Terminological Issues Research Articles

The Role of English Literature in Teaching Englishes: Moving Towards Educating Transcultural Communicators

With the globalization of English, multilingual speakers of other languages have started to influence it linguistically and culturally, potentially challenging its established norms and standards. This paper first addresses terminological issues related to the area of Global Englishes and English as a lingua franca, then upon reviewing curricular documents relevant to the Czech educational context it summarizes findings from a pilot study conducted at local academically oriented high schools, which reveal that the English teachers still seem to associate “English” literature with inner circle creative production. Intending to bridge the gap between theory and practice, we designed and piloted several lesson plans taking heed of a broader conception of the anglophone literary canon inclusive of works from across all Kachruvian circles. We postulate that extended exposure to such literary creativity may help raise a generation of transcultural communicators, i.e., language users who thrive in dynamic language interactions across cultures.

Modern constitutionalism of Ukraine in the conditions of europeization of native law

The article states that Ukraine was and remains a component of the single European democratic space. Taking into account the sad lessons of the past, we will follow the path of broad public dialogue and legitimate decisions. The further constitutional transit of Ukraine will be connected only with strengthening of representative democracy and strengthening of local selfgovernment, guarantees of protection of human rights and freedoms. Thus, today, Ukraine is experiencing an era of global and rapid changes that are transforming the foundations of social life and the usual paradigms of constitutional thinking (we are not just talking about one or another change, but about such transformational processes that relate precisely to the level of the essential characteristics of the society that is passing through the stage constitutional transit).It is indicated that in the domestic science of constitutional law, the scientific-theoretical analysis of the paradigm of constitutionalism in the conditions of permanent constitutional transit, as a rule, extends only to elements of the contentof constitutionalism, individual institutional components of its system.Particular features of the constitutional transit in Ukraine and, as a consequence, the implementation of a new paradigm of constitutionalism in the conditions of the Europeanization of national law are highlighted. The author examines certain aspects of the terminological issues of constitutional transit as a condition for the Europeanization of domestic law. As a result of the research, the category «constitutional transit» as a condition of the Europeanization of modern Ukrainian law should be considered as a state of transition of the constitutionalism of the Ukrainian state, from one state to another, caused by theneed for convergence of national constitutional legislation with the law of the European Union. It is noted that such a state of transition, its passage is not a linear process, but can have a multi-vector nature of development. That is, constitutional transit can cover all types of transitional states of constitutionalism from the point of view of a significant change in their character: not only from authoritarianism to democracy, but, on the contrary, in accordance with national sociocultural and political features, values, of course, taking into account advanced scientific world achievements.

Public Enterprises – Old and New Challenges

In this paper, the author analyses rules which regulate public enterprises. The definition of public enterprises is provided after presenting the terminological issues. The paper points out that the existence of public enterprises as a special type of business entities is unnecessary, as well as that coordinated strategy regarding the future of all public enterprises, not only those founded by the state, should be drawn up. Also, the need to harmonize laws is highlighted as well as the necessity of adjusting the rules regarding the organization of public enterprises to the needs of multiple founders. Furthermore, the differences between the rules on the management of public enterprises and commercial companies are described. The author concludes that, in principle, it is necessary to apply general rules to public enterprises as well, whereby any special rules may be stipulated by general or special law. Finally, the issue of gender balance on management and supervisory boards of public enterprises is also examined.

Consensus opinion on the management of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases: issues of terminology and therapy

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a group of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system characterized by episodes of immune-mediated astrocytopathy, inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage, predominantly affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. Currently, there are several unresolved issues that make it difficult to provide medical care to patients with NMOSD. The objective of this publication is to present the results of the work of the Russian experts panel, held in September 2022. The consensus council of experts adopted the main definitions and terms for NMOSD, proposed a therapeutic algorithm to prevent exacerbations in patients with NMOSD with serum IgG antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG). The experts formulated profiles of patients with NMOSD to whom eculizumab may be recommended, and proposed a risk management plan during the treatment with this drug. The experts worked out the next steps, which are necessary for the improvement of medical care for these patients: development of unified electronic register of patients with NMOSD in the Russian Federation, development and approval of clinical guidelines.

Chrzest i jego skutki w świetle prawa kościelnego

The theme of the article was to present the baptism and its effects in Church Law. Baptism is the concept of theology, legislation, culture. The aim of the article is to depict the1050th jubilee of the baptism of Poland. In the first part, the issues of terminology are published, the second section describes the theological dimension of baptism . The third part contains the legal aspects of baptism. At the end of the article the author presents the effects of baptism in the form of rights and obligations. The article raises questions concerning the interpretation of church law and analyzes the effects of baptism in the context of ecclesiastical law. In summary, the author asks the question: Will priests be strong enough to present the reality, which is difficult to grasp, to the faithful?

Competences of a confessor in accompanying a penitent with obsessive-compulsive disorders related to the sacrament of penance

Summary:
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, that affects a man in different dimensions of his functioning in everyday life also involve the area of sacramental confession. The number of people struggling with the disorder is growing year by year. This is demonstrated by both psychological and pastoral practice. This article in its assumptions is going to help priests with effective accompaniment of these people. It is divided into three parts: first, concerns terminological issues that are to systematize knowledge about that, second, discussion of the sacrament of penance in the described context, and, third, practical suggestions both theological and psychological which should be a valued help for priests.

The right of a person to the secret of correspondence: issues of public law and private law terminology

The article addresses the problems of public law and private law terminology in the field of secret correspondence. There are any differences and conflicts in the application of terms in international legal acts and in the national legislation of Ukraine were revealed. It was found out that the constitutional right of a person to the secrecy of correspondence, phone conversations and correspondence is the only right, which should be called the right to secrecy of correspondence. In the field of public law, a person's right to secrecy of correspondence is protected by establishing prohibitions, forms and measures of responsibility for their violation. In the field of private law, protection of the right to secrecy of correspondence is carried out by defining the positive content of this right and granting a person specific powers to implement it.
 According to the norms of constitutional and criminal legislations, the object of the right to secrecy is the exchange of letters, telephone conversations and correspondence, while in the norms of civil legislation such an object is "correspondence", which covers all types and means of communication used by a person, including telephone conversations, any exchange of letters, etc.
 In the texts of regulatory legal acts, the terms "private life" and "personal life" are used as identical. At the same time, the norms of criminal procedural law establish the «right to communication», which is not found in the norms of civil legislation, nor in the doctrine of private law, where the "right to privacy" is widely used. According to international law, secrecy of correspondence is an element of the right to privacy, but this idea is not embodied in the provisions of the legislation of Ukraine, where the right to secrecy of correspondence is protected as an independent right of a person. The right of a person to secrecy of correspondence in its content is related to the concept of a person's private life and is undoubtedly an element of his private life. Therefore, regardless of the content of the correspondence, the privacy of each person's correspondence must be protected to the same extent as the right to respect for private life is protected.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH OF ALIEN FLORA IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE

The currency of evolution of researching alien flora from the beginning of its systematic studies to our time is analyzed. It is stressed on some regularities of its development. Six stages of research development of the marked fraction of the flora and phytoinvasions are separated. It is marked that on the first stage which lasted from the beginning of the XX-th century to the end of the World War I, theoretical fundamentals of studying alien flora are created with the same-time providing a couple of regional researches. The most famous researchers of this period whose works made an influence to further development of the alien flora research are M. Rikli and A. Thellung. On the second stage (between two world wars) relatively not numerous studies mostly on the macroregional level are realized. The works by M. I. Kotov dedicated to the alien flora of Ukraine played an outstanding role on this stage of researches. The third stage (the second half of 1940-th – 50-th years) was characterized by growing of quantity of the studies and deeping their theoretical fundamentals. The works by W. Kreh that had a theoretical and methodological context were the most significant on this stage. The fourth stage (60-th years) was signed by creating developed classifications of invasive species. The most perfect throw them was a classification created by J. Kornaś that didn’t lose its significance to today. The main contents of the fifth stage (70–90-th years) was appearance of numerous publications of the results of the studies on the meso- and microregional levels. An outstanding place throw them occupies the studies of Ukrainian scholar V. V. Protopopova that fully characterized the alien flora of the bigger part of the territory of Ukraine and perfected the classification of invasive species by J. Kornaś. On the sixth, current, stage, from the one side, regional studies of phytoinvasions are actively lasting; from the other side, the theoretical base of studying alien flora is optimizing. Especially, the conclusive works of Ukrainian researchers S. L. Mosyakin and M. V. Shevera and foreign scientists P. Pyšek, M. Davis, C. Thompson, J. Falk-Petersen, T. Bohn, O. Sandlund and others dedicated to issues of terminology of invasive floristics have an important significance. Lists of the alien species complicated by S. L. Mosyakin and M. M. Fedoronchuk and also G. Kasperek have an important scientific significance. As a perspective direction of next research may be studying phytoinvasions on the level of regions of Ukraine and also enforcing emphasis on the study of geographical aspects of alien flora distribution

PUBLIC LAW CONTRACT IN GERMAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

The article focuses on the public-law contract in German law. It considers the relationship between the public-law contract and the administrative act in the context of the principle of freedom of choice of form of action of the administrative authorities. It analyses the legal basis of the public law contract. First of all, these covers § 54 of the Administrative Procedure Act as the central norm of the public law contract. Issues relating to the limitations in the enforcement of § 54 are also outlined. In addition, the constitutional background of the public contract is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the principle of lawfulness of government action and its two main components: the rule of law and the principle of compliance with the law, which have a varying impact on the public-law contract. The article also considers the dual nature of public-law contracts, which is primarily due to the fact that the public-law contract itself is directly a figure of both procedural and substantive law. Distinctive features of a public-law contract in the context of its differentiation from the other forms of implementation by administrative authorities of their powers are analyzed. First of all, it affects the administrative act on demand as the closest to the public-law contract type of its external manifestations. The same applies to an administrative act with additional conditions, since it has misleading characteristics similar to a contractual relationship. The subject matter of the contract itself was analyzed as a decisive factor enabling it to be classed as a contract entered into in the field of public administrative law. The role of the theory of special law and its impact on the process of identifying the public law contract was examined. In this regard, the limping mutual contract as a special form of a public-law contract has been defused. A special place in the article is given to the issues of terminology. It is concluded that Ukrainian administrative law has no analogues and similar approach not only to the question of classification but also to the correlation of the considered notions developed by German administrative law.

Methods of determining the electrochemical potentials of metal structures in the oral cavity

Galvanic phenomena in the oral cavity are associated with the presence in the oral cavity of metal structures and inclusions of dissimilar metals (crowns, implants, inlays, pins). These phenomena can occur in the vast majority of dental patients. The review article analyzes the literature on galvanic processes in the oral cavity, methods for their diagnosis, and also touches upon the issues of terminology in describing galvanic processes in the oral cavity. Methods for determining the electrochemical potentials of metal structures and inclusions in the mouth and their diagnostic value are considered in a comparative manner in terms of theoretical and physical aspects of their advantages and disadvantages for practical use in the clinic. The necessity of developing a unified method for determining the electrochemical potentials of metal structures and inclusions located in the oral cavity, its theoretical basis and clinical approbation in order to improve the efficiency of diagnosis of galvanic syndrome in patients with a dental profile is substantiated.

Багатовимірність поняття «хвороба» в контексті громадського здоров'я (частина 1 – теоретичне дослідження)

Target. From the standpoint of public health, analyze scientific literature data and terminology related to various hypostases / manifestations of malady. Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign publications devoted to terminological issues of assessing various aspects of the incidence of the population. Results. The state of research concerning various aspects of the concept of "disorder" in the scientific domestic and foreign literature has been determined. A review of the scientific literature revealed a lack of theoretical provisions on this topic that could be generalized, compared and contrasted. In everyday English, the use of concepts to describe malady (disease, illness, sickness, etc.) is often seen as arbitrary, and in the scientific field, they are the subject of professional discussions. For Ukraine, the analysis of malady terminology is new. The designation of the space for the use of certain terms is important, since the study of various aspects of the malady involves the use of various methods of collecting information, interpreting the data obtained, conclusions about ways to overcome disorders, etc. The definition of malady is not only a theoretical issue: it is important for medicine, social policy and the health care system in general. For public health, which is the most socially oriented branch of medicine, it is extremely important to take into account not only the purely biomedical (disease), but also the social (sickness) aspects of the disorders, as well as its self-esteem (illness).The combination and interrelation of various hypostases of the disorders included in the Twaddle triad is considered, a comparative analysis of its components has been carried out. The relevance of the analysis of the morbidity of the population and the justification of the most effective health-improving measures determines the advisability of taking into account various hypostases of ill health, and given the multidisciplinary nature of public health, the involvement of specialists in various fields.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ СУЧАСНОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА

The article examines the linguistic aspects of legal terminology of modern legislation. The concepts, main features and functions of legal terms are defined. The peculiarities of the functioning of legislative terms are revealed. The meaning of definitions in legislative acts is analyzed. It is established that definiteness is one of the main features and characteristics of a legal term. Legislative definitions must be unambiguous, clear, concise, logically and linguistically correct, general and cover the most essential characteristics of the subject or phenomenon. Linguistic problems related to the use of legal terminology in the texts of normative legal acts are singled out. Emphasis is placed on the adaptation of modern national legislation to EU law. Among the main linguistic issues of legal terminology are the problems of legal translation of legislative terms; unmotivated use of foreign borrowings in the translation of EU legislation; inconsistency of legal terms with the norms of the Ukrainian literary language, unmotivated ways of word formation, lack of uniformity of terms used in the original and translation of one of the EU legislative acts, homonymy and polysemy of terms and their ambiguous application in Ukrainian and EU legislation. It is emphasized that the adequacy of the translation of legal terminology is extremely important for the legal function of the regulatory function. The rules of use of foreign terms in normative-legal acts are offered. The peculiarities of the role of legal terminology in the functioning of law are revealed. It is concluded that the unification, systematization and streamlining of legal terminology will facilitate the process of integration of domestic legislation into the European legal system.

Проблеми номінації повстанської пісні

Terminological issues are considered as an important aspect of the folklore study. Their clear interpretation helps and Terminological issues are considered as an important aspect of the folklore study. Their clear interpretation helps and makes it easy to carry out the research. We face various definitions of the phenomenon «rebellious folklore» and, in particular, «rebellious song» («antioccupational», «guerilla», «slave», «the folklore of forest guys», «rebellious folklore», etc.) at the modern stage. The definitions «rebellious songs», «the songs of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army», «revolutionary», «Bandera’s songs», «military songs» are used simultaneously. The views of the researchers of this oral vocabulary level are generalized and the authoress visions are expressed. The purpose of the submitted article is to analyze the problems of study and nomination of a rebellious song at the modern period, to determine the questions of terminology and the criteria of genre division.

Diuretic resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: mechanisms, prevention, and treatment

The authors analyzed the problem of diuretic resistance (DR) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Most of the symptoms and signs of CHF are associated with hypervolemia and vascular congestion in the systemic and pulmonary circulation. The severity of the latter is the main factor which negatively affects the overall assessment of life satisfaction in patients with CHF. Since the patient, even at the incurable stage of CHF, primarily expects a rapid decrease in the severity of manifestations of decompensation from the prescribed therapy, achieving euvolemia is the essence of its short-term objective. Without diuretics, these immediate effects, according to which most CHF patients judge the qualifications of the doctor, are almost impossible to achieve. Unfortunately, apparently, not a single clinician was able to avoid disappointment in the effectiveness of CHF therapy associated with DR in their practice. As a rule, DR reflects the progressive course of CHF and is often associated with a poor prognosis. The review consistently covers the issues of terminology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and prevention of DR, which aggravates CHF, and discusses measures aimed at restoring sensitivity to diuretics.

Datenbank der Landesbibliographien in Deutschland und Regionalenbibliographien in Polen

The article presents basic information on online databases of territorial bibliographies in Poland and Germany. The subject of the analysis are terminological issues and functions of databases, including the possibilities of searching and presenting data, as well as operations and management of the results. Particularly important features of the analysed territorial bibliographies are those which increase the attractiveness of the websites, including access to full texts, graphic interfaces, the possibility of adding visual information, active participation of users in creating sources (reviews, comments), which reflect changes in bibliographies, with features of bibliography 2.0 and full-text systems.

Компетентностно ориентирано обучение, или (де)хуманизация на образованието

This paper looks at the nature of competence-based education (CBE) in the context of the contemporary educational policy, theory, research, and practice. Firstly, it briefly presents the dimensions of the concept of competences in education. Then, the study discusses some terminological and conceptual issues related to CBE. The article also considers some critical voices that question the nature and the effectiveness of CBE. It concludes with a proposal for an educational design that moves beyond the CBE framework and integrates it with humanistic ideas and principles.

Questioning Terminologies: Homosocial and “Homosexual” Bonds in the Royal Bedchamber and Kingship in Medieval England and France

In medieval Western Europe, the sharing of a bed between the king and a close noble or friend was not uncommon, often seen as an example of a strong homosocial bond. Henry II and Richard I of England are known examples of kings who reportedly shared their beds with a male friend. The line between homosocial and what modern scholars would term homosexual bonds is often blurred when it comes to analysing close male relationships between a king and his subjects. These instances usually occurred outside the courtly residence, whilst journeying or in the midst of warfare, leaving little room for privacy and separation, thus enabling them to be reported by the contemporary chroniclers. This paper seeks to address three matters. Firstly, it outlines the terminological issues when discussing medieval masculinities and sexualities. Secondly, it investigates the nature of homosocial and “homosexual” bonds and how we attempt to differentiate these within a medieval, Western European context (here focusing on England and France). It then examines the case studies of Henry II and William Marshal, and Richard I and Philip Augustus. This article contributes to our understanding of the intersections between privacy, sexuality, and friendship. It seeks to enhance knowledge surrounding the balance of friendships and power, and how homosocial and “homosexual” bonds could impact the monarch’s relationship with their consort, and, in some cases, their ability to rule.

Preconditions for the Establishment of the Facility of the Society of Jesus in Lviv

The article describes the preconditions for the establishment of the collegium of the Society of Jesus in Lviv in the second half of the 16th century. By analyzing the existing sources and studies on the history of the Jesuit order, it is relatively easy to notice a significant bias in favour of studying their educational activities. At the same time, almost no studies exist which could illustrate the development of the facility itself in the context of the events of those times. Hence, there is a great number of terminological and factual inconsistencies, as well as the interpretation of Jesuits’ activity only in terms of their educational work. In this regard, the aim of this article is to make an attempt to research the preconditions for the establishment of the facility of the Society of Jesus in Lviv as based on the existing sources. Moreover, the main goal of this article is to establish the objectives and plans of the order to establish a local facility in Lviv on the basis of the sources. The sources published by the order itself play a significant role in addressing the issue. Firstly, these are the statutory documents of the Jesuits — the Formulas of the Institute of the Society of Jesus (consist of apostolic letters issued by Pope Paul III and Pope Julius III) and the Constitution of the Society of Jesus. Due to these documents, certain terminological issues may be clarified in the first place, as well as the functioning mechanism of Jesuit facilities. The epistolary heritage of the order is of no less importance: in particular, the one where the ongoing cases of that time are addressed. After analyzing the already published documents, it can be noted that the order had completely separate plans to develop their network, and teaching different sciences to children was not their only aim. Instead, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was considered to be a territory for missionary work and further movement to the East. Furthermore, the plans to establish a facility of the order with a status of the college in Lviv can be traced long before the official invitation of the first monks to Lviv. Considerable attention is paid to the interpretation of the notion of “college,” which is important for understanding the motives of the establishment of the Society of Jesus facility in Lviv and explains its further activity. On the basis of the results obtained in the article, necessary conclusions are made in order to conduct further studies.

The Stone Guest. The Soviet Rediscovery of Formal Linguistics Towards the Early Chomsky

After Stalin’s death, Soviet linguistics seemingly steered in a new direction, enthusiastically adopting mathematical methods within the upsurge of interest in machine translation. This fostered the acceptance of formal models disjointed from the rigid dictates of dialectical materialism and paved the way for the rediscovery of the scientific legacy of (post-)structuralist Euroamerican schools. In the eyes of the protagonists of this epistemological change, linguistics seemed to be freed from the traditional methodological constraints imposed by philology and literature. This short-lived yet intense period, however, is characterized by the polyphonic coexistence of several ideas and personalities, whose research activity can be properly understood and evaluated only from a broader historical perspective, encompassing both earlier and later stages, thus substantially curtailing the explanatory power of historical and thematic periodization. The study aims at examining the salient characteristics of the scientific environment surrounding the early critical reception of Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures in the Soviet Union. By tackling specific terminological and epistemological issues, it is argued that the evolution of Soviet linguistics was not defined by abrupt saltational processes, but rather by a constant pendular oscillation which – depending on cultural, political, and historical circumstances – would grant temporary priority to some scientific approaches and orientations at the expense of others.

Issues of oil terminology in the studies of N.B. Vassoevich

For more than 30 years N.B. Vassoevich had devoted to the development of the theoretical foundations of petroleum geology and geochemistry. In addition, Nikolay Bronislavovich was always interested in the original meaning of the words that he used as scientific terms. Under the term, he understood a lexical unit that serves to designate a scientific concept, performing the function of naming in relation to the object reflected in this concept. According to N.B. Vassoevich, the ambiguity of many geological “terms” is the cause of most heated scientific discussions. Therefore, the ordering of scientific terminology and nomenclature N.B. Vassoevich included among the most important scientific tasks.