on recognition of the characteristic histopathology and identification of the underlying chronic mechanical stimuli, while successful treatment mandates complete excision of the lesion and optimization of oral hygiene. Complicated terminological issues associated with peripheral ossifying fibroma require appropriate interpretation and sufficient awareness of the disease names to avoid diagnostic confusion and provide optimal management.

Рецензия на коллективную монографию «Новые подходы к анализу структуры и семантики дискурса и терминологических систем» (Пятигорск: ПГУ, 2023. 154 с.)

The monograph discusses the issues of cognitive linguistics, cognitive terminology, linguapragmatics, linguasemiotics and discourse theory. New approaches to the structural and semantic analysis of discourse and terminological systems drawing on the Russian and English language material are considered. The monograph consists of four chapters: “Mediation discourse and PR discourse in the Internet space: some linguistic and pragmatic characteristics”, “The essential characteristic of linguacreativity and the levels of its manifestation in the film discourse”, “The role of colourative terminological elements in the structure and semantics of terminological systems” and “Electronic lexicography and some semantic features of the terminological system of digital photography”. The linguapragmatic characteristics of different types of discourse are given drawing on the material of mediation discourse, PR discourse, and film discourse, the phenomenon of linguacreativity and the levels of its manifestation are described. The paper presents a comprehensive methodological approach to the discourse as a phenomenon, examines the semantic features of terminological units, including their oppositional relations, as well as the specifics of lexicography of terms as one of the ways to order, unify and standardize terminology. The authors use for analysis the terminology systems of botany, zoology, oil and gas production and digital photography in the modern English language. The monograph will be of interest to a wide range of specialists in the fields of cognitive linguistics, discourse theory, and terminology studies.

Linguistic Challenges of Courtroom Interpretation in Ghana

This paper presents the results of a survey on the linguistic challenges of courtroom interpretation in Ghana. It is part of a larger study on the challenges of courtroom interpreters. Specifically, the paper discusses the everyday linguistic challenges faced by courtroom interpreters, and the coping mechanisms deployed. Additionally, the paper makes proposals on ways that these challenges encountered by courtroom interpreters can be mitigated. In terms of findings, the paper shows that the main linguistic challenges include insufficient bilingual skills, terminological issues relating to legal jargon (legal terminology), terminology in specialized areas such as medical science, finance, economics, etc., measurement and quantities terms (e.g., money, fines, land, time, etc.), descriptive terms like color, height, etc., kinship terminology as well as speakers’ uses idiomatic expressions you are not familiar with. The paper notes that interpreters often use creative strategies like codemixing, omission of details, approximating color, and kinship terms, and seeking clarification through intervention to overcome these challenges. By way of recommendation, we propose the creation of glossaries in indigenous languages, collaboration with communities to identify and develop appropriate kinship terminology, the development of context-specific terminology, simplification of language, pre-session preparation, and continuous training and professional development.

Neurosurgery as an opportunity to correct symptoms of mental and behavioural disorders

Neurosurgical treatment for psychiatric disorders has a controversial history. This branch of neurosurgery called by developer of prefrontal leucotomy and Nobel prize laureate Egaz Moniz “psychosurgery”, was initially based not on scientific researches, but on enthusiasm of individuals and pressing social need. The outcome of psychosurgery regardless of its clinical benefits was the negative attitude of the broad masses and medical community, some countries have banned psychosurgery – the era of psychopharmacology has come. However, some patients suffering from severe course of the psychiatric disorder are resistant to conservative treatment.Over the last decades, the novel neuroimaging methods and neurobiological researches have considerably improved understanding of the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and scientific validity of the surgical intervention into the neural circuits. In this article, the main stages of the history of the psychiatric neurosurgery are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the clinical and surgical considerations including the anatomic target localization, outcome and possible complications of the major operations which are still in practice are presented. The new neurosurgical techniques such as deep brain stimulation and gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery were also considered. The part of the article is devoted to ethical, legal and terminological issues of psychiatric neurosurgery.

НОВЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕРМИНЫ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ КАЗАХСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

In the modern period, the development of language occurs together with the development of new technologies, scientific spheres of the human mind. Therefore, not only the names of new subjects, but also the names of new concepts in many languages are the reasons for the appearance of a large number of new language units. This article is devoted to the study of modern word-formation trends in the Kazakh language, formed as a result of the influence of the processes of language integration and differentiation. The object of the article's research is the main term-forming methods and models in the Kazakh language. Attention is focused on the need for a comprehensive consideration of the issues of Kazakh terminology, term formation and terminography. The paper emphasizes the need for a comprehensive linguistic study of new and commonly used terms in connection with the political and social changes taking place in society. The purpose of the scientific article is to study and analyze the basic techniques and models of terminology of the national language. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are defined: to analyze the main methods and models of terminology formation in the field of socio-political, social and historical spheres; to study both borrowed and national terms; to describe the functional and usage features of these terms; to identify the main characteristics of borrowed and national terms. It is revealed that the most productive methods of the terminological system are the following: terminization, acceptance of terms from other terminological systems, the combination of suffixes and the formation of term combinations, as well as the most frequent cases of phonomorphological adaptation of international terms and their subsequent use in the Kazakh language.

Personal Libraries from the Point of View of the Book Historian

Personal Libraries from the Point of View of the Book Historian

Terminology Issues in the Field of Genetic Research

Due to the intensive development of genetic research, the availability of genetic testing is increasing, including those based on genome-wide sequencing offered by private and public laboratories. Genetic testing can be used to identify the cause of the disease in patients with suspected hereditary (orphan) diseases and as a screening tool for healthy people, for example, if expectant parents planning to have children are carriers of hereditary diseases, to identify the risks of hereditary oncological diseases and multifactorial diseases, for pharmacogenetic testing, as well as for non-medical purposes, for example to determine the «ethnic origin». In addition, genetic research can be used to identify individuals, including in criminology and for genomic registration, determination of paternity and other kinship. This review paper analyzes some issues of terminology in the field of genetic research, including their results, as well as the legal basis for the genetic certification of the population of the Russian Federation, the use of the terms «genetic passport», «genetic profile» and «genomic passport», «genomic profile» and provides recommendations for improving the use of relevant terms such as standardizing the requirements for the preparation of a report/conclusion on the results of a genetic study and resolving the issue of the medical nature of the full-genome sequencing process. In addition, the practice of using the term «genetic passport» in federal acts, as well as domestic and foreign literature and media publications, is analyzed. Not only does the paper reveal the concept of complete genome sequencing, but also provides cases of mandatory medical and biological examination, including complete genome sequencing.

Pamiątkowe nazwy ulic Lublina w ujęciu językoznawczym

The article is devoted to proper names of Lublin, in particular the names of streets, squares, and boulevards. The starting point for linguistic considerations are selected terminological issues in the field of contemporary onomastics and analytical works devoted to street names in Polish cities (including the achievements of Mieczysław Buczyński – a researcher of Lublin urbanonyms). The term “commemorative names” is broadly understood and defined as a set of names created intentionally by authorities to honor figures, events, social and political organizations and military formations significant to a given community. The analytical part discusses the classification of semantic categories of Lublin’s commemorative names. It is based on the division into three groups: (1) anthroponymous names (formed from the names and surnames of people distinguished for Lublin and the region, from people distinguished for Polish culture, from people distinguished for world culture), (2) names related to historical events and anniversaries, street names from military formations, social and political organizations/movements, (3) street names derived from military formations, social and political organizations/movements, groups, societies and associations. The study showed that the commemorative street names of Lublin fulfill the functions typical of urban names (identity, communication, social, cognitive). These names unify the local community, fulfill a propaganda function (reflect the system of values promoted by the city authorities), show naming trends in a given period, and fit into the concept of city development. Changes in the names of Lublin’s streets reflect nationwide socio-cultural changes.

Wine Tourism: Terminological Issues, Consumers and Development Opportunities

Wine Tourism: Terminological Issues, Consumers and Development Opportunities

The Model of Palliative Care in Poland from the Perspective of People at the End of Life and Their Carers: Preliminary Issues

Abstract The aim of this article is to reflect on the model of palliative care in Poland from the perspectives of a person at the end of life and their carers. A large part of the considerations is focused on terminological issues, the presentation of which is extremely important, because not only does it illustrate the evolution in the approach to palliative care, but it also defines the personal aspect of support related to the person at the end of life and their carer. An extremely important element of the article is the presentation, based on the current legal status, of the basic assumptions of palliative care in Poland by showing the forms of support addressed not only to people at the end of their lives, but also to their carers. It should be emphasized here that this care should take on a holistic dimension, going beyond the legal and institutional sphere, hence some of the considerations are also devoted to social, spiritual, emotional or information support, which from the point of view of these people is also extremely important. The article also attempts to indicate specific normative solutions requiring intervention by the legislature, due to the demographic and epidemic challenges facing the Polish state.

Errors in Specialized Translation Training: A Corpus-Based Study on the Sight Translation of a Popular Science Article

In recent years, sight translation (SiT), the oral translation of a written text, has received little attention in the sphere of translator training. Rather, this practice has been almost exclusively studied within the framework of interpreting. Yet, based on the examination of the master’s programs in translation (Giancola, 2022) recognized by the European Master’s in Translation (EMT) (European Commission, 2022c), SiT is used, although rarely, as a course per se or as occasional exercises in translation training. Additionally, Dragsted and Hansen (2009) have emphasized its relevance and its benefits for translation students, which include improving speed rate, acquiring automatisms, and being more fluent. Based on these preliminary observations, the present study focuses on error patterns and speech disfluencies in SiT as part of specialized translation training. The study rests upon a corpus of twenty English-to-French SiTs of a popular science article about astrophysics performed by specialized translation students (Meyers, 2022). Building on existing work on errors in SiT, this study aims to find out the different error patterns observed in the corpus and the impact of speech disfluencies on the overall quality of the output. To analyze the corpus, an error typology in line with SiT has been developed based on established error analysis frameworks, such as MQM (Lommel et al., 2015) and Falbo’s typology (1998), combined with new categories. Analysis of the corpus demonstrated the significant prevalence of meaning errors (p < 0.05), with a high number of terminological issues. This study also established the statistically significant association between errors and speech disfluencies (p < 0.05). The results suggest that SiT error patterns in specialized translation training differ from the observations made in the context of interpreting and that speech disfluencies negatively influence the overall performance. On this basis, it is recommended to explore SiT in specialized translation training independently and target speech disfluencies to enhance performance. Future research is needed to identify the ins and outs of SiT as part of specialized translation training —for instance, in legal translation training— and to determine whether it should become an integral part of the curriculum.