Migration Issues Research Articles

Using FlowVisor and evolutionary algorithms to improve the switch migration in SDN

The switch migration (SM) issue has been widely addressed in distributed Software Defined Networks (SDN). Most of researches have focused on achieving SM with balanced loads among controllers but little efforts are devoted to equilibrate the service offered to switches when limited resources in control plane are experienced. This paper deals with the problem of dynamic switch migration in multi-controller SDN. Basically, it aims to achieve a trade-off between the whole flow setup delay, the load balancing among controllers and the service fairness among switches by efficiently splitting requests of a switch between multiple controllers. The trade-off is solved using a combination of the Unbalanced Transportation Problem optimization (UTP) and Genetic algorithms (GA). Henceforth, a new genetic algorithm denoted Reference-based Non-Dominated Sorting Algorithm (R-NSGA-II) is proposed to achieve this trade-off. The proposed approach uses the FlowVisor framework as a virtualization layer between switches and controllers. FlowVisor will relay requests coming from switches toward controllers based on current network status with the aim of achieving the above trade-off. The proposed approach is associated with no switch migration cost since assignment is done logically by FlowVisor. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms several existing approaches in terms of the whole flow-setup time, the load balancing among controllers and the request service fairness among switches.

Transnational Mobilities in Search of Refuge

Abstract Geographical considerations continue to manifest in and influence the narratives surrounding non-heteronormative sexualities. Within this context, borders become central to the politics of inclusion-exclusion. In this study, we engage Jude Dibia’s Walking with Shadows, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s “The Shivering,” and Uzondinma Iweala’s Speak No Evil in view of their engagement of the tripodal issues of homosexuality, home and migration. We interrogate the depictions and counterbalances evoked by the juxtaposition of the artistic motifs of ‘home’ versus migration; and argue that this dichotomy is wielded firstly as a form of escape from a judgmental ‘home’ and then as a means of providing a contrastive engagement of the perception of homosexuality within different territorial borders. Such transnational enactments of mobilities, we believe, also constitute platforms though which these authors channel energies and support on the way to soliciting acknowledgement and acceptance for people of alternative sexualities.

The problem of migration in post-2007 Serbian media discourse about Europe: From topic modelling to qualitative discourse analysis

The study uses linguistic corpus tools in order to establish in what contexts the issue of migration in Europe was addressed in the Serbian press in the period 2007–2017. About 20,000 randomly chosen texts from the dailies Politika and Danas were subjected to topic modelling, collocational profiling, and also a contextual examination in the case of the paper editions. The interpretation of the data considered the effect of the medium’s ideological slant on the discourse structures used. It emerged that the selection of topics and the arrangement of texts in the liberal daily Danas corresponded to its pro-European profile. Politika, in turn, seemed to be gradually shifting towards the portrayal of Europe as being mired in crisis. In addition, the procedure used in the study enabled reflection on the usefulness of the results of topic modelling for media discourse analysis.

Molecular Cooperation of Ion‐Free Ternary Complexes Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

Chemical dopants such as ionic additives are essential in hole‐transport layers (HTLs) to enhance their charge‐transport abilities in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, these ionic components often cause issues of ion migration and phase segregation, which limit the reliability and stability of PSCs. Herein, an effective strategy of cooperative ternary components (CTC) is developed to enhance device efficiency and stability by combining molecular additives and conjugated polymers into the conventional 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis (N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine) 9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro)‐based HTLs. All‐molecule‐based CTC enables negligible phase segregation in the HTL compared to ionic doping. The collaborative roles of small molecules and conducting polymer in the CTC blend facilitate to enhance the interfacial charge extraction and the charge transport in the bulk HTL. Consequently, the CTC strategy contributes to a substantial increase of the device efficiency from 14.97% (the control) to 20.14% (CTC), which is among the highest reported efficiency for the ion‐free spiro‐based PSCs. More encouragingly, the CTC‐based devices demonstrate remarkable environmental stability, maintaining 90% of the initial efficiency after about 2500 h under ambient conditions without any encapsulation. In this work, a novel doping approach is provided for the fabrication of stable and efficient PSCs.

“English with a Polish Accent and a Slight Touch of Irish”: Multilingualism in Polish Migrant Theatre

Issues of migration writing (see Kosmalska) and migrant theatre have recently gained prominence, leading to an increase in research focused on analyzing the theatrical works of artists with a migrant background. This phenomenon is part of a broader trend in intercultural and, often, postcolonial studies. Contemporary Polish migrant theatre is a subject that has not been thoroughly explored yet. Among many methods applied in the study of migrant theatre, intercultural studies or the so-called new interculturalism take the lead. These concepts draw on bilingualism or multilingualism practices, which are slowly taking a more significant role in migrant theatre studies. This article analyzes two theatre plays staged by Polish migrants in Ireland and in the United Kingdom in the context of linguistic practices that exemplify and help define the concept of transnational drama.

EUROPEAN MIGRANT CRISIS: ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION ROUTES

The scientific article examines the main ways of migration to Europe from 2014 to 2020. As a result of the conducted research, the following conclusions were made in the scientific article. The migration crisis of 2015 put the issue of migration on the political agenda and revealed the shortcomings of the European Union, Frontex and EU Member States in their border management mechanisms. In 2015, more than one and a half million illegal border crossings were detected at the EU’s external borders, an all-time record. At a crucial moment in the migration crisis, Turkey was one of the main points of entry, with around 800,000 illegal migrants. This circumstance indicates the current impossibility of the European Union to curb illegal immigration in the absence of a strategic plan agreed with the member states poses a risk to internal security. The lack of a mechanism for solving such situations 17 This paper is partially based on the Doctoral Thesis "The borders of the European Union: Objectives and Measures to face its security" that Mr. Isaac de Toro Mezquita is researching at UCAM. 18 The author has been a SNE in FRONTEX and in the Frontiers Working Group. in 2020 shows the weakness of the European Union, especially in the face of possible migration situations at its external borders, the situation with which still remains fragile and unstable. The need to advance legislative priorities to optimize the management of external borders to reduce or eliminate migratory routes has become objective, but the only measure adopted by the European Union that has managed to curb illegal entry was the EU-TURKEY Agreement, which can be considered a special measure, and that makes the EU dependent on the political will of the Turkish government. The European Union particularly focused on the Mediterranean migration routes, where various maritime operations were carried out. This protection of external borders has forced the search for or restoration of new migration routes, such as the West African route, which has seen a significant increase, but we can also see a slight increase in the Western Balkan route. This shows the inability of the European Union to provide equal protection at all external borders, and that the measures taken by the European Border Guard appear to be ineffective.

Food hospitality and the negotiation of subjectivities through meals in the context of migration: case studies from Belgium

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the ways in which food enables undocumented migrants to find a place in the context of forced displacement, transit mobility and unstable settlement. The analysis is based on qualitative data collected within the framework of two research projects studying different forms of mobilization involving undocumented migrants in Belgium. In both fieldworks, hospitality dynamics were observed to develop through food. In one case, undocumented migrants hosted by Belgian citizens cooked meals to thank them for their hospitality as well as to eat something they like and to regain some power of action in their everyday life. In the other case, a group of undocumented migrant women living in a collective housing prepared “African food” for Belgian people to create spaces of intercultural encounter, to sensitize to the cause of undocumented people and to gain some money. Relying on the literature on food and hospitality crossed with migration (and gender) issues, and focusing on the relationship between hosts and guests, we aim at highlighting how migrants’ subjectivities and agency are negotiated through food practices in different hospitality situations involving undocumented migrants and local people.

Problemzone Ostdeutschland

Abstract By analyzing Lukas Rietzschel’s novel Mit der Faust in die Welt schlagen (2018) and Nino (f.k.a. Paula) Bulling’s Comic Im Land der Frühaufsteher (2012), this article explores contemporary portrayals of “East German rural space” against the backdrop of current discourses on Germany’s postmigrant condition. Marginalized on a political, economic and symbolic level and construed as the “Other” of German majority society in mainstream media, the “rural East” has recently been discovered by artists as a medium to reflect on urbanormative and (post-)colonial structures of representation that shape the debate and discursive construction process of postmigrant realities. In order to further illuminate this unique position and potential of East German rural space in art and postmigrant discourse, this paper will explore issues of migration, belonging, and (East German) identity in the abovementioned works through the lens of postcolonial theory.

Evaluation of the Internal Migration Policy Development Program in Kazakhstan: Effectiveness and Shortcomings

The uneven distribution of the population across regions in the Republic of Kazakhstan, varying economic development among regions, and the emergence of the need for labor force redistribution have altered the approach to migration policy and intensified concerns regarding the regulation of internal migration. For instance, in four northern regions (Akmola, Kostanay, Pavlodar, and North Kazakhstan), the population has been decreasing, with a decrease of 12,000 people over the span of two years. In contrast, in four southern regions (Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkestan, and Kyzylorda), the population has increased by twice as much as in the northern regions, adding 186,000 people. This scientific study examines migration issues and government initiatives aimed at addressing these problems, taking into account the population distribution imbalance. Over the past five years, the state program "Enbek," which served as the main document for implementing measures to relocate residents as a labor force from densely populated southern regions to the declining northern regions, has clearly stimulated migration. However, despite its apparent effectiveness, the desired level of results has not been achieved. The authors of the research point out factors such as the inadequate implementation of an information campaign, distrust of the program, and negligent actions by local authorities, and propose causes for the problem as well as ways to address them.
 
 Received: 16 August 2023 / Accepted: 17 October 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023

The phenomenon of migration and the national security of the Republic of Moldova

The article analyzes the links between migration and security, the tasks that ensure the effective functioning of the national security system, witch include: sovereignty – ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual; maintaining territorial integrity and the ability to defend border areas; identifying forecasting and taking measures to combat crime ensuring a comfortable and safe life for the citizens of the state; development and implementation of anti-terrorism programs; international cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational crime, as well as control over the export/import of goods, control of weapons of mass destruction; implementing measures to combat illegal migration; implementing measures for the efficient and rational use and reproduction of natural resources; promoting the development and implementation of safe production technologies; ensuring information security. Both the European neighborhood policy and the framework of the Eastern Partnership include a wide range of areas of cooperation, incluiding in security and migration issues, as well as through the developed projekts. Connecting the national security agenda from the new conceptual perspectives on migration is a strategic opportunity for the foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova, but also an imperative for internal social-economic policy.

French Decree on Family Reunification of 1976 in the context of the migration issue

The article analyzes the French migration policy in the 1960s and 1970s, when a large number of migrant workers from the Maghreb countries arrived in the country, with an emphasis on the significance of the decree on family reunification that came into force in 1976. In modern historiography, both French and Russian, there is an idea that this decree became one of the main mistakes of the presidency of Valery Giscard d'Estaing, symbolized the beginning of the policy of opening borders, attracting a large number of migrants from North Africa to the Fifth Republic and ultimately served as a starting point for the spread of Islam in France, the growth of religious radicalism and, in general, to the modern crisis of national and religious identity. The article is based on the latest achievements of French and Russian historiography. In particular, for the first time in Russian historiography, the results of the research of the French historian Muriel Cohen are introduced into scientific circulation, largely due to which the interpretation of the 1976 decree has changed in France. The article shows that in fact, the procedure for family reunification has not changed significantly since the end of World War II. However, depending on economic conditions and the degree of need for new migrants, law enforcement practice has changed. The French authorities liberally interpreted the issue of housing compliance with established standards in the 1960s during a period of shortage of workers, and vice versa, seriously approached the issuance of certificates of compliance with housing conditions in the 1970s. During the growth of unemployment and discontent of the French population with a large number of migrants from the Maghreb countries. Thus, the decree adopted in 1976 did not make significant adjustments to the migration policy of France and did not lead to an increase in the number of migrants in the country.

Current Situation and Future Development of Education for Children in Ecological Migrant Areas in Ningxia

The issue of ecological migration has been concerned for a long time. As one of the first regions to implement ecological migration projects, Ningxia has a special multi-ethnic population, and its education problems cannot be ignored. From the perspective of schools, this paper analyses the current situation of exclusion and isolation of new immigrant children in schools and the lack of holistic education for children. From the perspective of families, it analyses the situation of parents of new immigrants having low expectations for their childrens education and the situation of educational differences due to different ethnic beliefs. The paper positively puts forward the ideas that teachers are expected to teach their students according to their abilities; school is ought to strengthen its infrastructure, obey the rules and regulations in the society and provide extensive training for teachers. Moreover, it is necessary to quicken the social integration of new immigrants and residents. It is hoped that with the implementation of these measures can accelerate the progress of friendly relations between indigenous people and new migrants and provide a good educational environment for children.

Stakeholder perspectives on the 2020 global health strategy of the German federal government

Abstract Background The second German Global Health Strategy was published in 2020 after a development process including a consultation with non-state stakeholders. To date, there has been no systematic investigation of these stakeholders’ perspectives regarding the consultation processes and strategy. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 German global health stakeholders involved in the consultation, with purposive sampling informed by a stakeholder mapping applying Clarke et al.'s (2018) situational analysis approach. Results The German government's initiative to consult stakeholders for the strategy development was positively perceived. Perspectives on the consultation process varied, especially regarding the framework conditions (e.g. time and resource constraints), structure and composition of the stakeholder groups (e.g. no adequate reflection of diverse positions) as well as the participatory nature and the representativeness of the stakeholders involved. A particular critique was the limited information provided about the strategy development process, especially once stakeholder position papers were submitted. The inclusion of climate change, human rights and health system strengthening were seen as strengths of the final strategy. Perceived exclusions or weaknesses were (forced) migration, health workforce and financing issues, which were attributed to disagreements in inter-ministerial coordination. The need for a concrete action plan and fostering coherence between ministries was seen as vital for the strategy's implementation. The strategy provides stakeholders with a way to strategically position and justify their own work, and their continued involvement in strategy implementation efforts is desired. Conclusions This study shows overall support for a participatory policy-making process and provides insights into stakeholder perspectives regarding the 2020 German Global Health Strategy, as well as ways future consultations can be strengthened. Key messages • Stakeholder perspectives on the 2020 German Global Health Strategy varied; identifying inclusion of social and planetary issues as strength, and exclusion of migration and an action plan as weakness. • Future global health strategy development processes should consider participatory approaches, transparent communication and stakeholder representativeness in stakeholder consultation.

Resource-efficient and QoS guaranteed 5G RAN slice migration in elastic metro aggregation networks using heuristic-assisted deep reinforcement learning

To cope with the growing and diversifying 5G services, RAN slicing, an effective resource allocation mechanism, has been proposed. Each RAN slice serves varied service requirements, with baseband processing functions (BPFs), e.g., distributed units (DUs) and centralized units (CUs), implemented via virtual machines in a processing pool (PP). Co-locating the virtualized DU/CU (vDU/vCU) of multiple slices in a single PP enhances resource utilization and reduces power consumption. As mobile traffic and slice resource demands fluctuate over time, we face a trade-off: either migrate RAN slices to improve resource efficiency or avoid migration to prevent user service interruption, thereby ensuring users’ QoS. Additionally, an elastic optical network (EON) is employed as the substrate metro aggregation network for flexible and spectrum-efficient scheduling. In this context, the routing and spectrum allocation of optical paths connecting different BPFs should also be optimized to maximize spectral resource usage. To address the above RAN slice deployment and migration issue, in this paper, we propose a heuristic-assisted deep reinforcement learning (HA-DRL)-based algorithm to jointly optimize power consumption, slice migration, and spectrum resource consumption. Two heuristic algorithms, RAN slice reallocation (RSR) and RAN slice adjustment (RSA), are proposed. Using their results as a reference, the HA-DRL achieves a better trade-off among the triple optimization objectives. Simulations on a small-scale 9-node network and a large-scale 30-node network demonstrate the superiority of HA-DRL over baseline heuristic algorithms. We achieved significant reductions in migrated traffic and spectral resource saving at a minor power consumption cost.

Memahami Gerakan Islam Transnasional (Studi Kasus di Indonesia, Brunei, dan Thailand)

This article aims to understand the transnational Islamic movement with a focus on three countries: Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand. Transnational Islamic movement refers to the flow and influence of Islam that transcends national borders and has significant impacts on the social, political, and religious developments in the involved countries. This case study will discuss the key characteristics of the transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand, as well as the factors influencing its development. Additionally, the article will also analyze how this movement plays a role in shaping the Muslim identity in these three countries. The research methods employed in this article are descriptive and comparative analysis. Data is obtained through literature studies and document reviews. The research findings indicate that the transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand exhibits different characteristics depending on the respective countries' histories, cultures, and political situations. Factors such as migration, social media, financial support, and political issues play crucial roles in the development of this movement. In conclusion, the transnational Islamic movement has significant impacts within the contexts of Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand.

Footballing journeys: migration, citizenship and national identity

ABSTRACT Sport, in particular football, can provide a useful means through which to explore the related issues of migration and national identity. Sports stars migrate from one country to another often mirroring patterns of more widespread migration from periphery to core. Such movements are influenced by a range of factors. In an increasingly commercialised and globalised sport, the exploration of footballers’ roots and the routes they take feeds into a consideration of issues of place identity and belonging. In international sporting competition, competitors don the national colours, sing the anthem and “fly the flag”, and in doing so become the embodiment of the wider imagined community. Traditionally those who compete for countries have usually been born and raised there or have lived there for sizeable periods of their lives. In recent years, however, the selection by international sports teams of competitors born in other countries has become increasingly common. The use of these footballing examples provides insights into migration, diaspora, citizenship, globalisation, and the multi-layered and contingent nature of national identity. Sport can offer a useful means of illuminating these various geographic themes and socio-spatial processes, thereby rendering them more accessible and interesting to students.

Discourses on language teaching, language learning and linguistic diversity in teacher education: the case of English in Iraqi Kurdistan

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate linguistic diversity in teacher education in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, a setting where discourses on emigration and re-emigration are strong. The aim is to explore social discourses on linguistic diversity as constructed in teacher training programmes for teaching English to primary and secondary school pupils, in course descriptions at two universities, and the implications of these discourses for the suggested teaching practices. Four discourses were identified: double monolingualism, contrastive perspective, linguistic diversity as one of many types of diversity and English as a gateway to future possibilities. Students’ earlier linguistic resources in other languages were treated as negative for the development of their English-language skills. English and Kurdish were treated in ways that suggest they should be kept separate and skills in other languages were rendered invisible. This is likely to have an impact on students’ teaching in the future, making them less inclined to recognise their pupils’ prior knowledge of other languages. We conclude that, more research is needed focusing on issues of circular migration and diaspora, and on other themes than those dominant in the West and the Global North, such as high number of immigrants and issues of integration and assimilation.

Educational Messages in Turkish and Translated Children’s Books on Migration and Refugee Issues

Bu çalışmanın amacı göç ve mültecilik konulu Türkçe ve çeviri çocuk kitaplarında yer alan eğitsel iletilerin destekledikleri alanları ve aktarılış biçimlerini belirlemektir. Nitel yönteme göre tasarlanan çalışmada doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın veri kaynağını 2010-2020 yılları arasında yayımlanmış, 6-14 yaş aralığına hitap eden ve içerisinde mutlaka insan karakteri bulunduran 13’ü Türkçe ve 13’ü çeviri olmak üzere toplam 26 çocuk kitabı oluşturmaktadır. Çeviri kitaplar içerisinde orijinal dili İngilizce, Fransızca, Felemenkçe, Japonca, Yunanca ve İspanyolca olan kitaplar yer almaktadır. Çalışmada tespit edilen eğitsel iletiler alan yazınında yer alan kategorilerden hareketle kişisel gelişimi, toplumsal gelişimi, ulusal düşüncenin gelişimini, evrensel düşüncenin gelişimini, çevre bilinci gelişimini ve dini gelişimi destekleyen eğitsel iletiler şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Araştırmada Türkçe ve çeviri çocuk kitaplarında en çok yer verilen iletilerin öncelikle kişisel sonra da toplumsal gelişimi destekleyen eğitsel iletiler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer kategorilerin sıralamasında Türkçe ve çeviri kitaplar arasında farklılıklar görülürken en az yer verilen iletilerin ulusal gelişimi desteklemeye yönelik iletiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda Türkçe ve yabancı çocuk kitabı yazarlarının göç ve mültecilik konusunu ele alırken çocuklara vermek istedikleri iletiler konusunda tutumlarının birbirine yakın olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

The issue of labour migration on the agenda of the executives of the Republic of Moldova

The importance of studying the migration is argued by the socio-economic and political changes taking place in the Republic of Moldova at the present stage. The main factors that favored migration are: low wages and unemployment, dissatisfaction with living conditions, democratization of society, lack of economic and professional growth prospects, political bureaucracy, corruption, etc. In the period 1994-2004 the flow of migrants from the Republic of Moldova is mainly oriented towards the Russian Federation and since 2006 it is directed towards the EU and Israel. The problem of „labour migration abroad” appears for the first time officially in the government’s activity Plan in 1994. As a result, in 1994-2014 agreements were concluded with Commonwealth Of Independent States and European countries on the regulation of labor migration processes; ratification of Conventions in the field of labor use, unemployment, social protection and payroll, etc.

Environmental effects of tourism activities in Niksar Çamiçi Plateau in the context of sustainable tourism: a qualitative research

Tourism, as a booming industry, plays a significant role in shaping economies and cultural exchanges worldwide. However, the rapid growth of tourism has brought about both positive economic impacts and negative environmental consequences. This research delves into the environmental effects of tourism activities through the lens of sustainable tourism. Focusing on Niksar Çamiçi Plateau, a transition zone between Central Anatolia and the Black Sea Region, situated at an altitude of 1350 meters, the study aims to identify the specific environmental impacts resulting from tourism activities in this unique location. The research adopts participant observation and semi-structured interviews as data collection methods, enabling a comprehensive understanding of tourists’ and locals’ behaviors and practices concerning the environment. The findings highlight the pressing issues of unplanned development, urban sprawl, migration, and environmental pollution in regions experiencing concentrated tourism activities. In response to these challenges, the study proposes a set of sustainable tourism solutions to mitigate environmental degradation. Recommendations include promoting responsible tourism practices, reducing the carbon footprint, promoting environmentally friendly accommodation and transportation, and implementing effective waste management strategies. Additionally, raising awareness among tourists and local communities about the importance of preserving natural resources and cultural heritage emerges as a crucial approach. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable tourism by providing valuable insights into the complex relationship between tourism and the environment, particularly in Niksar Çamiçi Plateau. By advocating for sustainable practices, the research aims to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation, ensuring a harmonious coexistence between tourism and the ecosystem.