Safety Issues Research Articles

Comparison of Indonesian and Malaysian Media in Reporting the QZ8501 Plane Crash Crisis

The tragic loss of Flight QZ8501 captured widespread attention in 2014. The incident resulted in numerous fatalities with various forms of reporting and affecting AirAsia's negative image, such as pilot and staff incompetence, aircraft system weaknesses, management shortcomings, and safety issues are often associated when such unfortunate events befall an airline. This study attempts to examine the types of news reporting by local Indonesian media (Kompas.com and Detik.com) and Malaysian media (Berita Harian and Astro Awani) related to the QZ8501 incident, which ultimately shapes the image of AirAsia. The study found similarities between both Indonesian and Malaysian local media in reporting news related to the QZ8501 crash, emphasizing important information, using a positive tone to respect the families of the victims, and avoiding sensationalism in accordance with journalistic ethics and the theory of social responsibility. This study highlights the promptness of AirAsia Malaysia and AirAsia Indonesia's management in handling the crisis by providing information and interacting with the media and victims' families from day one, as reflected in the media coverage. Indirectly, such reporting can positively influence the airline's image in crisis management as recognized through the Priority Integration Award at the 2015 ASEAN Business Awards. and may serve as a valuable guideline for future crisis handling.

Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects of Combining Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, their efficacy as monotherapy remains limited in certain patient populations, especially in patients with low levels of PD-L1 expression. The combination of ICIs with chemotherapy has gradually emerged as a novel strategy, aiming to leverage the immune-enhancing effects of chemotherapy to synergize with ICIs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic mechanisms, clinical trial outcomes, safety and toxicity issues, resistance challenges, and future directions of ICI-chemotherapy combination therapy for NSCLC. Clinical evidence suggests that this combination notably extends progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), demonstrating promising efficacy, particularly in advanced squamous NSCLC patients with low PD-L1 levels. By inducing immune enhancement through chemotherapy and activating immune responses via ICIs, this combined approach effectively overcomes the limitations of single-agent therapies. Despite a range of challenges, this immunotherapy combination offers renewed hope for improving treatment outcomes in NSCLC patients.

Predicting the Effectiveness of Resilient Safety in the Building Construction Sector of Rwanda Using the ANN Model

Most construction projects encounter safety issues that may affect project effectiveness and the lives of workers. Although various studies have investigated these factors, in some countries, such as Rwanda, there is still little empirical evidence regarding the important aspects that contribute to safety effectiveness. Therefore, this study was carried out to predict the resilient safety effectiveness in the Rwandan building construction sector via the artificial neural network (ANN) model. Through a literature review, resilient safety variables that may be relevant in the Rwandan construction sector were identified. Data were collected through questionnaires. Moreover, the levels of importance of resilient-safety-effectiveness-related factors were pinpointed and assessed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Consecutively, an ANN model that could predict the effectiveness of resilient safety was developed. This study contributes to the awareness of key factors that may affect the effectiveness of resilient safety, and it helps to forecast the effectiveness of resilient safety not only in Rwanda, but also in other low- and middle-income countries with different conditions by stressing the importance of reducing safety-related risks in building construction projects.

Blood Flow Restriction Training in the Rehabilitation of Hamstring Injuries

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a novel technique of assisted rehabilitation that has been of interest to an increasing number of scholars in recent years. BFR training shows promising applications in the rehabilitation of hamstring injuries. Currently, research indicates that low-load BFR training is a useful substitute for conventional high-load resistance training. The effectiveness of BFR training in the recovery process of hamstring injuries, however, has not received much research. This paper reviews all the recent relevant literature with the aim of exploring the current efficacy, potential mechanisms, and potential safety issues with the application of BFR training in the rehabilitation of hamstring injuries. There are still many controversial and unresolved issues in the field, such as the optimal protocol for BFR application to injured hamstrings, specific potential mechanisms, and safety considerations for BFR training. It is hoped that this paper will trigger the attention of more scholars to address these issues in future research.

Connecting dots: Preclinical foundations to clinical realities of PDE4 inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive and age-associated neurodegenerative disorder, is primarily characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite advances in targeting Aβ-mediated neuronal damage with anti-Aβ antibodies, these treatments provide only symptomatic relief and fail to address the multifactorial pathology of the disease. This necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches and a deeper understanding of molecular signaling mechanisms underlying AD. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), particularly Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), play a pivotal role in regulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a key molecule involved in memory consolidation and cognitive function. PDE4 inhibitors have demonstrated potential in enhancing memory and cognition in preclinical models of AD by modulating cAMP signaling. However, their clinical translation has been limited due to challenges such as adverse effects, narrow therapeutic windows, and low specificity in mechanism of action. This review bridges the gap between preclinical discoveries and clinical applications of PDE4 inhibitors in AD. It highlights preclinical evidence supporting the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of PDE4 inhibitors while addressing challenges in their clinical development, including issues of safety, efficacy, and disease-specific targeting. By integrating findings from both preclinical and clinical studies, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic potential of PDE4 inhibitors in AD. Furthermore, this review outlines future research directions aimed at optimizing PDE4 inhibition strategies for AD treatment, offering a roadmap to translate foundational insights into clinical realities.

The ADESTE trial: A phase 2 study of enibarcimab, a monoclonal antibody targeting adrenomedullin, in acute heart failure.

This study aimed to conduct a phase 2 proof-of-concept and safety study to evaluate the effect of ENIBARCIMAB (EN), a non-neutralizing humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the N-terminus of adrenomedullin (ADM), administered immediately after stabilization with standard of care (SoC) treatment, in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). This prospective, open-label, controlled, interventional, multicenter, dose-escalation study was conducted at two cardiology sites in Indonesia. Patients were divided into two interventional groups sequentially receiving 0.5mg/kg (SoC+EN 0.5mg/kg, n=10; first cohort) and 2mg/kg (SoC+EN 2mg/kg, n=10; second cohort) of EN via 1-h intravenous (IV) infusion within 48h after admission for AHF. The control group (n=10) was treated with SoC therapy for AHF therapy. All patients were monitored continuously within 24h post-infusion and subsequent daily until discharge. Treatment-related serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded during hospitalization and up to 90days after discharge. Both EN dosages were well-tolerated, and no significant safety issues were identified during hospitalization and up to 90days of follow up. SAEs occurred in 10% of patients in each EN group but were deemed not related to treatment. No significant differences in the occurrence of SAEs were found between the groups. Five deaths occurred: three (30%) in the control group as compared with two deaths (20%) in the SoC+EN 2mg/kg group. EN led to a significant increase in plasma bio-ADM levels within 24h post-infusion, with the SoC+2mg/kg group showing the highest increase. Within 1h from IV EN infusion, SoC+EN 2mg/kg compared with 0.5mg/kg, resulted in a significant percentage reduction in systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure. However, it did not result in severe hypotension and the need for drug discontinuation. In this pilot safety study of patients hospitalized for AHF, IV infusion of EN 0.5 and 2mg/kg increased circulating plasma bio-ADM levels and was well-tolerated without treatment-related SAEs occurring during hospitalization and up to 90days after discharge.

Mechatronics Application and Performance Analysis in Intelligent Transportation Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the integration of mechatronics in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), elucidating its functional capabilities and limitations. As urbanization accelerates and traffic demand rises, the ITS has emerged as vital solutions for addressing traffic congestion and safety issues. In this regard, mechatronics technology plays a key role by enhancing the intelligence of traffic management, thereby improving the overall efficiency and safety of transportation networks. Thus, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the mechatronics application in intelligent traffic signal control, road condition monitoring and management, and vehicle positioning and navigation. In the domain of intelligent traffic signal control, mechatronics technology facilitates adaptive signal adjustments through real-time data collection and analysis, effectively alleviating traffic congestion and enhancing road capacity. In the field of road condition monitoring and management, this technology combines advanced sensors and monitoring equipment to realize accurate identification and dynamic monitoring of vehicles, providing powerful support for traffic management and law enforcement. In addition, the use of mechatronics technology in critical areas such as vehicle positioning and navigation markedly enhances road utilization, effectively mitigates traffic congestion, as well as supports sustainable urban development initiatives. Meanwhile, the performance of mechatronics in ITS, including real-time, intelligence, safety and reliability, is analyzed, highlighting its remarkable effect in enhancing the overall performance of ITS.

Explainable AI in Diagnostic Radiology for Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review, and What Doctors Think About It

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently made unprecedented contributions in every walk of life, but it has not been able to work its way into diagnostic medicine and standard clinical practice yet. Although data scientists, researchers, and medical experts have been working in the direction of designing and developing computer aided diagnosis (CAD) tools to serve as assistants to doctors, their large-scale adoption and integration into the healthcare system still seems far-fetched. Diagnostic radiology is no exception. Imagining techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have been widely and very effectively employed by radiologists and neurologists for the differential diagnoses of neurological disorders for decades, yet no AI-powered systems to analyze such scans have been incorporated into the standard operating procedures of healthcare systems. Why? It is absolutely understandable that in diagnostic medicine, precious human lives are on the line, and hence there is no room even for the tiniest of mistakes. Nevertheless, with the advent of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), the old-school black boxes of deep learning (DL) systems have been unraveled. Would XAI be the turning point for medical experts to finally embrace AI in diagnostic radiology? This review is a humble endeavor to find the answers to these questions. Methods: In this review, we present the journey and contributions of AI in developing systems to recognize, preprocess, and analyze brain MRI scans for differential diagnoses of various neurological disorders, with special emphasis on CAD systems embedded with explainability. A comprehensive review of the literature from 2017 to 2024 was conducted using host databases. We also present medical domain experts’ opinions and summarize the challenges up ahead that need to be addressed in order to fully exploit the tremendous potential of XAI in its application to medical diagnostics and serve humanity. Results: Forty-seven studies were summarized and tabulated with information about the XAI technology and datasets employed, along with performance accuracies. The strengths and weaknesses of the studies have also been discussed. In addition, the opinions of seven medical experts from around the world have been presented to guide engineers and data scientists in developing such CAD tools. Conclusions: Current CAD research was observed to be focused on the enhancement of the performance accuracies of the DL regimens, with less attention being paid to the authenticity and usefulness of explanations. A shortage of ground truth data for explainability was also observed. Visual explanation methods were found to dominate; however, they might not be enough, and more thorough and human professor-like explanations would be required to build the trust of healthcare professionals. Special attention to these factors along with the legal, ethical, safety, and security issues can bridge the current gap between XAI and routine clinical practice.

Influences of carbon nanotubes as electrode materials on the energy storage for lithium-ion batteries

Due to inherent theoretical capacity limitations and safety issues associated with commonly used anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique one-dimensional tubular structure and superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, can partially address these deficiencies and enhance lithium storage capacity. Therefore, this paper concentrates on the impacts of carbon nanotubes as electrode materials on energy storage for lithium-ion batteries. It discusses three aspects in detail: the use of CNTs as direct anode materials, as composite anode materials, and as flexible electrode materials. Each application will be examined in terms of its specific advantages, existing challenges, and corresponding solutions to improve battery performance. The paper also evaluates the role of CNTs in enhancing the electrochemical stability, improving cycle life, and achieving higher power densities, which makes them highly promising for next-generation energy storage solutions, particularly for portable and flexible electronic devices. Additionally, the unique ability of CNTs to form a highly conductive network facilitates efficient charge transport and reduces internal resistance, further contributing to the overall performance of the battery. Future research directions may focus on optimizing the synthesis methods and improving the interface interactions between CNTs and other active materials, to fully leverage their properties for enhanced safety, higher efficiency, and lower costs. As such, carbon nanotubes are seen as key materials that could play an important role in meeting the growing demand for advanced energy storage systems.

Analysis of a Case of Immune-Related Myocarditis Combined with Myasthenia Gravis and Liver Injury Induced by Tislelizumab

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated significant advantages and potential in tumor immunotherapy, but immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are becoming increasingly important safety issues. This article analyzes and discusses a case of a patient with esophageal cancer who developed bilateral lower limb weakness, bilateral ptosis, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting after four cycles of treatment with tislelizumab. The patient was considered to have immune-related myocarditis, myasthenia gravis, and liver injury involving multiple organs caused by tislelizumab treatment. As multi-organ damage caused by tislelizumab is rarely reported domestically and internationally, this article will analyze and discuss domestic and foreign literature, hoping to provide some help to clinicians who subsequently use tislelizumab.

Catalytic Guaiacol Hydrodeoxygenation in Supercritical Fluids: A Review

Upgrading bio‐oil is crucial for the use of renewable fuels in the transportation sector. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a key technology for upgrading bio‐oil and removing oxygen as water typically under pressurized hydrogen. However, the use of high‐pressure hydrogen is limited by several factors (e.g., storage safety issues). This review primarily discusses the substantial advantages of catalytic HDO in supercritical fluids, which overcomes the need for external H2 while providing a wider range of products. In particular, this study focuses on ethanol and methanol as effective H‐donor solvents for HDO processes due to their ability to provide active hydrogen under relatively mild conditions, along with their multifunctionality as both solvents and H‐donors, and their potential to enhance mass‐ and heat‐transfer efficiencies. Guaiacol was chosen as the HDO feedstock because it can be found abundantly in bio‐oil. Furthermore, the effects of the catalyst properties (e.g., pore size, acidity, acidic and metallic site distribution) and reaction conditions on the reaction efficiency and product distribution are discussed. This review also describes technical challenges, proposes solutions, and outlines future research directions for advancing the supercritical HDO process with the aim to guide future studies toward more effective and sustainable HDO‐based biofuel‐upgrading technologies.

Assessing Mitigation Translocation as a Tool to Reduce Human-great Horned owl Conflicts.

The great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) is a generalist predator that inhabits wide-ranging territories that are relatively stable throughout the year. These owls are also involved in a variety of human-owl conflicts, including killing of domestic poultry, predating colonially nesting seabirds and shorebirds, and pose a hazard to safe aircraft operations. Managing these conflict situations presents unique challenges as great horned owls are nocturnally active and occupy a wide range of habitats. We evaluated information about great horned owl collisions with civilian aircraft and found this is a contemporary and growing aviation safety issue. We conducted a study to determine whether a biological (e.g., age of the bird) and logistical factors (e.g., month and translocation distance) influenced the return rate of great horned owls following a mitigation translocation from 13 civil airports and three military airfields during 2013-2023. Great horned owls (n = 1,020) were live-captured, banded, and translocated various distances from the airfields which were then monitored for returning owls. We developed a set of candidate binomial-distributed generalized linear models [involving all possible subsets of three factors (age, month, and distance translocated) as well as interactions]. The return rate of translocated great horned owls was very low (i.e., 2.6%) and we found no evidence that these biological and logistical factors influenced great horned owl homing behavior. Management programs that use release sites 40 km from the conflict location and translocate individual owls only once would increase program efficacy by minimizing homing behavior and decreasing implementation costs.

Research progress on the performance of expandable systems for long-term gastric retention.

Gastroretentive systems have gained attention due to their prolonged retention time in the human body, and they have the potential to improve treatment effects, simplify treatment regimens, and improve patient compliance. Among these systems, expandable gastroretentive systems (EGRSs) have emerged as an important type of carrier that can reside in the stomach for a desired period through on-demand expansion for drug delivery, obesity intervention, and medical diagnosis. As the physiological environment significantly influences the performance of EGRSs, here, the physiological factors such as the stomach's physiological structure and activity pattern, and the character of gastric juice are summarized. Following this, the research progress of EGRSs from ingestion to removal for long-term gastric retention is discussed with respect to the influencing factors and reinforcement strategies in mechanics. Additionally, as the duration of gastric retention increases, safety concerns arise. As such, safety issues in terms of removal after retention or in an emergency are also analyzed. Finally, the biomedical application of EGRSs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools and the potential direction for further research are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Expandable gastroretentive systems (EGRSs) resist gastric emptying due to their size exceeding the pylorus diameter, offering promising advantages for obesity intervention, drug delivery, and carrying sensors. However, a long gastroretentive time only by such a size mismatch is hard to be achieved due to the uninterrupted stomach contraction and gastric juice erosion. Recent studies indicate that the retention time and stability of EGRSs can be regulated by adjusting their mechanical properties. Hence, this review summarizes the state-of-art progress of EGRSs for long-term gastric retention from a mechanical perspective for the first time, focuses on material components and synthesis methods, and the reinforcement strategies, and suggests the required mechanical property parameters of EGRSs.

A Novel Hydraulic Interconnection Design and Sliding Mode Synchronization Control of Leveling System for Crawler Work Machine

To address the issues of easy overturning and poor safety of crawler work machines operating on steep slopes in hilly and mountainous areas, this study develops a structural design scheme based on a “three-layer frame” structure. An omnidirectional leveling system with hydraulic interconnection is designed to maintain platform stability by ensuring a stationary central point during leveling. Furthermore, a sliding mode synchronization control method based on a disturbance observer is proposed to reduce the synchronization error of the hydraulic cylinders and enhance leveling precision. The system’s performance is validated through an AMESim-MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation platform, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional PID control. Specifically, both lateral and longitudinal leveling times are reduced, rise time decreases by 21.8% on average, and overall leveling time is reduced by 35.5%, with synchronization errors maintained within ±6 × 10−4 m. Finally, physical prototype testing further confirms the system’s effectiveness, achieving an average body inclination error of 2.55% and a hydraulic cylinder synchronization error of 8.2%. These findings validate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed omnidirectional leveling system for the crawler work machine in hilly and mountainous regions.

Social digital dilemmas: Young people’s and parents’ negotiation of emerging online safety issues

Social digital dilemmas: Young people’s and parents’ negotiation of emerging online safety issues

Legal Regulation of Autonomous Vehicles in China

This paper explores the legal regulation of autonomous vehicles in China. The article first introduces the current state of development of autonomous vehicles in China, categorizing it into three phases: the initial technological phase, the rapid development phase, and the commercial application phase. It is noted that China has already reached Level 4 (L4) autonomous driving capabilities. Next, the article analyzes the risks associated with autonomous vehicles, which include issues of liability determination, safety, information security, and ethical design risks. Additionally, the article provides an overview of the legislative experiences in Germany and California, USA, extracting insights that may inform China's legislative approach. Finally, the paper offers recommendations to improve the legal regulation of autonomous vehicles in China, such as refining the liability determination system for traffic accidents, optimizing safety protocols, establishing information security frameworks, and accelerating the legislative process. The article emphasizes that, with the rapid advancement of autonomous driving technology, continuous refinement of legal regulations is essential to ensure a balance between technological progress and the protection of public interest.

Evaluating the sustained effectiveness of a novel pharmacy-based intervention to reduce older adult misuse of over-the-counter medications: A case for non-significance.

Misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medications by older adults (age 65+) can comprise Drug-Age, Drug-Drug, Drug-Disease, and Drug-Label types. Pharmacies in the United States are prevalent sources of OTCs and are an apt setting to address OTC misuse. Senior Safe™ is a pharmacy-system redesign for preventing older adult OTC misuse. The redesign uses signage to designate high-risk OTCs and safer products for older adult use, as well as prompting older adults to engage with pharmacy staff around medication safety issue. This study compared misuse in pharmacies with initial Senior Safe implementation (Immediate Effects group) to pharmacies with Senior Safe after 3 months (Sustained Effects group). A non-equivalent group design, involving older adults recruited from matched and randomly-allocated pharmacy sites within a health system, compared the Immediate Effects (n=83) and Sustained Effects (n=65) groups. All participants were recruited outside the pharmacy and were given hypothetical symptom scenarios from which to choose (i.e., cough/cold/allergy, pain, or sleep). Participants were then asked to select an OTC to treat that symptom, and explain their OTC use at symptom onset and if symptoms persisted/worsened. Participants' reported OTC use was evaluated for each misuse type. Multivariate modeling estimated differences in misuse between the Immediate and Sustained Effects groups. No significant differences emerged between Immediate and Sustained Effect groups for any misuse type for which statistical modeling was conducted. Drug-Age misuse was statistically less likely for sleep products (OR=0.170, p=.005) and for adults aged 85+ when compared to the 65-74 and 75-84 age categories (OR=3.979, p=.053; OR=6.900, p=.031, respectively). These non-significant results suggest that the intervention effect was maintained at three months. Overall, then, misuse reductions occurring immediately after intervention implementation did not significantly increase after three months. System buy-in, including assessing costs to implement and maintain Senior Safe, is critical to promote broader adoption.

Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus: Threats to the Food Industry and Public Health.

Foodborne pathogens have always been of public health concern and represent safety issues for food processors. These pathogens develop new ways to overcome antibiotics, survive in different environmental conditions, and the ability to reproduce in many hostile environments configure them as serious health hazards. Considering the huge number of microorganisms, three bacterial representatives were selected to provide a better knowledge about the question of which one is the worst enemy for humans, from the food industry point of view, taking into consideration their multiplication specificity, virulence, and resistance. As we constantly are exposed to these pathogens in our nutritional habits, this overview aims to summarize the most relevant characteristics associated with the pathogenicity, clinical symptoms and most importantly, how deadly Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus can be in the hospital and the food industry, by comparing among them. Overall, the microbiological knowledge clearly suggests that while all three pathogens are dangerous, L. monocytogenes presents the highest risk of death due to their ability to cause severe complications in vulnerable populations as it presents a range of virulence factors that facilitate evasion of the immune system and cytological effects. Additionally, it shows great resistance to standard food processing and preservation techniques, making it one of the most difficult pathogens to control. Understanding the risks and characteristics of these foodborne pathogens is essential for implementing effective control measures to prevent their occurrence in food products and to promote public health.

Nanotechnology and nanobots unleashed: pioneering a new era in gynecological cancer management - a comprehensive review.

Gynecological cancers, such as ovarian, cervical, and endometrial malignancies, are notoriously challenging due to their intricate biology and the critical need for precise diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In recent years, groundbreaking advances in nanotechnology and nanobots have emerged as game-changers in this arena, offering the promise of a new paradigm in cancer management. This comprehensive review delves into the revolutionary potential of these technologies, showcasing their ability to transform the landscape of gynecological oncology. A systematic literature search spanning from March 2005 to August 2024 was conducted using major databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Keywords included "nanotechnology," "nanobots," "gynecological cancers," "ovarian cancer," "cervical cancer," and "endometrial cancer." Relevant articles published in English were selected based on their focus on nanotechnology and nanobots in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of gynecological cancers. The findings were synthesized to present a coherent overview of how nanotechnology and nanobots are reshaping gynecological cancer management. The review highlights key innovations, current applications, and future directions for research and clinical implementation. The integration of nanotechnology and nanobots in gynecological cancer management represents a groundbreaking shift in the field. Recent advancements in nanoscale materials and robotic technology offer unprecedented opportunities for precision diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and innovative therapeutic approaches. Despite promising developments, challenges such as biocompatibility, safety, and regulatory issues remain. Continued research and clinical trials are essential to overcome these hurdles and fully realize the potential of nanotechnology and nanobots.

Succinctness issues for LTL and safety and cosafety fragments of LTL

Succinctness issues for LTL and safety and cosafety fragments of LTL