Housing Issues Research Articles

Exploring the relationship between ‘sites and services’ projects and urban adaptability. A case study of Charkop (Mumbai)

The ‘sites and services’ approach was conceived during the 1970s as a possible solution to tackle the issue of precarious housing in the global south. After providing land, infrastructures and services, the urban poor were allowed to incrementally build their dwellings. Despite initial criticism, the effectiveness of this approach has eventually been reconsidered. This paper aims to contribute to the long-lasting discussion on ‘sites and services’ projects by exploring their relationship with urban adaptability. Following the identification of the enabling conditions for adaptability at the neighbourhood scale, a fieldwork analysis has been conducted in the Indian neighbourhood of Charkop, located in the outskirts of Mumbai and first developed within a ‘sites and services’ programme. The results have shown that legal tenure, a hierarchical spatial plan aligned with the socioeconomic context, and a soft regulatory framework influenced by residents' associations and informal processes played a decisive role in the long-term project's success.

Incremental population density improvement via missing middle housing under density-based and form-based zoning ordinances

Purpose The purpose of the study is to observe the feasibility of missing middle housing’s (MMH) realization under density-based zoning, form-based zoning and a combination of both while simultaneously providing affordable housing, improving quality of life and making efficient use of land. Design/methodology/approach This study takes a theorist approach and designs three hypothetical cottage court projects that comply with all relevant official local zoning ordinances to showcase design feasibility, followed by an analytical component in the form of a financial model constructed using official local economic and demographic conditions. Findings MMH, and in particular cottage clusters, can be implemented under rigorous density-based, form-based and hybrid (density-based + form-based) zoning ordinances and provide affordable housing (Atlanta, GA), improve quality of life (Blackpool, UK) and make efficient use of land (Jinan, China). All hypothetical projects are financially feasible under reasonable conditions. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first in the body of knowledge to discuss how the MMH can be integrated into urban density-based zoning rather than converting density-based zoning into form-based so that the MMH can fit. The paper also takes a cross-national perspective and discusses the feasibility of MMH in the resolution of housing issues in the USA, China and the UK. The study also concludes that the issue of housing unaffordability in the UK was caused by high construction cost relative to median income.

Research on Influencing Factors of Second-Hand Housing Price in Haidian District, Beijing

The housing issue is an economic issue as well as an issue of people's livelihood, especially in megacities like Beijing, where housing prices in the second-hand housing market fluctuate greatly, so its influencing factors have become the focus of attention. Studying the influencing factors of housing prices in the second-hand housing market can provide reference for the government to formulate appropriate real estate regulation policies and predict the development trend of housing prices in the future. This article collects nearly 3,000 groups of public second-hand housing individual transaction data from the Lianjia website in the domestic second-hand housing market. The time span of the data is from June 2020 to June 2021. After data cleaning and descriptive statistical analysis of the acquired data, we set the total price of the house as the explained variable, and the number of rooms, the area of the house, the decoration, the floor, and the unit price of the house are used as the explanatory variables. We establish a multiple linear regression model, then test and optimize it. The results are as follows: in the second-hand housing market of Haidian District, if the second-hand house has a large construction area, a large number of rooms, a high unit price and has been renovated, the total price of the house will be high.

Индустриализация Сталинграда и разрешение жилищной проблемы городского населения

Introduction. Meeting the housing needs of the Soviet population during industrialization lagged behind the pace of the construction of industrial enterprises in the country. The Stalingrad population was no exception. The increasing need for housing was due to the intensive growth of the urban population due to the massive influx of peasants to industrial construction sites. The shortage of housing was observed at all Stalingrad enterprises. For its resolution, housing construction began to be carried out in Stalingrad through the efforts of industrial enterprises with the involvement of construction organizations. Methods and materials. The study, based on historical-comparative and historical-descriptive methods, used published documentary materials and sources from the State Archive of the Volgograd region. The information presented is based on these materials. It covers the role of central and local authorities in resolving the housing crisis of the Stalingrad population and the difficulties of Stalingraders with housing issues. Analysis. The article deals with the provisions for housing workers in various large industrial enterprises in Stalingrad; the protocols and letters of the authorities on resolving the housing crisis, identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment of housing construction plans, are analyzed; and it is mentioned about the use of “extra” living space for workers in institutions, red corners, clubs, prayer houses, and churches. According to the decision of local authorities, 10% of the living space in private households was provided to newly arriving workers at enterprises to provide housing. But there was still not enough housing; besides, the living conditions also testified to the severity of the problem. The availability of living space for the urban population, primarily workers, was low; living conditions were unfavorable. Results. Nevertheless, despite the fact that among all the largest industrial cities of the USSR, Stalingrad was distinguished by the lowest provision of living space for urban residents, since the mid-1930s, the average norm of living space per Stalingrad resident has increased, which indicates a weakening of the severity of the housing crisis and an improvement in the lives of Stalingraders.

Redressing displacement in Northern Ireland: Identity, land and dealing with the past

Northern Ireland has been an active site of transitional justice; however, the geographical and spatial implications of violence on housing, land and property issues have remained on the margins of academic, policy and practitioner attention. This is despite mass displacement and housing being key grievances at the outset of the conflict/Troubles in Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, this article explores the institutions and redress schemes brought in during the conflict to mitigate these violations, including the creation of an independent housing body the Northern Ireland Housing Executive. Paying particular attention to the impact of families and communities in rural and urban areas, the article finds that individualised redress processes during ongoing violence continues to replicate the long history of segregation and social mistrust. Moreover, redress offered tended to reinforce notions of loyalty to the state and underlined the difficulties of resolving housing and land issues during ongoing violence, which continues to reverberate during peacetime through continuing displacement and physical segregation.

Learning from <em>The Lived Experiences of Aging Immigrants</em>: Extending the Reach of Photovoice Using World Café Methods

This article reports on a series of Stakeholder Outreach Forums hosted in Canadian communities from 2018 to 2019. These forums built on a previous research project, The Lived Experiences of Aging Immigrants, which sought to amplify the voices of older immigrants through Photovoice and life course narratives analyzed through an intersectional life course perspective. The forums used World Café methods to encourage cumulative discussions among a broad range of stakeholders who work with or influence the lives of immigrant older adults. Participants viewed the previously created Lived Experiences of Aging Immigrants Photovoice exhibit, which provided a springboard for these discussions. The forums’ aim was to increase the stakeholders’ awareness of the experiences of immigrants in Canada as they age and to create space for the stakeholders to reflect upon and discuss the experiences of aging immigrants. Here we illustrate how the forums complement the narrative Photovoice research methodology and highlight the potential of Photovoice and targeted outreach strategies to extend academic research findings to relevant stakeholders. Across all forums, participants identified structural and systemic barriers that shape experiences of and responses to social exclusion in the daily lives of immigrant older adults. They further identified challenges and strengths in their own work specific to the issues of social inclusion, caregiving, housing, and transportation. Intersectoral solutions are needed to address the structural and systemic roots of exclusion at the public policy and organizational levels.

The rural housing crisis: analytical dimensions and emblematic issues

While the urban housing crisis is pivotal to current debates in housing studies, the question of affordable as well as sustainable housing in rural settings has arisen only recently. However, recent developments, including increasing demand for housing as well as for a specific supply, indicate that there is a rural housing crisis. Connecting the scattered strands of literature on rural housing, we propose an understanding of the rural housing crisis that involves spatialities, temporalities and intersectionalities. These dimensions are illustrated by three emblematic issues: the financialization/assetization of the rural housing supply, the increasing mobility of rural residents and the selective gentrification of rural communities. Building on a review of the literature on rural housing and its challenges, we argue that greater consideration of the rural in housing studies and a more nuanced focus on housing issues in rural studies would be fruitful, not only for future research but also for political action.

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY STRESS AMONG THE MIDDLE- INCOME (M40) GROUP IN JOHOR BAHRU

A house as a place of residence plays an important role towards sustainable development and in improving the wellbeing of the population. The issue of housing, especially the supply and demand of low and low-medium cost housing in cities, rising house prices, quality of housing as well as housing stress has shown that housing is a critical issue that must be addressed. Housing stress usually refers to financial constraints, the reason for the inability to manage the cost of home ownership and housing expenses. Yet financial burden is not the only factor that can contribute to housing stress. There are two types of housing stress, namely physical and emotional factors that may impact negatively on the lives of residents. This paper discusses the affordability housing stress among the middle-income group (M40) that may contribute to housing stress based on a survey of 100 residents of the M40 group in Johor Bahru. The paper discusses the ability of households to rent or buy a house by considering affordable prices, the ability to repay financing, and sufficient income to meet the basic needs of life and a household.

Patriarchal logics and gender inequalities through the financialization of housing

Abstract This study aims to examine the current knowledge about the relationships between financialization, housing issues, patriarchal logic, and gender inequalities to identify gaps in knowledge, which, in turn, can be considered as topics of scientific interest for future research. To this end, the study provides an exhaustive review of current academic debate regarding the abovementioned topics from the perspectives of critical urban geography, urban political economy, sociology, and gender and feminist studies. This study points out that the patriarchal roots of the financialization of housing originate from the exclusion of housing from the social provision and from its conversion to a financial asset, subordinating its use value to its exchange value. This logic strengthens gender inequalities in the form of women facing a higher debt burden to pay for housing, an increase in their unpaid reproductive labor and salaried labor, and the reinforcement of the gendered division of labor.

Protection of Housing Rights of Children with Disabilities in the Activities of the Commissioner for Children's Rights (on the Example of the Irkutsk Region)

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk region to protect the housing rights of children with disabilities. The study emphasized that the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of children with disabilities is the most important activity of the Commissioners for the Rights of the Child. We presented the current statistical data of the Federal Register of Disabled People and the Federal State Institution «Main Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise in the Irkutsk region» of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation on the number of children with disabilities in Russia and the Irkutsk region by gender, age and leading causes of childhood disability. The article examined the housing rights of children with disabilities, the conditions and procedure for their provision, as well as an analysis of regulatory legal acts regulating these rights. The article considers the situation on the implementation of the rights of families with children with disabilities who are recognized as in need of housing in the Irkutsk region for 2019–2021 on the basis of statistical information from annual and special reports on the results of the activities of the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk region. The study identified the key problems faced by municipal authorities in the process of providing residential premises and conditions of their accessibility for children with disabilities. We analyzed the proposals of the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk region to resolve these problems and improve the effectiveness of compliance with the housing rights of children with disabilities in the Irkutsk region. The study found that the proposals and solutions to housing issues of children with disabilities formulated by regional ombudsmen are advisory in nature, since they depend largely on the legislative initiative of the federal authorities and their reassessment of the financial and economic capabilities of regions and municipalities.

‘Where there is fish, is where I put my head’: Challenges of mobile fishers in Elmina fishing community in Ghana

Small‐scale fisheries are crucial for improving livelihoods by providing fisher employment, and food security. As part of their work, fishers frequently move to different fishing communities to catch and trade in fish. This paper analyses the living circumstances of artisanal fishers and discusses their mobility patterns, lodging arrangements, and the difficulties they encounter as they carry out their work. This paper is based on a study that involved 385 artisanal fishers in the fishing community of Elmina in the Komenda Edina Equafo Abirem (KEEA) Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The results show that there are not many suitable places to stay for fishers when they travel from home to other fishing locations, and the few places that do offer affordable lodging also lack toilets, bathrooms and drinkable water. The paper also reflects on the gendered dynamics of these and related issues of insecurity for women in this case study. District authorities whose economies are heavily dependent on fishing ought to collaborate with private housing developers and the state to build affordable lodging facilities with standard household amenities like water, toilets and baths in fishing destinations to address the housing issues faced by fishers while travelling.

Coins of the Contemporary Period of Afghanistan

The present study aims to know the specifications, minting, and usage of contemporary coins in Afghanistan, which can be an important step in identifying the history of Afghanistan by studying it. Before the appearance of coins, all transactions were done in kind, which was called kind-to-kind exchange or barter. Since the barter exchange was associated with many difficulties and did not provide for the needs of the general public considering the variety of products, advances, and achievements, precious metals such as copper, silver, and gold were traded as a means of exchange, which made the exchange process easier and more effective. This process continued with the minting of coins. In Afghanistan, transactions were started by barter, and different coins were used in different periods. Some of these coins were minted outside the borders of Afghanistan, and some were minted inside the country. In later periods, the kings of Afghanistan's contemporary history, such as Ahmad Shah Abdali, his sons, and descendants, as well as Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan Kalkani, Muhammad Nader Khan, Muhammad Zahir Shah, and Muhammad Dawood Khan, also minted coins. In this article, an attempt will be made to identify the coins of the contemporary period of Afghanistan, to analyze the collected materials later, and to provide answers to the questions raised in the research.
 By studying the historical text and the documentary evidence that exists in the archives, museums, and bazaars of the center of Afghanistan, it is clear that the kings of the contemporary history of Afghanistan started minting coins to solve economic problems and issues related to financial issues. Because in the governance of an important part after human power, the issue of economy is very important, it is also clear in the multiplicative process that Afghanistan was in a state of progress at that time compared to the current situation because it solves all its monetary needs by itself, and in the important parts of this land, there was minting, one example of which is currently in Kabul, which people call the machine house, where coins and military issues were made during the modern history of Afghanistan.

Affordable housing and public administration of a historic city: the perspective of a local community in a UNESCO World Heritage Site, George Town, Penang State of Malaysia

ABSTRACT Urbanization process accelerates the economic growth of cities through offering economies of scale in productivity and public investment. It is a monumental responsibility for an urban government to ensure socially inclusive public administration to warrant the city’s sustainability, historic cities notwithstanding. George Town together with Melaka, has been inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) in 2008. As a joint UNESCO inscription, George Town World Heritage Site (GTWHS) which has a high proportion of formerly controlled rental housing, and is noteworthy for its multicultural community has witnessed significant gentrification. Gentrification, the repeal of Control of Rent Act, and the inscription of GTWHS have led to house price and rental hike. Generally, this study aims to investigate if there is a research gap pertaining affordable housing in WHS via literature search. Specifically, it seeks to examine housing affordability issues of GTWHS from the perspective of local communities. The findings demonstrate that affordable housing issues and its public administration are very much understudied in GTWHS. The majority of the study’s respondents perceived rentals in GTWHS as “Unaffordable,” and none of the 318-surveyed respondents has been engaged by the government on affordable housing issues. The article ends with a discussion of implications of the study’s findings.

ЖИТЛОВА ПОЛІТИКА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ КРАЇН. ОГЛЯД МІСЬКИХ ПРАКТИК

Housing policy is one of the most relevant topics in the study of today's world. Ukraine currently lacks regulation of housing development as a state policy, which creates a gap between legislative and regulatory regulation of this aspect. The resulting gap creates ample opportunities for the private real estate market and at the same time alienates the end user, the resident, from his or her right to housing. In European countries, the "right for a home" has a similar status to the Ukrainian one, but the "housing issue" is one of the key issues in the policies of the states. Generally, housing policies in European countries are focused on social support of their citizens. This is where the main difference in the form of "social housing" arises, which can have a different form, model or even name, depending on the specifics of the country. In the current Ukrainian context, the housing issue is a direct aspect of the post-war reconstruction of the country. The article examines the housing policies of European countries and urban practices of forming local housing policies. The analysis focuses on the development and functioning of housing models in European cities. The study also includes the architectural and social aspects of housing models. The article considers external sources and studies, in particular Griffith, Jepma and Savini (2022), Glaser, (2017), Schindler, (2021), Förster and Menking (2017), Altreiter and Litschauer, (2022), Hamiduddin and Gallent (2016), Bican (2020), and analyzes local programs (policies), analytical reports on housing construction and statistics on the quantitative characteristics of housing stocks. The review of housing policies of the studied countries provides an opportunity to analyze the current context of the housing issue in the European space. Most of these countries have common features of the housing sector. For example, most of the policies reviewed have a common process of policy-making. In all cases, the influence of local authorities in shaping local housing policy is significant. All of the examples reviewed have in common the advocacy of the quality of architecture and, as a result, the living environment and the widespread use of architectural competitions. It should be noted that the housing policies of the studied countries demonstrate the importance of a joint and comprehensive approach to housing issues, based on common socially oriented principles.

Perceived unmet needs of an age-friendly environment: A qualitative exploration of older adults' perspectives in a Malaysian city.

This exploratory qualitative study investigates older adults' unmet needs in the age-friendly city of Ipoh, Malaysia. Seventeen participants were interviewed, including ten older adults residing in Ipoh City for at least six months, four carers, and three professional key informants. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured questions based on the WHO Age-Friendly Cities Framework. A 5P framework for active ageing based on the ecological ageing model was adapted for data analysis. The 5P framework consists of domains of person (micro), process (meso), place (macro), policymaking (macro), and prime, which allows for the dissection of older adults' unmet needs in planning for multilevel approaches, which were employed for analysis. Person: the personal needs requiring improvement included digital divide disparity, inadequate family support, and restricted sports activities attributed to physical limitations. Process: There were fewer social activities and a lack of low-cost and easily accessible venues for seniors. Economic challenges include expensive private healthcare services, variation in the quality of care in older residential care facilities, and limited savings for retirement. Place issues include unequal distribution of exercise equipment, public open spaces, the need for more conducive parking for seniors, and a place for social activities. Difficulties assessing public transportation, digitalized services, and unaffordable e-hailing services are common among seniors. Housing issues for seniors include a lack of barrier-free housing design and unaffordable housing. Policymaking: Insufficient private sector commitment to improving services to older adults, lack of policy governance on the quality of nursing homes, and insufficient multidisciplinary governance collaboration. Prime: Health promotion for preventing age-related illness is required to preserve health in old age, and full-time family caregivers' psychological well-being is often overlooked.

Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction by Gordon C. Rhea

Reviewed by: Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction by Gordon C. Rhea J. Brent Morris (bio) Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Gordon C. Rhea. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2021. ISBN: 9780-807176269. 200 pp., cloth, $29.95. Reconstruction was hotly contested even as the United States took the first steps to rebuild—physically and ideologically—in the midst of the Civil War. The historical memory of the era has been just as fiercely debated. In the middle of both fights has been the subject of Gordon C. Rhea’s newest biography Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction. In his own lifetime, Swails became one of the most prominent politicians and community leaders in South Carolina, yet he was largely forgotten after the South’s counter-revolutionary “Redemption” of the late nineteenth century. His name and life story have occasionally resurfaced as the historiography of the era continues to move away from the Dunning school, and Rhea’s biography now serves as the [End Page 101] most powerful reminder yet of the part played by Stephen A. Swails in America’s “new birth of freedom.” After a brief preface, Rhea introduces his subject to his readers with a precis of Swails’s early life. He then follows his subject through his service in the Civil War. Swails was among the first northern African Americans to volunteer to serve in the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment and fought with distinction in that unit for the duration of the Civil War. He was quickly promoted to the regiment’s highest noncommissioned rank—first sergeant, the highest then available to an African American soldier—and eventually became the first African American in a combat role to be appointed a commissioned officer in the US Army. After the war, Swails worked for the Freedmen’s Bureau in South Carolina, where he built a reputation as a strong and effective spokesman for both Black rights and fairness and efficiency when dealing with whites in his district. This skillset helped launch him into the forefront of Reconstruction politics in the Palmetto State and earned him the reputation as the “political boss” of Williamsburg District. Swails represented Williamsburg District at the 1867 constitutional convention, where he served on two prominent committees, chairing one. Once the new state constitution was in place, Swails was elected to represent his county in the state senate (an office he held for eight years) as well as concurrently serve as county auditor. In May 1868, he represented South Carolina at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, where Ulysses S. Grant was nominated for the presidency. And when South Carolina cast its electoral votes for Grant, Swails was one of the state’s official electors (a role he would assume again in 1872). He was also elected the mayor of Kingstree and served as Republican Party chairman for the South Carolina First Congressional District, a state Republican executive committeeman, Williamsburg County’s representative to the state party convention, agent for the state land commission, commander of the state militia, and trustee of South Carolina College. Rhea attributes Swails’s success to several factors. As a Freedmen’s Bureau agent, he had developed close relationships with his county’s Black majority. His responsiveness to issues of housing, employment, and disputes over labor contracts had proven him an advocate for the Black voters of his constituency, and few voters would have not been aware of his role in coordinating the distribution of rations in the times of greatest need. He was a decorated war hero who had shed blood for his country and for the freedom of formerly enslaved African Americans, and his status as the first African American commissioned as an officer in the US Army gave him an unmatched level of prestige in the community. Formally educated, intelligent, Swails communicated effectively with constituents Black and white. Indeed, he also openly courted the white vote in [End Page 102] Williamsburg County and brought together an uncommon multiracial coalition of politicians from the Republican and Democratic Parties to facilitate the efficient governance of his constituency. Like...

Artists against tourism gentrification: Analyzing creative practices of resistance in Porto

We examine how artists’ work has been used to fight gentrification in Porto (Portugal) over the last five years. After mapping agents, projects, and initiatives, the paper selected six artists from different areas, and who work on housing and city rights-related issues. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the artists, and their practices and discourse were analyzed to discover their views on the city’s transformations and the role Art and artists play in highlighting them. The interviews also revealed dilemmas and contradictions, such as: the tension between celebrating Porto’s identity and avoiding tourism-phobia; the risks of Art being exploited for financial or political gain; the difficulty of striking a balance between artistic freedom and independence on the one hand, and funding and recognition on the other. One of the paper’s findings is that such challenges reflect the precarious state of The Arts and Culture in Portugal today.

Legal models of housing provision in EU countries

In the conducted study, an attempt was made to combine the available statistical information, to rank the data on the EU countries according to the development of housing relations in them. Sweden, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland, Cyprus and France are among the countries identified as countries with a high level of housing relations. Housing conditions are below average in the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Slovakia. Romania has the lowest level of housing relations. There is no single policy for meeting housing needs in the European Union: in modern Europe, there is a wide variety of housing policies and ways of solving the housing issue.
 This diversity is determined by the historical, civilizational and cultural features of the countries, the level of their economic development. The purpose of the article is to identify common features and analyze the possibility and expediency of their borrowing to the legal space of Ukraine. In the EU countries, four types of residence of citizens in housing can be distinguished: simple private property; mortgaged property; rent at market price; rent at a reduced price or for free. There are differences in the housing sector in the developed countries of Western Europe and in the countries of Eastern Europe.
 In the territory of the former socialist community, in the housing sector, the right of private ownership prevails over lease relationships; social orientation in meeting housing needs is inferior to commercial interests.
 In developed countries, one large property (residential object) has 3-4 dependents (residents who are not owners), while in developing countries, a different housing pattern is observed, in which one small property has 1- 2 housing dependents, which is related to the desire to have a smaller number of co-owners and, accordingly, hypothetical legal disputes with them.

Understanding the relationship between the spatial configuration and the crime rate of Downtown Eastside in Vancouver, Canada

As one of Vancouver's oldest neighbourhoods and the historical heart of the city, Downtown Eastside (DTES) has been home to many low-income residents and has been challenged by factors such as high crime rates, drug use, unemployment, housing issues, and loss of businesses in the community. Although a variety of studies have explored the causes and effects of DTES's social dilemma and indicated that crimes are closely related to the spatial configuration of the underlying street network, how DTES's underlying street network affects the spatial distribution of different types of crime remains unclear. Focusing on the relationship between the street network and the crime rate of DTES, the authors make three hypotheses regarding the connections between the street network of DTES and the distribution patterns of crimes, and employ the space syntax methods to analyse the street network of DTES and test the hypotheses. The results indicate that the spatial configuration of street network can be helpful in explaining where different crimes may occur, thus providing a spatial perspective to figure out approaches to addressing DTES's social issues. At last, this paper, combining spatial and social perspectives, puts forward strategies for making DTES a more liveable place, and is likely to work as a reference for academics and practitioners to further understand gentrification and urbanisation related issues.

GLOBAL EXPERIENCE OF LEASING RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE AND STATE OF AFFAIRS IN UKRAINE

In 2020-2022, the Government of Ukraine and the National Bank of Ukraine did not implement the Presidential initiatives to significantly increase the volume of provision of housing for Ukrainian citizens, including the introduction of effective mortgage and leasing financial instruments.In accordance with the foundations of the long-term (2013-2032) state policy in the investment sphere in the context of the recovery of the Ukrainian economy, the successful reform of public housing programs in Ukraine at the stage of the country's reconstruction will contribute to stimulating the attraction of investments in priority sectors of the economy, creating conditions for the activation of investment activities through the concentration of resources on the priority areas of economic development with the aim of introducing the latest and energy-saving technologies, creating new jobs, and developing regions.Currently, state housing programs in Ukraine existed and exist mainly at the stage of pilot projects. Thus, according to the new state housing program eOselya in Diya, the operator of which is PJSC "Ukrainian Financial Housing Company" (PJSC "UKRFINZHYTLO"), in 2022-2023, the state issued only 929 loans to Ukrainians in the amount of 1 billion 224.9 million. UAH.Since the beginning of hostilities, the problem of providing citizens with housing has become even more urgent. Damages from the destruction of the housing stock are estimated at $53.6 billion. Over a year of war, in total, more than 150,000 residential buildings were damaged or destroyed.Thus, it is clearly premature to talk about the solution to the issue of housing for the citizens of Ukraine at the present time.In 2019, financial leasing was introduced in Ukraine for the first time. The only operator of public housing programs in Ukraine under the terms of financial leasing was the State Mortgage Institution (SMI), which in 2019-2020 purchased about 2.3 thousand apartments to provide citizens with housing under the terms of financial leasing. At present, the operation of state housing programs in Ukraine under the terms of financial leasing has been suspended.Taking into account the above, the introduction of such a financial and credit mechanism as providing housing to citizens under the terms of financial leasing will allow the state to start creating a separate direction of providing housing to citizens of Ukraine. This will make a significant contribution to the successful reform of state housing programs in Ukraine in the context of the country's reconstruction.